ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR ICD-10 THE … · via the bloodstream to a target organ or other cells. The endocrine and nervous system work closely together to help maintain homeostasis

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR ICD-10

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Objectives

On completion of this chapter, you will be able to:

• Describe the primary glands of the endocrine system.

• State the primary functions of the endocrine glands.

• Describe the secondary glands of the endocrine system.

• State the vital function of the endocrine system.

• Identify and state the functions of the various

hormones secreted by the endocrine glands.

• Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words.

• Describe each of the conditions presented in the

Pathology Spotlights.

• Complete the Pathology Checkpoint.

• Review Drug Highlights presented in this chapter.

• Provide the description of diagnostic and laboratory

tests related to the endocrine system.

• Identify and define selected abbreviations.

• Successfully complete the study and review section.



Lecture Outline

I. Anatomy and Physiology Overview -The endocrine system

is made up of glands and the hormones they secrete. The primary

glands of the endocrine system are the pituitary, pineal,

thyroid, parathyroid, islets of langerhans, adrenals, ovaries in

females, and testes in males. Some other organs such as the

brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin, thymus, placenta during

pregnancy, and the gastrointestinal mucosa also produce and

release hormones (Table 11-1, p. 353). The function of the

endocrine system involves the production and regulation of

chemical substances called hormones. A hormone is a chemical

transmitter that is released in small amounts and transported

via the bloodstream to a target organ or other cells. The

endocrine and nervous system work closely together to help

maintain homeostasis. The hypothalamus, a collection of

specialized cells that are located in the lower central part of

the brain, is the primary link between the endocrine and nervous

system. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary

gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress

hormone secretions from the pituitary.



A. The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) – a small gray gland

located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is known

as the master gland of the body because of its regulatory effect

on the other endocrine glands. It resides in a shallow

depression in the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica. It is

divided into an anterior and posterior lobe. (Fig. 11-1, p. 355)

1. The Anterior Lobe – or adenohypophysis secretes

several hormones that are essential for the growth and

development of bone, muscles, other organs, sex glands, the

thyroid gland, and the adrenal cortex. (Fig 11-2, p. 356)

a. Growth Hormone (GH) – also called somatotropin hormone

(STH), is essential for growth and development of bone, muscles,

and other organs. It also enhances protein synthesis, decreases

the use of glucose, and promotes fat destruction (lipolysis).

i. Hyposecretion may result in dwarfism and Simmonds’

disease.

ii. Hypersecretion may result in gigantism (early life)

and acromegaly (adults).

b. Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) – essential for

growth and development of the middle and inner zones of the



adrenal cortex, which secretes the glucocorticoids cortisol and

corticosterone.

c. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) – essential for

growth and development of the thyroid gland. Stimulates

production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine and influences the

body’s metabolic processes.

d. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – gonadotropic

hormone that is essential in stimulating the growth of ovarian

follicles in females and sperm production in males.

e. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – gonadotropic hormone

essential in the maturation process of the ovarian follicles and

stimulation of the corpus luteum in females and testosterone

production in males.

f. Prolactin (PRL) – known as lactogenic hormone (LTH).

Gonadotropic hormone that stimulates milk production after

childbirth.

g. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) – regulates skin

pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanin in the skin

after exposure to sunlight.

2. The Posterior Lobe – or neurohypophysis; secretes two

known hormones:



a. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – also known as vasopressin

(VP). Stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules

and has a pressor effect that elevates blood pressure.

i. Oversecretion results in diabetes insipidus.

b. Oxytocin – acts on the mammary glands to stimulate the

release of milk and the stimulation of uterine contractions

during labor, delivery, and parturition.

B. The Pineal Gland (Body) – small, pine cone-shaped

gland located near the posterior end of the corpus callosum. It

secretes the following:

1. Melatonin – a hormone that may be released at night to

regulate the release of gonadotropin.

2. Serotonin – hormone that is a neurotransmitter,

vasoconstrictor, and smooth muscle stimulant and acts to inhibit

gastric secretions.

C. The Thyroid Gland – large bilobed gland located in the

neck. It plays a vital role in metabolism and regulates the

body’s metabolic processes. It secretes: (Fig. 11-3, p. 357)

1. Thyroxine (T4) – essential for maintenance and

regulation of the basal metabolic rate (BMR). It contains four

iodine atoms. Thyroxine influences growth and development and



the metabolism of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, water,

vitamins, and minerals.

