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Anatomy of Plants. Chapter 4. Prokaryotes. No membrane enclosed organelles Considered primitive Examples: Bacteria & Blue green algae. Eukaryotes. Organelles bound with membranes Organelles such as: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles etc. Examples: plant & animal. Cell Walls. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Anatomy of Plants
Chapter 4
Prokaryotes• No membrane enclosed organelles• Considered primitive• Examples: Bacteria & Blue green algae
Eukaryotes• Organelles bound with membranes• Organelles such as: nucleus, mitochondria,
vacuoles etc.• Examples: plant & animal
Cell Walls• Made of hemicellulose• Protects the organelles• Give structure and support• Secondary cell walls are made up of
cellulose, pectic, suberin, cutin, and lignins
Plasma Membrane• The lipid bilayer membrane surrounding
the cytoplasm• Selective absorption
Protoplast• Refers to the inside of the cell• Cytoplasm:
– The fluid surrounded by plasma membrane– Made up of proteins– Suspends the organelles
Organelles• Internal structures within the protoplast
Chloroplasts• Responsible for photosynthesis• Contains pigments• Solar energy is harvested• Made up of flattened discs called grana• Double membranes plastids
Mitochondria• The manufacturing plant• Site of respiration• Involved in producing ATP• Double membrane surrounding it
Nucleus• Control center of the cell• Contains chromosomal DNA• Double membrane which is porous to allow material to pass in and out of the nucleus
Vacuoles• 90% in mature cells• Storage devices• Water, Sugar, Salts, and toxic waste
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)• Site of protein synthesis• Two types: Rough ER has ribosomes and Smooth ER does not have ribosomes
Ribosomes• Decodes DNA• Contains RNA
Golgi Apparatus (Body)• Membrane bound• Packages energy• Delivers packaged energy to different parts
of the cell
Tissues• Meristems
– Apical– Subapical– Intercalary– Lateral/cambial
Permanent Tissue• Epidermis• Parenchyma
– Collenchyma, support function– Sclerenchyma, they make plant fibers or gritty
cell like in pears
Complex Permanent Tissue• Xylem• Phloem
Structure of Primary Root
Structure of Primary Stem
Structure of leaves
Cell Division
InterphaseProphase
MetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase