Anatomi+Dalam+Pergerakan+Manusia

8/21/2019 Anatomi+Dalam+Pergerakan+Manusia

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ANATOMI DALAM PERGERAKAN

MANUSIA


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ANATOMI DALAM PERGERAKAN MANUSIA

SISTEM RANGKA

Tulang

Rawan

LigamenTendon

SISTEM SENDI

SISTEM OTOT


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PENGENALAN TULANG

206 Tulang dalam tubuh orangdewasa

Jumlah berat sistem rangkaseorang dewasa merupakan14 % daripada jumlah berat

badannya- Meliputi tulangtengkorak, tulang badan,tulang anggota

Bahan Asas : Protein & Mineral( Kalsium & Posforus )

Komponen : 50 % Air & 50 %Bahan Pejal( Organan 2/3 , Bukan Organan1/3 )


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KANDUNGAN TULANG

Bahan Organik : Sel-sel tulang, serat dan bahan dasar termasuk

glikoprotein, glikosaminoglikin

Bahan Bukan Organik : garam mineral seperti kalsium karbonat dan

kalsium fostat.

Kalsium dan fosfurus adalah bahan-bahan mineral yang membentukstruktur badan manusia.

Gabungan kedua-dua bahan ini menjadi tulang keras dan tegap.

Setiap tulang merupakan organ kepada sistem rangka.

Pembentukan tulang adalah dari tisu-tisu yang kuat dan aktif Terbentuk dan bertindakbalas mengikut fungsi.

Saiz & bentuk yang membezakan antara tulang


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TENDON

- Merupakan tisubergentian yang berwarnaputih- Ia adalah jalur tisu yangkuat

- Tendon melekatkan ototpada tulang- Tendon bersifat tidakkenyal tetapi tidak bolehmelentur

Cth. : melekatkan biseppada tulang radiusmelekatkan otot trisep padatulang ulna


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RAWAN

Pejal tetapi elastik.

Cth. : cuping telinga,

hujung hidung, hujung

tulang Peranan :- Rangka

penyokong dalam

peringkat embrio-

menyerap hentakan


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LIGAMEN

Merupakan tisu bergentianyang berwarna putih ataukuning pucat

Tisu ini adalah liat dan kuat

Ligamen menghubungkantulang-tulang yang bersendi

-merupakan tisu yangmenghubung satu tulangdengan tulang yang lain


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JENIS-JENIS TULANG

Tulang panjang (Long Bone)

Tulang pendek (Short Bone)

Tulang leper ( Flat Bone)Tulang tidak tentu bentuk ( Irregular

Bone)

Tulang bulat (Round Bone)


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Tulang Panjang (Long Bone)

- Berbentuk panjang

dan lurus

- Kedua-dua hujung

membengkak(epiphysis) .

Contoh : humerus,

femur, radius, ulna dantibula.


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Tulang Pendek (Short Bone)

Berbentuk kiub dengan

panjang dan lebar

hampir sama.

Contoh : tarsals carpals,

meta tarsal phalanges.


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Tulang tidak tentu bentuk (Irregular Bone)

- Mempunyai berbagai

bentuk.

- Bercantum dengan

tulang-tulang yang lain.

Contoh Veterbrae


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Tulang bulat (Round Bone- Sesamoid

bone)

- Bersaiz kecil

Contoh : patella


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Tulang Leper (Flat bone)

Mempunyai permukaan

yang lebar

Contoh : scull, scapula,sternum, pelvis.


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FUNGSI TULANG

Penyokong

Pergerakan

Perlindungan Penghasilan Darah Merah

Tempat Menyimpan Sumber Mineral


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Penyokong

Membentuk sistem

rangka tubuh

Memberi perlekatan

kepada otot danligamen

Menyokong tisu-tisu

lembut


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Pergerakan

Pelekatan otot untuk

membantu proses

pergerakan dan proses

kontrasi bagimenghasilkan

pergerakan

Contoh : memegang,melentur, menarik, dan

menolak.


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Perlindungan

Melindungi organ-organ

penting daripada

mengalami kecederaan.

Contoh : skull atau

craniummelindungi

otak.

ribsmelindungijantung dan paru-paru.


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Penghasilan Sel Darah Merah

Sel-sel darah merah sertasebahagian sel darahputih dihasilkan melaluiproses Hemopoiesis atauHemotopaisis

Tempat MenyimpanSumber Mineral Menyimpan fosforus,

sodium, kalsium,potessium dan mineral lainbagi menghasilkan ostoblas(sel pembina tulang)


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JOINTSAreas of the body where two

or more bones meet.

BONE

CARTILAGE Strong,

flexible tissue found in joints.

LIGAMENTS Tissue

connecting bone to bone.

MUSCLE

TENDON Tissue

connecting muscle to bone.


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TYPES OF JOINTS

Ball and Socket Joint: Joint with the widestrange of motion.

EXAMPLES: Hip and Shoulder
http://www.storchenwiege.com/babycarrierresearch.htmhttp://www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4acetab.jpghttp://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML


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TYPES OF JOINTS

Gliding Joint: Joint with a large range of

motion (up/down and side/side).

