Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Anatomy and Physiology
Dr. Michael RaucciPine Bush Medical Academy
Abbreviations & DefinitionsStructuresa – arteryaa – arteriesv – veinvv – veinsn – nervenn – nervesm – musclemm - muscles
Directional VocabularyAnt – anterior – nearer the frontPost – posterior – nearer the rearLat – lateral – away from midlineMed – medial – toward the midlineSup – superior – toward the head (up)Inf – inferior – toward the tail (down)Dist – distal – further from trunk or other stuctureProx – proximal – closer to trunk or other stuctureExt – external – outsideInt – internal – insideSup – superficial – near or on the surfaceDeep – further from the surfaceIpsi – ipsilateral – on the same side of median lineContra – contralateral – on the opposite side of median line
*yes, there are others but we will stick to these.
Anatomical Position
• If you are looking at a picture then right is left and left is right
Anatomical Planes
• Coronal Plane• Sagittal Plane• Transverse or Axial
Plane
Body Positioning
Systems
• Skeletal• Muscular• Nervous• Respiratory• Cardiovascular• Endocrine
• Integumentary• Digestive• Excretory• Lymphatic• Reproductive• Immune ?
Skeletal System – naming bones and knowing locations
• Bones, cartilage and ligaments• The bones in your skeleton are
alive
• Ligaments – link and hold bones together. They also prevent excessive motion
Types and parts of Bone
• Compact – hard outer surface
• Spongy – inner trabeculated
• Marrow inside the bone – stores fat and makes new red blood cells
• Cartilage lines the surface of a joint and is the flexible material found in the ears and tip of the nose
• Growth plates – cartilage surfaces which allow bones to grow in length. These close by age 15 in girls and 18 in boys
Shoulder joint
• This is a ball and socket joint.
• Fracture• Sprain• Bruise
• Protuberances• Tuberosities• Origins• Insertions
Muscular System
– Move bones – by contracting and relaxing– Maintain posture – continuously active– Squeeze and pump – assist the circulatory system– Very Important involuntary ones
3 types of muscles
• Smooth – digestive system – moves food and waste through the system via peristalsis. Uses predominantly involuntary muscles.
• found within the "walls” of hollow organs; such as blood vessels, bladders, uteri. gastrointestinal tracts
• Cardiac – found only in the heart – self excitatory• Skeletal – attached to the bones for movement
How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are centrally located, there are no striations, and the muscle fibers do not branch. Another good clue that this is smooth muscle is that when smooth
muscle contracts, the nuclei take on a corkscrew appearance.
•
How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are centrally located, striations are present, and there is branching of the muscle fibers. Several intercalated discs are
indicated by the white arrow heads.
How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are peripheral, striations are present, and there is no branching of the muscle fibers. Even when you cannot visualize striations, the peripherally placed nuclei allow you to differentiate skeletal muscle from
both cardiac and smooth muscle.
Muscle Definitions• Voluntary – under conscious control• Involuntary – work irregardless of
thought• Tendons – strands of connective
tissue located at the ends of muscle. Attach the muscle to the bone
• Flexor – bend a part of the body• Extensor – straighten a part of the
body• Muscle tone – a baseline
contraction that a muscle maintains even during relaxation
* Many muscles work in pairs
(contraction & relaxation)
Movement Types
• Flexion• Extension• Rotation• Lateral flexion• Abduction• Adduction• Circumduction• Internal rotation• External rotation• Elevation • Depression
• Distraction• Translation• Inversion • Eversion• Dorsiflexion• Plantar flexion• Pronation • Supination• Protrusion• Retraction
Growth
• Muscles grow in length in response to a stretch.
• Muscles grow in bulk in response to a need.
Injury• Muscle strain• Ruptured tendon
•Overstretching or overuse•Overuse can be a singular event or a repetitive activity•Inflammation
Treatment
• Ice or heat?• Immobilization or mobilization?
R – restI – IceC – CompressionE - Elevation
Steroids
• Anabolic Steroids – powerful chemicals that resemble the male hormone testosterone.
Damages: heart, liver, kidneys, testes in men, labido, hirsuitism in women, emotional instability.
• It also happens to be cheating
Thigh
Superficial Anterior & Medial Thigh Muscles
IliacusO: iliac fossa and AIISI: Lesser trochanter of hipA: Hip or trunk flexionN: femoral n & lumbar plexus
PsoasO: TPs of L1-L5 & Lat bodies of T12-L4I: Lesser trochanter of hipA: Hip or trunk flexion & hip ext. rot.N: ant. rami of L1-L4
SartoriusO: ASISI: prox. med. tibia as pes anseriniusA: flexing, abduction and lateral rotation of hip, and
flexion of kneeN: femoral n. ant branch
Gracillis O: pubic arch & symphysis pubisI: prox. Med. Tibial body as pes anseriniusA: adduction
Superficial Anterior Thigh Muscles (Quadriceps)
Rectus FemorisO:I: A:N:
Vastus LateralisO:I: A:N:
Vastus MedialisO:I: A:N:
Vastus IntermediusO:I: A:N:
Lateral Thigh MusclesTensor Fascia Lata (TFL)
O:I: A:N:
Iliotibial Band (ITB)O:I: A:N:
Deep Anterior Thigh Muscles
Adductor GroupO:I: A:N:
Posterior Thigh Muscles
• Semitendinosus• Semimembranosus• Biceps Femoris
Medial Thigh
Leg
Posterior:GastrocnemiusSoleusAchilles TendonAnterior:Tibialis AnteriorExtensor Digitalis
Longus
Foot
Arm
Forearm
Hand
Back Back
Neck
Buttocks and Pelvis
Abdominals
Chest
Head
Need to Know Muscles and Aponeuroses
• Thigh– Quadriceps– TFL & ITB– Hamstrings
• Leg– Gastrocnemius– Soleus– Tibialis Anterior
• Foot– Plantar Fascia
• Arm– Rotator Cuff Group– Deltoid– Biceps– Triceps
• Forearm– Flexors– Extensors
• Hand
• Buttock– Gluteus Maximus & others– Piriformis– Psoas
• Back– Latissimus Dorsi– Trapezius– Thoracic & Lumbar Paraspinals
• Neck– SCM– Cervical Paraspinals– Suboccipitals– Occipital
• Abdominals– Abdominus Rectus– Abdominus Oblqus Group
• Chest– Pectoralis Major
• Head and Face– Temporalis– Masseter
The Most Important Muscle
• Diaphragm • Heart
Nervous System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Digestive System
Endocrine System
Excretory
Lymphatic
Reproductive
Integumentary
