Anatomy, Chapter 15 Lecture Outline:Brain and Cranial Nerves

Brain and Cranial Nerves

An adult brain weighs between _____________ and _____________ kilograms (kg) (around

_____________ pounds) and has a volume of about _____________ cubic centimeters (cc).

Brain size is not directly correlated with __________________________

It is not the physical _____________of the brain that determines intelligence—it is the number of

active __________________________.

The Brain’s 4 Major Regions

__________________________, the diencephalon, the brainstem, and the

__________________________.

The __________________________is divided into two halves, called the left and right cerebral

_______________________________________.

Each hemisphere is subdivided into _____________functional areas called _____________.

Outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called _____________ (_____________) and shallow

depressions between those folds called _____________ (_____________).

The brain is associated with _____________pairs of cranial _____________.

Homunculus Man;______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Frontal Lobe

Conscientiousness and Judgments

How we initiate activity in response to our environment.

Controls our emotional response.

Controls our expressive language.

Assigns meaning to the words we choose (abstract thought)

Attention span

Involves word associations (language planning)

Memory for habits and motor activities (short term memory)

Motor cortex—Voluntary movement

Impulse control

Parietal Lobe Function

Location for visual attention.

Location for touch perception.

Goal directed voluntary movements.

Manipulation of objects.

Integration of different senses that allows for understanding a single concept.

Temporal Lobe Function

Hearing ability

Memory acquisition

Some visual perceptions

Categorization of objects.

Occipital Lobe Function

Vision

Cerebellum Function

Coordination of voluntary movement

Balance and equilibrium

Some memory for reflex motor acts.

Brainstem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Brainstem Function

Breathing

Heart Rate

Swallowing

Reflexes to seeing and hearing (Startle Response).

Controls sweating, blood pressure, digestion, temperature (Autonomic Nervous System).

Affects level of alertness.

Ability to sleep.

Sense of balance (Vestibular Function).

Midbrain, Function:

Body posture

Equilibrium

Autonomic Nervous System

Blood pressure

Temperature

Emotional influence

Regulation of appetite and hormones

Nuclei of CN III and IV

Pons, Function

Respiration

Chewing

Taste

Arousal, wakefulness, alertness

Nuclei of CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Medulla, Function:

Life-sustaining control center: controls hear, respiration, vasomotor

Cough, gag, swallow, vomit, digest

Nuclei of CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Function of HemispheresRight Hemisphere 

judging the position of things in space

knowing body position

understanding and remembering things we do and see

putting bits of information together to make an entire picture

controls the left side of the body

Function of Hemispheres

Left Hemisphere

understanding and use of language (listening, reading, speaking and writing)

memory for spoken and written messages

detailed analysis of information

controls the right side of the body

Organization of Brain Tissue

Gray matter houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and

unmyelinated axons.

White matter is composed primarily of myelinated axons.

During brain development, an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from migrating peripheral

neurons.

External sheets of gray matter, called the cortex, cover the surface of most of the adult brain (the

cerebrum and the cerebellum).

Organization of Brain Tissue

_____________matter houses motor neuron and interneuron cell _____________, dendrites,

_____________terminals, and unmyelinated _____________.

White matter is composed primarily of __________________________axons.

During brain _______________________________________, an outer, superficial region of gray

matter forms from migrating peripheral __________________________.

External sheets of _____________matter, called the _____________, cover the surface of most of the

adult brain (the cerebrum and the __________________________).

Organization of Brain Tissue

White matter lies _____________to the gray matter of the _____________.

Within the masses of _____________matter, the brain also contains discrete innermost

__________________________of gray matter called cerebral __________________________, which are

oval, spherical, or sometimes irregularly shaped clusters of neuron cell _____________.

Support and Protection of the Brain

The brain is __________________________and isolated by multiple structures.

The bony __________________________provides rigid support.

Protective connective tissue membranes called __________________________surround and partition

portions of the _____________.

_______________________________________ (CSF) acts as a cushioning _____________.

The brain has a _____________-brain barrier to prevent entry of harmful materials from the

__________________________.

Cranial Meninges

Three dense __________________________connective tissue layers that separate the

_____________tissue of the brain from the bones of the __________________________.

Enclose and protect blood __________________________that supply the brain.

Contain and circulate _______________________________________fluid.

Parts of the cranial meninges form some of the _____________that drain blood from the

_____________.

From superficial to _____________, the cranial meninges are the __________________________, the

__________________________, and the _____________mater.

Dura Mater

Tough membrane composed of _____________fibrous layers.

__________________________of the meninges.

_____________mater is composed of _____________layers.

__________________________layer, the more superficial layer, attaches to the

__________________________of the cranial bones

__________________________layer lies deep to the __________________________layer

The meningeal layer is usually _____________to the periosteal layer, except in specific

areas where the two layers separate to form large, _____________-filled spaces called

_____________venous __________________________.

Arachnoid

Also called the arachnoid _____________or the arachnoid __________________________.

Lies immediately __________________________to the _____________mater.

Partially composed of a delicate _____________of __________________________and elastic fibers,

termed the arachnoid __________________________.

Between the __________________________and the overlying dura mater is the

_________________space.

Immediately deep to the arachnoid is the _______________________________________space.

Pia Mater

The __________________________of the cranial meninges.

_____________layer of delicate connective tissue that tightly _____________to the brain and follows

every contour of the brain _____________.

Cranial Dural Septa

The __________________________layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions (_____________)

deep into the cranial cavity at four locations called cranial _____________septa.

Membranous __________________________separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional

stabilization and support to the _____________brain.

falx __________________________

_______________________________________cerebelli

falx __________________________

_______________________________________sellae

Brain Ventricles

__________________________or expansions within the brain that are derived from the lumen

(__________________________) of the embryonic neural _____________.

__________________________with one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord.

_____________ventricles in the brain.

two __________________________ventricles are in the cerebrum, separated by a thin medial

partition called the septum __________________________

within the _________________________________is a smaller ventricle called the

_____________

each lateral ventricle __________________________with the third ventricle through an

opening called the _______________________________________foramen

The _____________ventricle is located within the pons and __________________________.

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A clear, __________________________liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid

________.

Bathes the ___________________surfaces of the central nervous system and completely surrounds it.

Performs several important functions.

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________ stability

Formed by the choroid _____________in each _____________.

Produced by __________________________of a fluid from the __________________________cells

that originate from the blood _____________.

Is similar to blood _____________.

Blood-Brain Barrier

__________________________tissue is protected from the general circulation by the

_________________.

Strictly __________________________what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the

___________.

Prevents __________________________of neurons in the brain to _____________, waste products in

the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances (ions, _____________) that could adversely affect

brain function.

Blood-Brain Barrier

Tight __________________________prevent materials from diffusing across the capillary

_____________.

Astrocytes act as “__________________________” that permit materials to pass to the neurons after

leaving the __________________________.

Is markedly _____________or _____________in three distinct locations in the CNS: the

_____________plexus, hypothalamus, and _____________gland.

Review Questions 1. Which of the following is not a function of the frontal Lobe;2. Essay; Describe the various functions of the frontal lobe. How does a lobotomy affect personality and

aggression? Why?3. Which of the following is not a Temporal Lobe Function:4. What is the main function of the Occipital Lobe?5. Which of the following is not one of the functions of the Cerebellum? 6. Which of the following is not a part of the Brainstem?7. Which of the following is not of the Brainstem Functions8. Which of the following is not a Midbrain Function:9. Which of the following is not a Pons Function10. Which of the following is not a Medulla Function11. The Functions of both hemispheres of the brain are the same; T/F12. Which of the following is not a function of the Right Hemisphere 13. Which of the following is not a function of the Left Hemisphere14. What is the size of a typical adult brain?15. Brain size is directly correlated with intelligence; True (A) or False (B)16. What aspect/characteristic of the brain best determines intelligence?17. What are the 4 major regions of the brain?18. Each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided into five functional areas called19. The outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called20. The outer surface of an adult brain exhibits shallow depressions (between the folds) called21. The brain is associated with how many pairs of cranial nerves?22. Be able to label the following figures

23. Gray matter of the brain houses what structures?24. White matter is composed primarily of25. During brain development, an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from26. What is the superficial most layer of the cerebrum called?27. What lies deep to the gray matter of the cortex28. What are oval, spherical, or sometimes irregularly shaped clusters of neuron cell bodies within the

brain?29. The brain is protected and isolated by multiple structures; True (A) or False (B)30. What provides rigid support for the brain?31. What protective connective tissue membranes surround and partition portions of the brain?32. What structure is designed to prevent entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream into the brain?33. What are the three dense regular connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from

the bones of the cranium?34. Meninges contain and circulate what fluid?35. Parts of the cranial meninges form some of the ________ that drain blood from the brain36. From superficial to deep, the cranial meninges are37. What tough meningeal membrane composed of two fibrous layers?38. Which meningeal layer is the strongest?39. What are the two layers of the Dura?40. Which of the two layers of Dura are the most superficial?41. The meningeal layer is usually fused to the periosteal layer, except in specific areas where the two

layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called42. What meningeal layer lies immediately internal to the Dura mater?43. The Arachnoid is partially composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers, termed the44. Between the arachnoid and the overlying dura mater is the

45. Immediately deep to the arachnoid is the46. What is the innermost of the cranial meninges, directly covering the brain?47. The meningeal layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions (septa) deep into the cranial cavity at

four locations called48. The membranous partitions that separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization

and support to the entire brain are the;49. Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the lumen (opening) of the embryonic

neural tube are called the;50. The following image is showing;

51. What is a clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space52. CSF performs what important functions53. CSF is similar to blood plasma; True (A) or False (B)54. What structure strictly regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain?55. The BBB prevents exposure of neurons in the brain to what substances?56. What neuroglial cells act as “gatekeepers” that permit materials to pass to the neurons of the brain after

leaving the capillaries?57. The BBB is markedly reduced or missing in what locations in the CNS?

Essay; The following picture is designed to illustrate/demonstrate what?

Over

Essay; Describe the production, circulation, and reabsorption of CSF in the ventricles of the brain using the following figure;