ANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM - …staff.ui.ac.id/.../material/anatomyofmusculoskeletalsystem0809.pdf · 2 Anatomical aspect of MS •The musculoskeletal system is consist of:

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ANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

S asanthy KusumaningtyasFMUI

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Anatomical aspect of MS

• The musculoskeletal system is consist of: – Musculo=muscleactive– S keletal=bonepasive– Nervous system mechanism of

movement

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The skeleton

• The skeleton consist of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments.

• Function of the skeleton (bones):– S upport– Protection– Movement– Mineral storage – Blood-cell formation

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• The bones are divided into 5 groups, based on the shape & size

The skeleton

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The skeleton

• The human skeleton are grouped into:– The axial skeleton– The appendicular skeleton (upper limb and

lower limb)

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The axial skeleton

• The axial skeleton, which forms the long axis of the body.

• The axial skeleton is consist 80 bones are arranged into 3 major region:– The skull– The vertebral column– The bony thorax

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The axial skeleton

• The skull=cranium is formed by:– Cranial bonesneurocranium– Facial bonessplanchnocranium

• The function of cranial bones are: – enclose and protect the brain – provide attachment sites for some head

and neck muscles

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The axial skeleton

• The function of facial bones are:– Form of the framework of the face– Form the cavities for the sense organs of

the sight, taste and smell– Provide opening for the passage of air and

food– Hold the teeth– Anchor of muscles of the face

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The axial skeleton

• The cranial bones are:– Frontal bone– Parietal bone– Occipital bone– Temporal bone– S phenoid bone– Ethmoid bones

• The facial bones are:– Mandible– Maxillary bones– Zygomatic bones– Nasal bones– Lacrimal bones– Palatine bones– Vomer– Inferior nasal conchae

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The vertebral column

• The vertebral column is formed from 26 bones (7 cervical vertebrae,12 thoracal vertebrae, 5 lumbal vertebrae, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx) connected into a flexible, curved structure.

• Each vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs

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The vertebral column: curvature

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General structure of vertebrae

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Intervertebral disc

• Intervertebral disc is a cushion like pad composed of :– an inner sphere is

nuc leus pulpos us

– An outer collar about 12 concentric rings is annulus fibros us

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The appendicular skeleton

• The appendicular skeleton consists of: limb bones and their girdle– The upper limb bones & the pectoral girdle – The lower limb bones & the pelvic girdle

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The upper limb:• The pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle

and scapula the paired pectoral girdle and their associated muscles shoulder

• The Upper limb bones consists of:• Arm humerus• Fore arm radius and ulna• Handcarpal, metacarpal and phalanges

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The upper limb bones

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The lower limb:• The pelvic girdle consists of paired hip

bones or coxae (ilium, ischium and pubis bones)

• The lower limb consists of:– Thigh femur– Leg tibia and fibula– Foot tarsal, metatarsal and phalanges

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The lower limb bones

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Lower limb bones

The hip bones

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• Maintained by the shape of the bones, ligaments & muscles.

• Function: shock – absorbing system• Arches :

– Medial longitudinal arch : calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform & the 1st 3 metatarsal bones. More mobile & flexible significant for shock absorbing function.

– Lateral longitudinal arch: calcaneus, cuboid, 4th -5th metatarsal bones. S upport foot

– Transverse arch: bases of the metatarsal & cuneiform bones. S upport foot.

Arches of the foot

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Arches of the foot

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The joint

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The joint

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Synovial joints Classified by Shape

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Shoulder joint

• S houlder joint is stabilized by :– Ligaments– Muscles rotaror cuff muscles

(subscapularis,supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor)

– Weak area

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Knee joint

• Anterior cruciate lig– To prevent anterior

displacement of the tibia off the distal end of the femur

• Posterior cruciate lig.– To prevent posterior

displacement of the tibia off the distal end of the femur

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Hip joint

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Axes and planes of the body

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Basic movement

• All movement begin from anatomical position, not begin form fundamental position.