2. Triiodothyronine (T3) – effective thyroid hormone that

contains three iodine atoms. It influences the basal metabolic

rate.

a. Hyposecretion of T4 and T3

i. Cretinism (infancy) and myxedema (adulthood)

ii. Hashimoto’s disease – chronic thyroid disease

b. Hypersecretion of T4 and T3

i. Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis

ii. Graves’ Disease, exophthalmic goiter, toxic goiter, or

Basedow’s disease

3. Calcitonin – also known as thyrocalcitonin. Calcitonin

is a thyroid hormone that influences bone and calcium metabolism

and maintains plasma calcium homeostasis.

D. The Parathyroid Glands – small, yellowish-brown bodies

occurring as two pairs. (Fig. 11-4, p. 358) The hormone secreted is

the:

1. Parathormone (PTH) – essential for the maintenance of

a normal serum calcium level. It aids in the metabolism of

phosphorus.



a. Hyposecretion of PTH – results in hypoparathyroidism,

which may result in tetany (Fig 11-5, p. 359).

b. Hypersecretion of PTH – results in hyperparathy-

roidism, which may result in osteoporosis, kidney stones, and

hypercalcemia.

E. The Pancreas (The Islets of Langerhans) – the islets

are small clusters of cells located within the pancreas. There

are three types of cells:

1. Alpha Cells – secrete glucagon, which aids in the

breakdown of glycogen to glucose. This results in an increase in

blood sugar.

2. Beta Cells – secrete insulin, which is essential for

the maintenance of normal blood sugar. Insulin promotes the use

of glucose in cells, thereby lowering the blood glucose level,

and plays a vital role in carbohydrate, protein, and fat

metabolism.

a. Hyposecretion – results in diabetes mellitus

b. Hypersecretion – results in hyperinsulinism

3. Delta Cells – secrete somatostatin, which suppresses

the release of glucagon and insulin. (Figs. 11-6 & 11-7, pp. 359

& 360)



F. The Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals) – two small,

triangular-shaped glands on top of each kidney. They consist of:

1. The Adrenal Cortex – secretes the following:

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and the androgens. (Fig 11-

8, p. 361)

a. The Glucocorticoids

i. Cortisol – a hydrocortisone that is the principle

steroid hormone secreted by the cortex. Hyposecretion results in

Addison’s disease and hypersecretion results in Cushing’s

disease.

ii. Corticosterone – a steroid hormone secreted by the

adrenal cortex. Is essential for normal use of carbohydrates,

absorption of glucose, a process known as gluconeogenesis, and

influences potassium and sodium metabolism.

b. The Mineralocorticoids – aldosterone is secreted by

the adrenal cortex. It regulates electrolyte and water balance

by promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium

excretion.

i. Hyposecretion – results in a reduced plasma volume.

ii. Hypersecretion – results in primary aldosteronism.



c. The Androgens – hormones that promote the development

of male characteristics. The two main androgen hormones are

testosterone and androsterone. They are responsible for

development of the male secondary sex characteristics.

2. The Adrenal Medulla – synthesizes, secretes, and

stores catecholamines, specifically the following:

a. Dopamine – dilates systemic arteries, elevates blood

pressure (BP), increases cardiac output, and increases urinary

output.

b. Epinephrine – Adrenalin or adrenaline, acts as a

vasoconstrictor, vasopressor, cardiac stimulant, antispasmodic,

and sympathomimetic. Its main function is to assist in the

regulation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous

system.

c. Norepinephrine – noradrenaline, acts as a

vasoconstrictor, vasopressor, and neurotransmitter. It elevates

systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), increases the heart

rate and cardiac output and increases glycogenolysis.

G. The Ovaries – the hormones produced by the ovaries are

essential for promoting growth, development, and the maintenance

of secondary female sex organs and characteristics. They also



prepare the uterus for pregnancy, promote development of the

mammary glands, and play a vital role in a woman’s emotional

well being and her sexual drive. The hormones produced are:

1. Estrogens (estradiol, estrone, and estriol) – the

female sex hormone secreted by the graafian follicles of the

ovaries.

2. Progesterone – a steroid hormone secreted by the

corpus luteum.

H. The Testes – produce testosterone, which is essential

for normal growth and development of the male accessory sex

organs. Testosterone plays a role in the erection process of the

penis.

