Upload
annabelle-boyd
View
219
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Anatomy and Physiology
Female external structures○ Vulva○ Labia majora and labia minora○ Clitoris○ Vestibule and vestibular glands○ Hymen○ Vaginal orifice
2
Anatomy and Physiology
Female internal structuresOvariesFallopian tubesUterusCervixVagina
Hormones: estrogen and progesterone
3
Anatomy and Physiology
Male external organsScrotum and penis
4
Anatomy and Physiology
Male internal organsTestesEpididymisVas deferensUrethraSeminal vesiclesBulbouretheral and prostate glands
5
Common Signs and Symptoms Female
Abdominal and pelvic painFever and malaiseAbnormal vaginal dischargeBurning and/or itching of the genitals
6
Common Signs and Symptoms Female
Pain during sexual intercourseAny change in breast tissueAbnormal discharge from the nipple
7
Common Signs and Symptoms Male
Urinary disorders including frequency, dysuria, nocturia, and incontinence
Pain in the pelvis, groin, or reproductive organs
Lesions on external genitals
8
Common Signs and Symptoms Male
Swelling or abnormal enlargement of the reproductive organs
Abnormal penile dischargeBurning and/or itching of the genitals
9
Diagnostic Tests
Female Bimanual examinationHysterosalpingogramPapanicolaou smear of cervixCervical biopsyCone biopsy
10
Diagnostic Tests
Female Dilatation and CurettageLaparoscopyMammographyBlood tests
11
Diagnostic Tests
MaleDigital rectal examinationCystoscopyBiopsyLaboratory tests including PSA
12
Premenstrual Syndrome
Symotoms prior to menses Symptoms begin mid-cycle
Headache and nauseaBack and joint painEdema and bloatingWeight gain
13
Premenstrual Syndrome
Symptoms begin mid-cycleBreast tendernessSleep disturbancesIrritabilityMood swingsDepression
14
Premenstrual Syndrome
TreatmentIndividualized Dietary changesAvoid caffeine, chocolate, nicotine, salt,
sugar, and alcohol
15
Menstrual Abnormalities
Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia
16
Endometriosis
Abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
Common sites of implantation include ovaries, fallopian tubes, abdominal wall, and intestines
17
Endometriosis
SymptomsDysmenorrheaLow back, vaginal, and pelvic crampingHeavy menses and dyspareunia
18
Endometriosis
TreatmentHormonesRemission with pregnancy, nursing, and
menopausePanhysterectomy
19
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Inflammation of some or all of the pelvic
reproductive organs May include cervicitis, salpingitis,
endometritis, oophoritis Most commonly caused by STDs
20
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Symptoms
FeverChillsPain in pelvic areaLeukorrhea
Treatment: antibiotics, analgesics, and rest
21
Ovarian Cyst
Commonly benign fluid-filled sacs on or near the ovary
Two typesPhysiologicNeoplastic
22
Ovarian Cyst Symptoms
Low back painPelvic painDyspareuniaNausea and vomiting
Treatment depends on type and size May resolve by itself or require
laparoscopy
23
Fibroid Tumor
Also known as leiomyomas Benign tumors of smooth uterine muscle Symptoms
Abnormal uterine bleedingExcessive menstrual bleeding and pain
24
Fibroid Tumor
Treatment depends on woman’s age and desire for children
Surgical removal of fibroids or hysterectomy
Uterine embolization Hormone therapy
25
Vaginitis
Inflammation of vagina Symptoms
Burning and itchingSwelling of vagina and external genitalia
26
Vaginitis
Common type of vaginitisCandida: fungus or yeastTrichomonas: parasiteAtrophic: post-menopausal
27
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Found almost exclusively in menstruating women using tampons
Organism: staphylococcus aureus Symptoms: high fever, vomiting,
diarrhea, and dropping blood pressure Treatment: IV fluids, antibiotics
28
Toxic Shock Syndrome
SymptomsHigh feverVomitingDiarrheaDecreasing blood pressure
Treatment: IV fluids, antibiotics
29
Menopause
Natural halting of menstruation Occurs between ages 45 and 55
30
Menopause
Common symptomsHot flashes and night sweatsVaginal drynessDepressionSleep disorders Decreased libido
