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Anatomy and Physiology- Unit C
Essential Standard 5.00
Discuss the role of major systems of small animals.
Objective 5.01
Discuss the role of major body systems of small animals.
Basic Anatomy Terminology Cheek- fleshy side of the face Dewlap- loose skin under the chin (female
rabbits) Elbow- upper joint of the front leg Flank- fleshy part of the side between ribs and
rump (croup) Foot pad- part that the animal walks on Guard hair- longer coarse hair above the
shorter under fur (protection from rain and cold)
Basic Anatomy Terminology
Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb
Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth) Nose pad
Tip of the nose Used for investigating food and unfamiliar
objects Called the nose leather in cats
Basic Anatomy Terminology
Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter (a.k.a. croup)
Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg Stifle- joint above the hock Thigh- area between the rump and hock Whiskers- long hairs growing near the
mouth
Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds
Crown top of the head
Ear covert feathers covering the ears
Nape back of the neck
Orbital ring ring around the eye
Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles Brille
transparent layer covering eyes Eyelid for snakes
Fins Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage
rods Enables fish to move through water
Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles Gills
Major organ of the respiratory system Breath without lungs
Scales Modified portion of the epidermal layer Provides protection Fish and reptiles
Scutes Epidermal scales found on turtles
Skeletal System
Purpose-to protect vital body organs and give form or shape to the bodySkull protects brainRibs protect lungs and internal organsSpinal column or backbone protects the spinal
cord and provides shape to the animal.
Skeletal System
Axial skeletonVertebral columnRibsSternumskull
Dog Skeleton
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000f09ca.gif
Dog Skeleton
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/images/S23.GIF
Skeletal System
Pectoral limbfront limbs
shoulders, legs and feet scapula (shoulder blade) humerus (arm) radius and ulna (forearm) carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mammals/CatSkeleton.jpg
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/Catskeleton.jpeg
Skeletal System
Pelvic limbrear legs and pelvic bones
hooks pin bones femur (upper leg bone) tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) Tarsals (hocks) Metatarsals (feet) Phalanges (toes)
Rabbit Skeleton
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-878/rabbit.gif
Rabbit Skeleton
http://www.avte.net/AVTE2003/contents/anatomy/lab%20animal/rabbit_skeleton.jpg
Skeletal System-Birds
Have some unique bones unlike mammalsMost have a skull bone that elongates
toward the front of the headSome have a skull with an upper beak
fused to it while other birds have hinges on both upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibility
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtml
Internal Anatomy
Heartmajor organ in the circulatory
system3 muscle layers
Circulatory System
Myocardiumsecond layer muscle that makes up the
thickness of the heart Endocardium
thin layer inside myocardium Epicardium
thin cover over the myocardium Other parts of the circulatory system are the
arteries, capillaries, veins and blood
Layers of the Heart
Heart
Circulatory System- Functions
Transportsnutrientsmetabolic wasteoxygen
Protects against microbes and injury
Kidneys and Bladder
Part of the excretory system rids the body of waste maintain chemical composition volume of blood regulates tissue fluid
Stomach and Intestines
Major part of digestive systembreaks food down into smaller
pieces to be used by the bodyNutrients are gleaned from these
food materials
Lungs
Part of the respiratory systemoxygen is taken in by the nose,
passed on to the lungs and then goes into the blood
Nervous System
Brains, spinal cord, and nervesCoordinator of all body activitiesRegulates other systemsControls memory and learning
Reproductive system
Ovaries and testesEggSperm
Help produce new individuals of the same species
Muscular System
MusclesMovementPostureSupportProduces heat
Digestive SystemSingle-stomachedMonogastric
includes all of the small animalsCatsDogsRabbitsBirds
Rabbits
Non-ruminant herbivoresConsumes large amounts of
roughageLarge cecum and colon between
the small and large intestines contains bacteria
Rabbit Digestive System
http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos.htm
Rabbits
Rabbits eat undigested fecesCoprophagyUsually occurs late night or early
morning Makes use of undigested material
so they can make full use of bacteria in cecum
BirdsLack teeth
Saliva is added to aid in swallowingVery little breakdown in the mouth
GizzardLargest digestive organGrinds and crushes
Digestive System- Bird
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/bird_anatomy.jpg
Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants
Food is broken down in mouth (except birds)
Passes to the stomach Small Intestine
Primary site of absorption Large Intestine
Absorption of WaterAddition of mucus
Digestive Process
Food is broken down in the mouth (except birds), stomach (gizzard), and then passed into the small intestine.Primary site for digestionAbsorption of carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins.
Digestive Process
Undigested food passes from the small intestine into the large intestine Absorption of waterAddition of mucus to aid in waste passage
Fish Digestive System
Systems varyType of feed determines teeth
Some fish swallow their prey whole while others chew it up
Fish digestive system
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/Grzimek_fish/structure_function/digestive_system.jpg/medium.jpg
Reproduction in Small Animals
Sexual Reproduction is the union of egg and sperm to product a new animal.
Two parents required:Male furnishes spermFemale supplies egg or ovum
Sexual Terminology
ConceptionCreation of new life by fertilization
Union of egg and sperm
EstrusHeat periodFemale is receptive to breedingStand for mating
Estrus- Stand for mating
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/jur/199912/images/balaguer_4.jpg
Sexual Terminology
GestationPeriod of pregnancyBegins at conception ends at parturition
OvulationRelease of egg
ParturitionProcess of giving birth
Female Reproductive Anatomy
Ovary Primary reproductive organ Produces the female gamete (egg)
Gamete Sex cell that unites with other sex cells
Embryo Developing young Mammals
Enters uterus after 3-5 days
Female Reproductive Anatomy
UterusPlace of embryo growth and development
CervixPart of uterus that contains ringsCervical mucus
Seals uterus during pregnancy
Female Reproductive Anatomy
VaginaReproductive passagewayUrine excretion
VulvaExternal opening of reproductive tract
Male Reproductive Anatomy
TesticlePrimary organProduces male gametesExternally held in scrotum
Controls temperature
SheathFold of skinProtective covering
Objective 12.02
Use principals of reproductive physiology to determine gestation characteristics in small animals
Gestation
Time from conception to parturition (birth)Varies for each species
General Characteristics Increase size of breast and abdomen and
appetiteRestlessness
End of gestation
End of Gestation
Pocket pets and rabbits Nesting box should be provided
Wood shavings Straw Paper
Dogs and cats Birthing box
One to three weeks prior Helps them to get comfortable with the setting
Gestation PeriodSpecies Period (days)
Cats 51-65 (7-9 weeks)
Dogs 56-70 (9-10 weeks)
Rabbits 30-32 (4-4.5 weeks)
Hamsters 16
Gerbils 24-26
Rats 21-24
Mice 21-24
Guinea Pig 56-74
Ferrets 42
Essential Standard 6.00
Examine the role of nutrition in the support of animal life.
Objective 6.01
Discuss the nutritional requirements of small animals including deficiency symptoms and functions.
Nutrition
Process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food and water ration so it can grow, maintain its body, reproduce, and perform.
Nutrients
Substance or feedstuff that is necessary for an organism to live and grow
Single group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports animal life
There are six basic nutrients
WaterMore important nutrient than any
other nutrientmakes up 55-65% of an animal’s
body
Water Aids in digestion Dissolves and transports nutrients Regulates body temperature Carries waste from the body Supports respiration
ProteinsComplex nutrients composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Develop and repairing body organs and tissuesmuscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves,
and feathers
Proteins Production of milk, wool, and eggs Reproduction process of the
developing fetus Developing the young Transmitting DNA
Carbohydrates Converting of food into energy Made up of chemical elements
CarbonHydrogenOxygen
Supports breathing and digesting
Carbohydrates Production of heat for body warmth Stores fat Types of carbohydrates
SugarsStarch fiber
Fats Chemical elements of
CarbonHydrogenOxygen
Same elements as carbohydrates but different combinations
Fats Fats contain 2.25 times more energy Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E and K
Provides the essential fatty acids needed in an animal’s diet
VitaminsOrganic substances needed for
specific biochemical reactionsA,B, C, D, E and K
Needed in small amounts
Vitamins Regulation of body glands
Digestive systemAbsorptionMetabolism
The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.
Minerals Supply the material for building
the skeleton and producing regulators such as enzymes and hormones
Divided into 2 groupsMacroMicro
Macro vs. MicroMacro
Seven major minerals needed in largest quantity and most likely lacking in the ration
MicroNine trace minerals needed in
small amounts
Macro-mineralsPhosphorusCalcium Potassium Sodium and chlorineSulfurMagnesium
Micro-minerals Iron Iodine Copper Cobalt Manganese
Zinc Molybdenum Selenium Fluorine
Nutrient Deficiencies
Slow growth (common of all nutrients)
Water deficiencyOverheatingslowdown in normal body functions occurs
Carbohydrates lack of energyLack of normal body functions loss of body heat
Nutrient Deficiencies Proteins
Normal growth development and repairing of body organs ex: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers suffers
Protein deficiency may result Anorexia Anemia Edema Slow growth rate Low birth weight of young Lower milk production Decreased feed efficiency
Nutrient Deficiencies
FatsProvides energyaids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Vitaminsvarious body functions will suffer when
vitamins are lackingDepends on the vitamins in question
Nutrient Deficiencies
Mineral deficiencylow rate of gainspoor feed efficiencydecreased reproductiondecrease in milk, meat, eggs, and
wool production
Objective 6.02
Distinguish between feeding programs for small animals.
Nutrient Use Maintenance
keeping constantno gain or loss of weightusually high in carbohydrates and
fatsGrowth
increase in body sizerations high in energy and protein
Nutrient UseReproduction
Failures are a major result from poor nutrition
Contains a large amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins
Improper nutrition can affect conception rates and breeding ability
Reproduction
Babies that are underweight at birth, or which become an aborted fetus are often the result of improper nutrition to female during gestation
Nutrient Use
LactationTime during which females are
producing milkRequires the proper nutrients to
have large milk production
Lactation
Diet high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus.
The same nutrients contained in the milk are the same needed by a lactating female
Nutrient Use
Work and activityIncreased amounts of fats and
carbohydrates are needed in a working diet to supply the extra energy needed
Hunting dogs need special diets because they require energy to chase after game
Feeding Terminology Diet
Feed and water that an animal uses Amount and type of feedstuff is based
upon:Animal NeedsKind of and amounts of nutrients contained in
feed Palatability- digestible and appeals to the
animalA good nutritious feed is only good if it is eaten
Feeding Terminology Feed classifications
Roughages (or forages) made up of leaves and the plants tender
stems
Feeding Terminology Concentrates
recommended for small animals as a regular part of their diet
High energy Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats
High protein Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower
meal
Feeding Terminology Supplements
contains a specific nutrient Ration
feed that contains the right amount and proportion of nutrients
Specific Diets Dogs and Cats Commercial feed is the best
Puppies need diet higher in protein than adults and food intake is regulated by activity
Cats need 2X the protein of dogs 10% of their diet should be fat
Rabbits
Pellet type of commercial feed is best
Avoid feeding too much leafy green vegetables
Pocket Pets
Best to use pellet type commercial feed
If mixing ration; should have a wide range of food
Pocket Pets
GerbilsNeed a little green food in diet
RatsCan have dog food substituted
Ferrets Can eat cat food
Pocket Pets
Mice Will not overeat
Guinea pigsNeed solid food to dull their teeth and a
certain amount of Vitamin C
Amphibians & Reptiles
Prefer to eat animals if large enoughTadpoles
eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat foodTurtles
Pieces of liver Strawberries and other fruits
Amphibians & Reptiles Snakes (in captivity)
Full grown can learn to eat canned dog food
Variety of insectsBaby rodentsFrogs and toads
LizardsMost eat insects
Birds
Diet mostly consists of seeds Including cereal seeds and oil seeds Fruit and nectar birds
OrangesGrapesApple slices
Fish
Diet is affected by water temperatureHigher temperature
Increased food intake
Variety of food should be given to decrease boredom
Fish Amount fish is fed should be amount it can
eat in a few minutes to avoid contaminating water
Smaller fish Flaked food
Larger Fish Shrimp Krill Plankton