I. The Placenta – the spongy structure which joins the

mother and child. It produces chorionic gonadotropin hormone,

estrogen, and progesterone.

J. The Gastrointestinal Mucosa

1. Gastrin – secreted by the mucosa of the pyloric area

of the stomach and stimulates gastric acid secretion.

2. Secretin – secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum and

jejunum and stimulates pancreatic juices, bile, and intestinal

secretions.



3. Pancreozymin-cholecystokinin – secreted by the mucosa

of the duodenum and stimulates the pancreas.

4. Enterogastrone – secreted by the mucosa of the

duodenum and regulates gastric secretions.

K. The Thymus – a bilobed body located in the mediastinal

cavity. It is composed of lymphoid tissue and is a part of the

lymphatic system. This ductless gland-like body secretes:

1. Thymosin – promotes the maturation process of T

lymphocytes.

2. Thymopoietin – hormone that influences production of

lymphocyte precursors and aids them in their process of becoming

T lymphocytes.

II. Life Span Considerations

A. The Child – most structures and glands of the

endocrine system are developed during the first 3 months of

pregnancy. Either excessive high or insufficient production of

growth hormone (GH) by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

can cause abnormal growth patterns. Excessive production of GH

can cause gigantism; insufficient production of GH can cause

dwarfism.



1. Diabetes Mellitus – most common endocrine system

disorder of childhood. Symptoms include:

a. Polyuria (frequent urination)

b. Polydipsia (excessive thirst)

c. Polyphagia (extreme hunger)

B. The Older Adult – hormonal changes vary with each

individual. Tissue receptors decrease, thus diminishing the

body’s response to hormones. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the

older adult occurs because the amount of insulin produced by the

body is sufficient, but the number of receptors is reduced. This

results in the inability of glucose to enter the cells.

III. Terminology

A. Medical Words and Definitions with Word Parts – these

terms (shown in black in the Building Your Medical Vocabulary

feature) can be analyzed and defined by dividing them into

component parts.

1. Prefixes

2. Word Roots

3. Combining Forms

4. Suffixes

5. Pathology Spotlight



a. Diabetes (p. 371) (See PowerPoint presentation on the

accompanying IRCD to view a video on the topic of diabetes)–

Diabetes Mellitus is a complex disorder of metabolism. It is a

disease in which the body does not produce or properly use

insulin. There are three major types:

i. Type 1 diabetes – results from the body’s failure

to produce insulin. An individual with this type of diabetes

will need to take insulin injections each day for the rest of

his or her life. It is estimated that 5–10% of Americans with

diabetes have Type 1 diabetes.

ii. Type 2 diabetes – is the most common type. It results

from insulin resistance combined with relative insulin

deficiency. Type 2 diabetes used to be rare in children, but

with the increase in obesity in children, 1 out of 20 children

who have diabetes has type 2. Of these children, 85% are obese.

Even modest lifestyle changes can help prevent the onset of Type

2 diabetes. The key is to eat a healthy diet, exercise 30

minutes a day at least 5 days a week, and maintain a proper body

weight for age and body type.



iii. Gestational Diabetes – or pregnancy-induced diabetes

develops in a pregnant woman. In most cases, this type of

diabetes goes away after the woman’s child is born.

(Table 11-2, p. 372)

b. Hyperthyroidism (p. 373) (See PowerPoint presentation

on the accompanying IRCD to view a video on the topic of

hyperthyroidism)– condition caused by elevated levels of thyroid

hormone.

i. Graves’ Disease – an autoimmune disease in which

antibodies produced by the immune system stimulate the thyroid

to produce too much thyroxine.

ii. Thyroiditis – inflammation of the thyroid gland

iii. Tumors of the Thyroid Gland

c. Hypothyroidism (p. 372) (See PowerPoint presentation

on the accompanying IRCD to view a video on the topic of

hypothyroidism)– a condition in which the thyroid gland does not

produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone.

i. Goiter – enlargement of the thyroid gland most often

caused by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune inflammation of

the thyroid.



ii. Myxedema – a rare, life-threatening condition that is

the result of long-term, undiagnosed hypothyroidism.

B. Medical Words and Definitions without Word Parts –

these terms (shown in pink in the Building Your Medical

Vocabulary feature) are not usually analyzed and defined by

dividing them into component parts.