• The body is an erect stance with the head facing forward, arms at the side of the trunk with palms facing forward and the legs together with the feet pointing forward.

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• Gliding = sliding• Angular movement: decreasing or increasing angle between

2 bones– Flexion: decreasing of the angle (sagittal plane, frontal

axis)– Extension: increasing of the angle (sagittal plane, frontal

axis)– Hiperextension: increasing of the angle > 90o

– Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body (frontal plane, sagittal axis)

– Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body– C ircumduction: movement in 2 or 3 planes.– Rotation: movement around the axis (vertical axis)

Basic movement

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Forearm (radius-ulna): • Pronation: turning of the forearm from the anatomical

position toward the body• S upination : turning of the forearm from the anatomical

position outward the bodyFoot: • Dorsiflexion: upward movement of the foot at the talocrural

joint• Plantarflexion: downward movement of the foot at the

talocrural joint• Inversion: medial movement of the foot at the subtalar joint• Eversion: lateral movement of the foot at the subtalar joint

Specialized movement

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Movements allowed by synovial joints

Wrist joint Atlanto-occipital joint

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Movements allowed by sinovial joints

S houlder & knee joints

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Knee joint

shoulder joint

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shoulder joint

Hip joint

Atlantoaxial joint

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Radioulnar joint Carpometacarpal 1 joint

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Talocrural joint tibiofibular & tibiotalar joints

S ubtalar joint (talus-calcaneus)

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Temporomadibular joint

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Muscles

More than 600 muscles in human bodyNomenclature:• Location : brachials muscles• S hape :.trapezius• S ize: maximus, minimus, brevis, longus gluteus

maximus• Direction of the muscle fibers: rectus femoris, obliquus

abdominis internus• Attachment: brachioradialis• Number of origin: biceps (2 heads), triceps (3 heads)• Movement: flexor, extensor, abductor, adductor

o M.extensor carpi radialis longus ;m.biceps brachii caput longum; m.biceps femoris caput longum

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Muscles attachment

58Muscles of the scalp & face

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MUSCLES OF THE NECK

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Muscles of the back

• Cervical – Rectus capitis posterior muscles– Obliquus capitis muscles– S plenius capitis & cervicis

• Thoracic & lumbar– S pinals muscles (capitis, cervicis, dorsi)– S emispinals (capitis, cervicis, dorsi)– Iliocostals (cervicis, dorsi, lumborum)– Longissimi (capitis, cervicis, dorsi)– S acrospinalis (erector spinalis)– Quadratus lumborum– Multifidus

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Muscles of the back

62Intrinsic muscles of the back

63Intrinsic muscles of the back

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Muscles action on the head:ROTATION

• S ternocleidomastoideus• Rectus capitis muscles,

obliquus capitis inferior, splenius capitis & cervicis, semispinalis capitis

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Muscles action on the head:LATERAL FLEXION

• S ternocleidomastoideus, rectus capitis anterior muscles, scalenus anteror & posterior• Rectus capitis posterior muscles, splenius capitis & cervicis

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Muscles action at the trunk:LATERAL FLEXION

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• Rectus abdominis• Obliquus muscles• Transversus

abdominis

• Iliocostalis lumborum• S acrospinalis

muscles• Quadratus lumborum• Multifidus

Muscles action at the trunk:FLEXION - EXTENSION

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• Obliquus muscles• Transversus

abdominis

• Iliocostalis dorsi & lumborum

• S acrospinalis muscles

• Multifidus

Muscles action at the trunk:ROTATION

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Muscles of the abdominal wall

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Muscles of the anterior thorax

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Muscles of the posterior thorax

Rotator cuff muscles

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Muscles of the arm & shoulder

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Muscles of the anterior forearm

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Muscles of the anterior forearm

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Muscles of the hand

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MOVEMENT

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Muscles action on the scapula:ELEVATION - DEPRESION

• trapezius (upper part), rhomboids, levator scapulae

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Muscles action on the shoulder joint FLEXION - EXTENSION