EXAMPLES: Ankle and Wrist
http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/musrom.htmhttp://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/musrom.htmhttp://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML


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TYPES OF JOINTS

Hinge Joint: Joint with limited motion

(up/down).

EXAMPLES: Knee and Elbow
http://pain.health-info.org/Pain%20Pages/elbow.htmhttp://www.gla.ac.uk/ibls/fab/tutorial/anatomy/kneet.htmlhttp://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML


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TYPES OF JOINTS

Fuse or Immoveable Joint: Joint with no

range of motion.

EXAMPLE: Cranium

Fused Joints
http://web.utk.edu/~herrmann/110/bones/


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Muscles

13.8 Muscles are effectors which enable

movement to be carried out


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Muscle

Is responsible for almost all the movements inanimals

3 types

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Involuntarycontrolled by

autonomic

nervous system

Skeletal muscle

(aka striped or

striated muscle)

voluntarycontrolled by

somatic nervoussystem


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Muscles & the Skeleton

Skeletal muscles cause the skeleton to move

at joints

They are attached to skeleton by tendons.

Tendons transmitmuscle force to the bone.

Tendons are made of collagen fibres & are

very strong & stiff


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Antagonistic Muscle Action

Muscles are either contracted or relaxed

When contracted the muscle exerts apulling force, causing it to shorten

Since muscles can only pull (not push), theywork in pairs called antagonistic muscles

The muscle that bends the joint is called

theflexormuscle The muscle that straightens the joint is

called the extensormuscle


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Elbow Joint The best known example of antagonistic

muscles are the bicep & triceps muscles

Elbow joint flexedFlexor muscles contractedExtensor muscles relaxed

Elbow joint extendedExtensor muscles contracted

Flexor muscles relaxed

biceps

triceps

Section through arm

Flexormuscles

Extensormuscles

HumerusBone


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Muscle Structure

A single muscle e.g. biceps

contains approx 1000

muscle fibres.

These fibres run the whole

length of the muscle

Muscle fibres are joined

together at the tendons

Bicep

Muscle


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Muscle Structure

Each muscle fibre is actually a

single muscle cell

This cell is approx 100 m indiameter & a few cm long

These giant cells have many

nuclei Their cytoplasm is packed full of

myofibrils

These are bundles of proteinfilaments that cause contraction

Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm)also contains mitochondria toprovide energy for contraction

nuclei stripes myofibrils


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Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit


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Muscle Structure

The E.M shows that each myofibril is made up of repeating

dark & light bands

In the middle of the dark band is the M-line

In the middle of the light band is the Z-line

The repeating unit from one Z-line to the next is called the

sarcomere

darkbands lightbands MlineZline1 sarcomere

1myo

fibril


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Muscle Structure A very high resolution E.M reveals that each myofibril is

made up of parallel filaments. There are 2 kinds of filament called thick & thin filaments.

These 2 filaments are linked at intervals called crossbridges, which actually stick out from the thick filaments

Thickfilament

Thinfilament Crossbridges


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The Thick Filament (Myosin)

Consists of the proteincalled myosin.

A myosin molecule is

shaped a bit like a golfclub, but with 2 heads.

The heads stick out toform the cross bridge

Many of these myosinmolecules stick togetherto form a thick filament

one myosinmolecule

myosin heads(cross bridges)

myosin tails


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Thin Filament (Actin)

The thin filament consists of a protein called

actin.

The thin filament also contains tropomyosin.

This protein is involved in the control of muscle

contraction

actin monomers tropomyosin


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Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit


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The SarcomereThick filaments

(myosin)

Thin filaments

(actin)

M

line

Z

line

Z

line

proteins inthe Z line

justthin

filament

overlap zone- both

thick & thinfilaments

justthick

filament

myosinbare zone

- nocross bridges

proteinsin the M line


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I Band = actin

filaments


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Anatomy of a Sarcomere

The thick filamentsproduce the dark A band.

The thin filamentsextend in each direction from

the Z line.

Where they do not overlap the thick filaments, theycreate the light I band.

The H zoneis that portion of the A band where the

thick and thin filaments do not overlap. The entire array of thick and thin filaments between

the Z lines is called a sarcomere

S h h l


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Sarcomere shortens when muscle

contracts

Shortening of the

sarcomeres in a

myofibril produces

the shortening of

the myofibril

And, in turn, of the

muscle fibre ofwhich it is a part


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Mechanism of muscle contraction

The above micrographs show that the sarcomere

gets shorter when the muscle contracts The light (I) bands become shorter

The dark bands (A) bands stay the same length

Relaxedmuscle

Contracted

muscle

relaxed sarcomere

contracted sarcomere


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The Sliding Filament Theory

So, when the muscle contracts, sarcomeresbecome smaller

However the filaments do not change in

length. Instead they slide past each other (overlap)

So actin filaments slide between myosin

filaments and the zone of overlap is larger


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Repetition of the cycle

One ATP molecule is split by each cross bridge in

each cycle.

This takes only a few milliseconds

During a contraction 1000s of cross bridges in

each sarcomere go through this cycle.

However the cross bridges are all out of synch, so

there are always many cross bridges attached atany one time to maintain force.http://199.17.138.73/berg/ANIMTNS/SlidFila.htm

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