1. Pathology Spotlight

a. Addison’s Disease (p. 371) – occurs when the cortex of

the adrenal gland is damaged and there is a deficiency in the

production of the adrenocortical hormones. It is most commonly

caused by the body attacking itself (autoimmune disease).

C. Pathology Checkpoint

IV. Drug Highlights

A. Thyroid Hormones – increase metabolic rate, cardiac

output, O2 consumption, body temperature, respiratory rate,

blood volume, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, and

influence growth and development at cellular level. Thyroid

hormones are used as supplements or replacement therapy in

hypothyroidism, myxedema, and cretinism.

B. Antithyroid Hormones – inhibit the synthesis of

thyroid hormones by decreasing iodine use in manufacture of



thyroglobin and iodothyronine. They do not inactivate or

inhibit thyroxine or triiodothyronine. They are used in the

treatment of hyperthyroidism.

C. Insulin – stimulates carbohydrate metabolism by

increasing the movement of glucose and other monosaccharides

into cells. It also influences fat and carbohydrates metabolism

in the liver and adipose cells. It decreases blood sugar,

phosphate, and potassium, and increases blood pyruvate and

lactate. Insulin is used in the treatment of insulin-dependent

diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus when

other regimes are not effective, and to treat ketoacidosis.

D. Insulin Preparations – insulin is given by

subcutaneous injection and is available in rapid-acting,

intermediate-acting, and long-acting preparations.

E. Oral Hypoglycemic – agents of the sulfonylurea class

and are used to stimulate insulin secretions from pancreatic

cells in non-insulin-dependent diabetes with some pancreatic

function.

V. Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests



A. Catcholamines – a test performed on urine to determine

the amount of epinephrine and norepinephrine present. These

adrenal hormones increase in times of stress.

B. Corticotropin, Corticotropin-releasing Factor (CRF) –

a test performed on blood plasma to determine the amount of

corticotropin present. Increased levels may indicate stress,

adrenal cortical hypofunction, and/or pituitary tumors.

Decreased levels may indicate adrenal neoplasms and/or Cushing’s

syndrome.

C. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) – a test performed on blood

to determine the level of sugar in the bloodstream. Increased

levels may indicate diabetes mellitus, diabetic acidosis, and

many other conditions. Decreased levels may indicate

hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinism, and many other conditions.

D. Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) – a blood sugar test

performed at specific intervals after the patient has been given a

certain amount of glucose. Blood samples are drawn, and the blood

glucose level of each sample is determined. It is more accurate

than any other blood sugar test, and is used to diagnose diabetes

mellitus.



E. 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) – a test performed

on urine to identify adrenocorticosteroid hormones. It is used

to determine adrenal cortical function.

F. 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) – a test performed on urine to

determine the amount of 17 KS present. 17-KS is the end product

of androgens and is secreted from the adrenal glands and testes.

It is used in the diagnosing of adrenal tumors.

G. Protein-Bound Iodine (PBI) – a test performed on serum

to indicate the amount of iodine that is attached to serum

protein. It may be used to indicate thyroid function.

H. Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) – a test to measure

the ability of the thyroid gland to concentrate ingested iodine.

Increased level may indicate hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis, and/or

thyroiditis. Decreased level may indicate hypothyroidism.

I. Radioimmunoassay – a standard assay method that is

used for the measurement of minute quantities of specific

antibodies and/or antigens. It may be used for clinical

laboratory measurements of hormones, therapeutic drug

monitoring, and substance abuse screening.

J. Thyroid Scan – a test to detect tumors of the thyroid

gland. The patient is given radioactive iodine 131, which



localizes in the thyroid gland, and the gland is then visualized

with a scanner device.

K. Thyroxine (T4) – a test performed to determine the

amount of throxine present. Increased levels may indicate

hyperthyroidism. Decreased levels may indicate hypothyroidism.

L. Triiodothyronine Uptake (T3) – a test performed on

blood serum to determine the amount of triiodothyronine present.

Increased levels may indicate thyrotoxicosis, toxic adenoma,

and/or Hashimoto’s struma. Decreased levels may indicate

starvation, severe infection, and severe trauma.

M. Total Calcium – a test performed on blood serum to

determine the amount of calcium present. Increased levels may

indicate hyperparathyroidism. Decreased levels may indicate

hypoparathyroidism.

N. Ultrasonography – the use of high-frequency sound

waves to visualize the structure being studied. May be used to

visualize the pancreas, thyroid, and any other gland. It is used

as a screening test or as a diagnostic tool.

VI. Abbreviations (p. 377)

VII. Study and Review



MedMedia

www.prenhall.com/rice

activities for this chapter can be found on the Companion

Website. For Terminology Translator, animations, video, audio

glossary, and review, access the CD-ROM that accompanies the

student textbook.

POST TEST A

Part I Multiple Choice

DIRECTIONS: Select the best answer to each multiple choice

question and write the appropriate letter on the answer sheet.

1. The _____ gland is known as the master gland of the

body.

a. pineal

b. thyroid

c. pituitary

d. adrenal



2. Prolactin is secreted by the:

a. neurohypophysis

b. pineal gland

c. ovaries

d. adenohypophysis

3. The _____ gland plays a vital role in metabolism and

regulates the body’s metabolic processes.

a. thyroid

b. parathyroid

c. pineal

d. pituitary



4. _____ is essential for maintenance of a normal level

of blood sugar.

a. Cortisol

b. Insulin

c. Parahormone

d. Serotonin

5. The principle mineralocorticoid secreted by the

adrenal cortex is:

a. aldosterone

b. androgen

c. oxytocin

d. dopamine

6. All are true statements concerning epinephrine except:



a. it elevates the systolic blood pressure

b. it decreases the heart rate and cardiac output

c. it dilates the bronchial tubes

d. it dilates the pupils

7. An enlargement of the extremities due to excessive

growth hormone is called:

a. cretinism

b. dwarfism

c. acromegaly

d. gigantism

8. The _____ is the primary link between the endocrine

and nervous sytem.



a. pineal

b. hypothalamus

c. hypophysis

d. pituitary

9. _____ is any disease of the adrenal gland.

a. Adrenopathy

b. Adenopathy

c. Adrenotropic

d. Adenalgia

10. A congenital deficiency in secretion of the thyroid

hormone is called:

a. diabetes



b. hirsutism

c. gigantism

d. cretinism

11. A physician who specializes in the study of the

endocrine system is known as a/an

a. endocrinology

b. endocrinologist

c. pathologist

d. gastroenterologist

12. _____ means an abnormal protrusion of the eye.

a. Exopthalmic

b. Exocrine

c. Exophthalmic



d. Endocrine

13. Excessive secretion of milk after cessation of nursing

is:

a. galactorrhea

b. mammorrhea

c. glandular

d. galactin

14. The medical term for pertaining to drowsiness,

sluggish is:

a. pallor

b. myxedema

c. ascites

d. lethargic



15. The pituitary gland is also known as the:

a. pineal

b. hypophysis

c. parathyroid

d. pituitarism

16. _____ is a condition of premature old age occurring in

children.

a. Virilism

b. Progesterone

c. Progeria

d. Vasopressin



17. Thymosin promotes the maturation process of:

a. monocytes

b. T lymphocytes

c. B lymphocytes

d. NK cells

18. The surgical excision of the thyroid gland is called:

a. thyroidotomy

b. thyroidotome

c. thyrotherapy

d. thyroidectomy

19. _____ are biochemical substances, epinephrine,

norepinephrine, and dopamine.



a. Catecholamines

b. Steroids

c. Hormones

d. Iodines

20. The word root creat means:

a. cretin

b. secrete

c. milk

d. flesh

21. The word root kal means:

a. calcium

b. iron



c. potassium

d. magnesium

22. The suffix -in means:

a. fixation

b. chemical

c. disease

d. resemble

23. The ovaries produce all of the following except:

a. androgen

b. estrogen

c. progesterone

d. estrone



24. _____ is a gland that produces an internal secretion.

a. Exocrine

b. Enzyme

c. Ectropion

d. Endocrine

25. _____ is used as an anti-inflammatory agent.

a. Aldosterone

b. Cortisone

c. Dopamine

d. Somatotropin

Part II Matching



DIRECTIONS: Using the answer sheet, write the letter of the

definition that best matches the word.