• Pectoralis major• Latissimus dorsi

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Muscles action on the shoulder joint ABDUCTION - ADDUCTION

• Deltoid• Pectoralis major & latissimus dorsi

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Muscles action on the shoulder joint MEDIAL ROTATION – LATERAL ROTATION

• S ubscapular• Infraspinatus & teres minor

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Muscles action on the elbow joint FLEXION - EXTENSION

• Biceps bracii & brachialis• Triceps brachii

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Muscles action on the elbow joint PRONATION - SUPINATION

• Pronator quadratus• S upinator

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Muscles action on the wrist joint FLEXION – EXTENSION

• Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris & flexor digitorum superficialis• Extensor digitorum

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Muscles action on the wrist joint ABDUCTION - ADDUCTION

• Flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis, abductor pollicis longus• Flexor carpi ulnaris & extensor carpi ulnaris

equal

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Muscles action on the finger: FLEXION – EXTENSION

• Flexor digitorum superficialis & flexor digitorum profundus; flexor pollicis longus & brevis (thumb)• Extensor digitorum; extensor pollicis longus & brevis (thumb);extensor indicis (index)

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Muscles action on the finger:FLEXION – EXTENSION

• Dorsal & palmar interossei• Lumbricals

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Muscles action on the finger:ABDUCTION – ADDUCTION

• Dorsal interossei• Palmar interossei

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Mucles action on the thumb:ADDUCTION - ABDUCTION

• Adductor pollicis• Abductor pollicis longus & brevis

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Mucles action on the thumb: OPPOSITION

• Opponens pollicis• Opponens digiti quinti (minimi)

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Muscles of the tigh: anterior aspect

• Quadriceps femoris muscles:• Powerful of knee extension• Climbing, running, jumping

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Muscles of the tigh

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Muscles of the gluteal region & the posterior aspect of the tigh

• hamstrings muscles crossing 2 joints: thigh extension & knee flexion

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Fibularis (peroneus) longus

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longusFibularis (peroneus) tertius

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longusFibularis

(peroneus) tertius

Extensor digitorum longus

Muscles of the leg

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Muscles of the leg

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• triceps surae muscles

Muscles of the calf

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Muscles of the foot

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Muscles of the foot

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Muscles of the foot

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Muscles action at the hip jointFLEXION - EXTENSION

• Iliopsoas• Gluteus maximus & biceps femoris

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Muscles action at the hip joint ABDUCTION - ADDUCTION

• Gluteus medius• All adductor muscles, pectineus, gracilis

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Muscles action at the hip jointEXOROTATION – ENDOROTATION

• S artorius, gluteus maximus, gemelli muscles, obturator muscles, piriformis • Gluteus medius & minimus, all adductor muscles, pectineus, gracilis, tensor fascia latae

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Muscles action at the knee joint: FLEXION - EXTENSION

• Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus• Rectus femoris, vastus muscles

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Muscles action at the ankle jointPANTARFLEXION & DORSIFLEXION

• Gastrocnemius & soleus• Tibialis anterior

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Muscles action at the ankle joint:INVERSION - EVERSION

• Tibialis posterior• Tibialis anterior

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Muscles action at the toesFLEXION - EXTENSION

• Flexor digitorum longus• Extensor digitorum longus

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Muscles action at the toesABDUCTION - ADDUCTION

• Dorsal interossei• Palmar interossei

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Reference

• Behnke,R .S . Kinetic Anatomy. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics.2006.

• Dynamic Human Anatomy 2.0. • Hillman, S .K. Interactive functional anatomy.

3rd ed. Primal Picture, Ltd. 2006 (DVD)• Marieb, E .N., & J. Mallat. Human Anatomy.

3rd ed. Benjamin Cummings.2001.

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ANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM - …staff.ui.ac.id/.../material/anatomyofmusculoskeletalsystem0809.pdf · 2 Anatomical aspect of MS •The musculoskeletal system is consist of: