Anatomy Final Exam

Review

Why do atoms bond to each other?

• To become more stable.

• To fill their valence shell.

• To share / exchange valence electrons.

What are valence electrons?

• The outermost electrons of an atom.

What are the 4 types of biomolecules?

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

What is the function of carbohydrates?

• Short term energy storage

What is the function of lipids?

• Long Term Energy Storage

• Cell Membranes

What is the function of Proteins?

• Express Genetic Information

• Catalyze Reactions

What is hemoglobin?

• A type of protein in blood which binds with oxygen.

What is homeostasis?

• The maintenance of internal stability in organisms/cells.

What is diffusion?

• The movement of molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration.

• Across a concentration gradient.

• Until equilibrium is reached.

What is ATP?

• An energy storing molecule.

Where does energy store its energy?

• Phosphate bonds.

How can you release stored energy from ATP?

• Remove 1 phosphate

• ATP ADP

Describe an Unconscious Nervous-System Pathway:

• Sensory Division

• Central Nervous System

• Motor Division

• Autonomic Nervous System

• Parasympathetic or Sympathetic

What’s the difference between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

Pathways?

• Parasympathetic:– Not Feelings– Involuntary organ movement/response

• Sympathetic– Feelings– Fight or Flight

Describe a Conscious Nervous-System Pathway:

• Sensory Division

• Central Nervous System

• Motor Division

• Somatic Pathway

What happens in a Nerve Impulse?

• Neurotransmitter is released from adjacent neuron-axon-terminals

• K+ pumps open K+ moves into cell

• Na+ pumps open Na+ moves into cell

What is hyperopia?

• Farsightedness

• Cornea too flat

• Light underfocused

What is myopia?

• Nearsightedness

• Bulging cornea

• Light overfocused

Which types of lenses would fix farsightedness?

• Thicker in middle

• Light would be focused before hitting cornea

• Results in Double-Focusing

Which types of lenses would fix Nearsightedness?

• Thinner in middle

• Light rays would be spread out before reaching cornea

• Results in decreased focusing of light

What does the Broca’s Area of the brain control?

• Formulation of complex language

Describe the traveling of sound waves to your cochlea:

• Sound waves hit tympanic membrane (ear drum)

• Membrane vibrates

• Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup Vibrate

• Triggers vibration of oval window on cochlea

How do you smell?

• Organic molecules (scent molecules) dissolve in mucus lining of nose

• Molecules bind to olfactory receptor hairs

Where do you taste sour foods?

• Sour = Acidic = Hydrogen Ions

• Sides of Tongue

Where do you taste sweet foods?

• Sweet = Sugars

• Front / Tip of tongue

Where do you taste bitter foods?

• Bitter = Alkaloid

• Very back of tongue

Where do you taste salty foods?

• Salt = Metal

• Front-Sides of Tongue

What is an embolus?

• Free floating clot in a blood vessel.

Which region interprets language?

Parietal Lobe

Which region maintains visual and auditory memory?

Temporal Lobe

Which region coordinates muscle movement?

• Cerebellum

Which region triggers muscle movement?

• Frontal Lobe

Which region maintains homeostasis and fight or flight

emotions?

• Brain Stem…

• Pons, Medulla, MidBrain

Which region maintains fluid ion levels, controls sleep and body

temperature?

• Thalamus & Hypothalamus

Which structure contains dark pigments which contain light w/in

the eye?

#8 -- Choroid

Which structure determines your eyesight?

• #1 -- Cornea

Which structure contracts and relaxes to control the amount of

light entering the eye?

• #4 -- Iris

Which part is not really a structure, but allows light to

pass into the eye?

• #5 -- Pupil

What is the substance that maintains eye pressure?

• #12 -- Humor

Which part of your ear is the ear drum?

• Tympanic Membrane

Which part of your ear vibrates the oval window?

• Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup

Which part of your ear contains fluid and receptor hairs to

maintain equilibrium?

• Cochlea

List out the correct pathway of the Intrinsic Conduction System:• SA NODE

• AV NODE

• AV Bundle

• Bundle Branches

• Purkinje Fibers

List out the events in Hemostasis (Blood clotting):

• Collagen fibers exposed• Platelets adhere to fibers• Platelets release serotonin• Thromboplastin released from damaged vessel

cells• PF3 binds with Thromboplastin + Calcium• Prothrombin converted to Thrombin• Fibrin forms mesh-like trap• Vessels constrict and ruptured edges are closed

How do leukocytes recognize foreign cells?

• Positive chemostaxis

How do leukocytes move across blood vessel walls?

• diapedesis

What is a heartbeat?

• The closing of the AV valves and the semilunar valves.

What is hypertension?

• High blood pressure

• 140 and over (systolic reading)

What is hypotension?

• Low blood pressure

• 100 and under (systolic reading)

What is the pulmonary circuit?

• Cardiovascular Pathway

• Carries deoxygenated blood

What is the systemic circuit?

• Cardiovascular pathway

• Carries oxygenated blood

What happens when you exhale?

• Diaphragm relaxes

• Thoracic cavity decreases in size

• Higher pressure in lungs causes air to flow outwards

What happens when you inhale?

• Diaphragm contracts

• Thoracic cavity increases in size

• Lower pressure in lungs causes air to flow inwards

What is anemia?

• Oxygen not getting to tissues

• Low red blood cell count

• Low hemoglobin concentration

• Damaged red blood cells

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart:

• Deoxygenated blood Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery

• Oxygenated Blood Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta

What is diastole?

• Relaxation of heart

What is systole?

• Contraction of heart

Which parts are included in the axial skeleton?

• Skull

• Vertebral column

• Rib cage

• Center of pelvis

Which parts are included in the appendicular skeleton?

• Arms

• Legs

• Hips, shoulders

• Edges of pelvis

What is the function of long bones?

• Weight Bearing

What is the function of irregular bones?

• Connect muscles, tendons and ligaments

What is the function of flat bones?

• Protection

What is the function of short bones?

• Increase mobility

What is the function of bones in general?

• Support

• Protection

• Movement

• Mineral + hormone storage

• Blood cell formation (marrow)

Know this!

What can cause bone injury?

• Increased weight

• Twisting

• Rotating

• Bending

What is a greenstick fracture?

• An incomplete break of the bone, common in children.

What is a depressed fracture?

• A typical type of skull fracture.

What is a compressed fracture?

• When bone crushes into hundreds of pieces (common in porous bone).

What is a spiral fracture?

• A ragged break as a result of excessive twisting forces.

What is a comminuted fracture?

• When the bone breaks into 3 or more pieces.

What is an epiphyseal fracture?

• A fracture along the epiphyseal line where cartilage cells are deteriorating.

Why is the fibrocartilaginous-callus stage of bone repair so important?• Excess blood and bone cells are removed

• Allows for following repair stages

List the vertebral regions from superior to inferior:

• Cervical

• Thoracic

• Lumbar

• Sacral

What is the purpose of joints in the body?

• Allows for circular movement

• Allows for angular movement

• Reduces rigidity of the body

List the events in a muscle contraction:

• Depolarization of sarcolemma• Calcium released from sarcop. Reticulum• Calcium bines with tropomyosin• Conformation change of tropomyosin• Exposure of actin• Myosin attaches to actin• Actin + Myosin slide together• Release of actin + ATP• Calcium sent back to sarcop. Reticulum• Tropomyosin changes back

Which bones make up your arms?

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

Which bones make up your legs?

• Femur

• Tibia

• Fibula

What is your upper jaw?

• maxilla

What is your lower jaw?

• mandible

What do your ribs connect to?

• Vetebral column

• sternum

What ruins mummification?

• bacteria

Which biomolecules are broken down in the oral cavity?

• carbohydrates

Which biomolecules are broken down in the esophagus?

• None

Which biomolecules are broken down in the stomach?

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• NOT Lipids

Which biomolecules are broken down in the duodenum?

• ALL OF THEM

• CARBS

• LIPIDS

• PROTEINS

• NUCLEIC ACIDS

What do bacteria do in your colon?

• Metabolize inorganic compounds

• Produce vitamins

Know This!!

List the Digestive Organs from Beginning to End:

• Oral Cavity• Esophagus• Stomach• Duodenum• Jejunum• Ileum• Cecum• Ascending—transverse—descending colon• Rectum + anus

What makes you have to go poop?

• Descending colon • Involuntary sphincter • Voluntary sphincter!

What does your duodenum do?

• Neutralizes food

• Metabolizes all biomolecules

• Releases bile and pancreatic juice

Which solutions does your duodenum secrete?

• Bile

• Pancreatic Juice:– Chymotrypsin & Peptidase– Nuclease– Lipase– Amylase

• Bicarbonate

Which solutions does your jejunum secrete?

• Muccin

• Lysozyme

Which solutions does your stomach secrete?

• Gastrin

• Gastric Juice HCl

What are bile salts for?

• Emulsify lipids

Know This!!