Treatment: hormone therapy, exercise
31
Uterine Prolapse
Uterus protrudes into vagina Symptoms
Heaviness in pelvisUrinary stress DysuriaLow back pain
Treatment: hysterectomy
32
Cystocele
Herniation of urinary bladder through anterior vaginal wall
Symptoms: pelvic pressure, urinary urgency, frequency, and incontinence
Treatment: depends on degree of herniation
33
Rectocele
Herniation of rectum through posterior vaginal wall
Symptoms: discomfort, constipation, fecal incontinence
Treatment: surgical repair
34
Cervical Cancer
Fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in females
Symptoms: abnormal cervical bleeding Treatment: surgical removal of tumor
35
Uterine Cancer
Develops in endometrium and spreads to uterine wall
Symptoms: abnormal bleeding in menopausal women
Treatment: surgical removal of uterus and ovaries with radiation
36
Ovarian Cancer
Quite common and often fatal Symptoms: pressure on the bladder,
abdominal or pelvic pain, general feeling of ill health
Treatment: complete hysterectomy, radiation, and chemotherapy
37
Fibrocystic Disease
Most common breast disorder of premenopausal females between the ages of 30 and 55
Cysts are linked to estrogen levels
38
Fibrocystic Disease
To decrease breast pain:Reduce caffeine and saltUse of mild diureticsUse of mild analgesics the week prior to
menstruation is recommended
39
Mastitis
Inflammation of breast tissue Symptoms
RednessHeatSwellingPain and often bloody nipple discharge
40
Mastitis
TreatmentAntibioticsApplication of heatAnalgesicsFirm supporting bra to decrease discomfort
41
Breast Cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the breast ducts Most common breast neoplasm (affects
one out of nine females) Risk factors
Age 40 and overFamily member affected with breast cancer
42
Breast Cancer
Risk factorsOnset of menses before age 13Menses continuing after age 50NulliparaFirst child after age 30ObesityChronic breast disease
43
Breast Cancer
SymptomsNon-tender lump of varying size Occurs most often in upper outer quadrant
of breast often with dimpling
TreatmentMastectomy, chemotherapy, and/or
radiation
44
Ectopic Pregnancy
Fertilized ovum attaches to tissue outside the uterus, usually in fallopian tubes
SymptomsAcute pelvic painVaginal bleedingPositive pregnancy test
45
Ectopic Pregnancy
TreatmentPrompt surgery to terminate pregnancyEvery effort is taken to preserve ovary and
tube if future pregnancy is desired
46
Spontaneous Abortion
“Miscarriage” Natural termination of pregnancy before
fetus is viable Symptoms
Vaginal bleedingCramping and pelvic pain
47
Spontaneous Abortion
Once it starts, progression is difficult to stop
D & C may be necessary to remove any tissue remaining in the uterus
48
Morning Sickness
Associated with first trimester of pregnancy
Symptoms: nausea and vomiting Treatment
Not necessary unless vomiting Light meals several times a day
49
Morning Sickness
Treatment Dry food before drinkingAvoid fatty foodsRest after meals
50
Hyperemesis Gravidarum Excessive vomiting during pregnancy Treatment includes IV fluids and
withholding all foods and oral fluids Usually subsides by second pregnancy
51
Toxemia
Usually appears during 3rd trimester Symptoms
HypertensionSudden weight gainProteinuriaEdema in face, hands, and feet
52
Toxemia
TreatmentFrequent monitoring of blood pressureWeight and urine protein
53
Abruptio Placentae
Separation of placenta from uterus Degrees of symptoms
Partial separation may be asymptomaticComplete separation may cause severe
abdominal pain and vaginal bleedingShock and decrease in fetal heart tones
54
Abruptio Placentae
TreatmentPrompt delivery either vaginally or by c-
sectionBlood replacement may also be necessary
55
Placenta Previa
Abnormal positioning of placenta in lower uterus near or over cervical os
Symptoms: painless, bright red vaginal bleeding during third trimester
56
Placenta Previa
Treatment-vaginal delivery is asymptomatic or if bleeding is not severe; emergency c-section if maternal bleeding or fetal anoxia
57
Placenta Previa
Treatment Vaginal delivery is asymptomatic if bleeding
is not severeEmergency c-section if maternal bleeding or
fetal anoxia
58
Prostatitis
Inflammation of prostate gland Symptoms
DysuriaPyuriaFever and low back pain
Treatment: antibiotics, warm sitz baths, increased fluid intake, analgesics
59
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Enlargement of prostate gland due to
normal cells overgrowing and enlarging Common in men over age 60
60
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms
NocturiaInability to start urinationWeak urinary streamInability to empty stream
61
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treatment
Prostatic massageSitz bathCatheterizationsRegular sexual intercourseSurgery
62
Prostatic Carcinoma
Neoplasm of prostate gland affecting men over 50
Second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men
63
Prostatic Carcinoma
Symptoms are similar to BPH Treatment
Depends on age and physical condition of individual
Degree of metastasis
64
Epididymitis
Inflammation of epididymis Symptoms
Swollen, hard, and painful epididymis Often accompanied by severe scrotal pain
and swelling
65
Epididymitis
TreatmentRestAnalgesicsUse of a scrotal supportAvoidance of alcohol, spicy foods, and
sexual stimulation
66
Orchitis
Inflammation of one or both testes due to viral or bacterial infection
Symptoms: swelling, pain, tenderness of one or both testes, fever, malaise
Treatment: dependent on cause
67
Testicular Tumor
Commonly affect young men age 20-35 Most common type of cancer in this
group Symptoms: painless mass felt in testicle Treatment: orchiectomy, chemotherapy,
and radiation
68
Cryptorchidism
Undescended testicle Premature birth is common cause Treatment: surgery
69
Genital Herpes
Viral infection 1 in 6 individuals in United States is
infected Not curable Periods of remission and exacerbation
70
Genital Herpes
SymptomsBlister-like lesions causing dysuriaSevere itching
Treatment is symptomaticAntiviral medicationsSitz bathsIce therapy and analgesics
71
Gonorrhea
“Clap” Symptoms
Purulent discharge from penis and vagina DysuriaUrinary frequency in males and femalesFemale - cervicitis Genital itching and burning pain
72
Gonorrhea
TreatmentAntibiotics including PenicillinTetracyclineCeftiaxone
73
Syphilis
Treatment: Penicillin or Tetracycline is very effective
Three stagesPrimary - appearance of painless chancreSecondary - chancre healsPeriod of rest lasting 6 weeks to 1 year
74
Syphilis
Secondary - rash appears Tertiary
Bacteria invade organs throughout body causing gumma
Curable with antibiotics during this stage but effects of lesions are irreversible
75
Chlamydia
Known as “silent” STD - Bacterial Symptoms
Drainage with burning and itching Urination due to urethritis and epididymitis
Treatment: antibiotics
76
Trichomoniasis
Caused by protozoan Symptoms
Male - urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitisFemale - green frothy vaginal discharge,
itching and burning of genital area
77
Trichomoniasis
TreatmentAntiparasitic medications such as Flagyl
78
Genital Warts
Viral infection Symptoms
Possible tenderness in affected area
TreatmentChemical or surgical removal
Cervical cancer related to genital warts
79
Dyspareunia
Pain or discomfort with sexual intercourse
May affect men and women Treatment is dependent on cause
80
Premature Ejaculation
Expulsion of seminal fluid during foreplay, prior to complete erection, or immediately after sexual intercourse
Common in young males Treatment is based on cause
81
Infertility
Inability of couple to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected sex
82
Infertility
CausesPresence of STDHormonal disordersAbnormality of reproductive organsEndometriosisScarring or blockage of fallopian tubesVaginal antibodies that kill sperm
83
Infertility
TreatmentBased on causeSurgeryMedication therapyHormone imbalance
84
Hydiatidiform Mole
Grape-like cysts in uterus that mimic pregnancy
Treatment: D & C At higher risk to develop
choriocarcinoma requiring frequent follow-up examinations
85