26. adenoma

27. adrenal

28. diabetes

29. gigantism

30. hirsutism

31. hyperkalemia

32. hypogonadism

33. oxytocin

34. parathyroid

35. thyroid

36. virilism

37. vasopressin

38. epinephrine

39. dwarfism

40. testosterone a. Also called ADH

b. A condition of being abnormally small

c. Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth



d. A condition of being abnormally large

e. Excessive amounts of potassium in the blood

f. A tumor of a gland

g. Also called adrenaline

h. Toward the kidney

i. Male sex hormone

j. Masculinity developed in a female

k. Hairy condition

l. To go through

m. Deficient internal secretion of the gonads

n. Located beside the thyroid gland

o. Resembling a shield

p. Masculinity developed in a male

Part III Abbreviations: Fill-in-the-Blank

DIRECTIONS: Using the answer sheet, write the correct

abbreviation for each of the following.

41. adrenocorticotropic hormone



42. basal metabolic rate

43. diabetes mellitus

44. follicle-stimulating hormone

45. growth hormone

46. somatotropin hormone

47. triiodothyronine

48. thyroxine

49. thyroid function studies

50. thyroid-stimulating hormone

POST TEST B

Part I Word Parts

DIRECTIONS: Using the answer sheet, write the letter of the

definition that best matches the word part.

1. ex-

2. para-

3. pro-

4. acr/o-



5. aden-

6. creat-

7. crin/o-

8. dwarf-

9. galact/o-

10. gigant-

11. hirsut-

12. kal-

13. letharg-

14. myx-

15. pituitar-

16. thym-

17. thyr/o-

18. viril-

19. -betes

20. -oid

21. -osis

22. -physis

23. -one

24. -gen

25. -inenda. gland



b. milk

c. potassium

d. beside

e. phlegm

f. to go

g. condition of

h. out, away from

i. extremity

j. giant

k. resemble

l. growth

m. before

n. drowsiness

o. thymus

p. hormone

q. pertaining to

r. flesh

s. formation, produce

t. excision

u. to secrete

v. thyroid, shield



w. masculine

x. small

y. hairy

z. mucus

Part II Abbreviations: Fill-in-the-Blank

DIRECTIONS: Using the answer sheet, write the correct

abbreviation or meaning for each of the following.

26. ADH

27. diabetes insipidus

28. GTT

29. protein bound iodine

30. RIA

31. PTH

32. LH

33. fasting blood sugar

34. vasopressin

35. BG



Part III Multiple Choice

DIRECTIONS: Select the best answer to each multiple choice

question and write the appropriate letter on the answer sheet.

36. The _____ synthesizes and secretes releasing hormones.

a. pineal

b. thyroid

c. hypothalamus

d. adrenal

37. The _____ gland plays a vital role in metabolism.

a. thyroid

b. parathyroid

c. pineal

d. pituitary



38. Which disease results from a deficiency in the

secretion of adrenocortical hormones?

a. cretinism

b. hirsutism

c. Addison’s

d. acromegaly

39. In the term androgen, the combining form andr/o means:

a. body

b. self

c. form

d. man



40. The suffix -one means:

a. gland

b. enzyme

c. hormone

d. secretion

41. Which disease results from hypersecretion of cortisol?

a. Cushing’s

b. virilism

c. thyrotoxicosis

d. pituitarism

42. In the term estrogen, the combining form estr/o means:



a. longing

b. formation

c. produce

d. mad desire

43. In the term norepinephrine, the prefix nor means:

a. without

b. not

c. away from

d. against

44. In the term steroid, the root ster means:

a. structure

b. form

c. solid



d. fatty substance

45. A hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas

is called:

a. melatonin

b. insulin

c. glucagon

d. calcitonin

46. A test performed on urine to determine the amount of

epinephrine and norepinephrine present is:

a. catecholamines

b. corticotropin

c. protein bound iodine

d. total calcium



47. Increased levels of _____ may indicate diabetes

mellitus.

a. thyroid scan

b. total calcium

c. fasting blood sugar

d. protein bound iodine

48. A test used to detect tumors of the thyroid gland is:

a. thyroxine

b. total calcium

c. thyroid scan

d. protein bound iodine



49. A blood sugar test that is performed at specified

intervals after the patient has taken glucose is:

a. fasting blood sugar

b. glucose tolerance test

c. protein bound iodine

d. corticotropin

50. A test used in the diagnosing of adrenal tumors is

called:

a. 17-HCS

b. 17-OHCS

c. 17-KS

d. 17-HDL

Documents

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR ICD-10 THE … · via the bloodstream to a target organ or other cells. The endocrine and nervous system work closely together to help maintain homeostasis