Anatomy of the

Cardiovascular

System

Organ System Cluster

Prepared by: Maria Michaela Valenzuela, PTRP

Reference

Seeley, R., Stephens, T., and Tate, P.,

Anatomy & Physiology. 8th ed. McGraw Hill

Company Inc., (2008)

Snell, R., Clinical Anatomy for Medical

Students. 7th ed. Lippincott Williams Inc.

(2004)

• Martini, F., Fundamentals of

Anatomy & Physiology. 6th ed.

Benjamin Cummings Inc (2003)

OUTLINE

HEART

PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS

THE BLOOD

LYMPHATICS and IMMUNITY

THE HEART & PERICARDIUM

Part I

Heart

Blunt cone about the size

of a closed fist

Located in the inferior mediastinum

enclosed by the pericardium

Base: 3rd costal cartilage ½” to the (L)

Apex: 5th ICS, midclavicular line

Pericardium

Fibroserous sac enclosing the heart &

great vessels

Posterior to sternum, 2nd to 6th costal

cartilage (T5 to T8)

Pericardium

Fibrous

Pericardium

Serous

Parietal

Visceral

(Epicardium)

** pericardial fluid

Surface Anatomy of the

Heart

Auricles

Atrioventricular Groove

Coronary sulcus

Interventricular Groove

Anterior & posterior

Surfaces of the Heart

Sternocostal Surface

® atrium & ventricle

Diaphragmatic Surface

® & (L) ventricles, ® atrium

Surfaces of the Heart

Base (posterior surface)

(L) atrium

Apex

(L) ventricle

Borders of the Heart

® border

(R) atrium

(L) border

(L) auricle, (L)

ventricle

Inferior border

® ventricle

Superior

Border

Great vessels

Layers of the Heart Wall

Epicardium

Mesothelium, loose CT

Myocardium

Cardiac mm, BV & Nerves

Endocardium

Simple squamous

The ® atrium

Sulcus terminalis

& crista

terminalis

Musculi pectinati

Interatrial

Septum

Openings:

SVC & IVC

Coronary Sinus

Fossa Ovalis

® AV orifice

Tricuspid valve

The ® ventricle

Trabeculae Carneae

Papillary muscles

chordae tendinae

Moderator band

Interventricular Septum

Infundibulum (conus

arteriosus)

Openings:

® atrioventricular

orifice

Pulmonary orifice

Pulmonary valve

The (L) atrium

Forms base of the heart

Openings:

From 4 pulmonary veins

(L) atrioventricular orifice

With mitral valve

The (L) ventricle

Trabeculae

Carneae:

papillary muscles

chordae tendinae

(-) moderator band

Openings

(L)

atrioventricular

orifice

Aortic orifice

Aortic valve

Aortic sinuses

(R) & (L) ventricles

Feature (R) (L)

Wall thickness Thinner Thicker

Intraventricular

Pressure

Lower 7x Higher

Trabeculae

Carneae

(+) MB

papillary mm

chordae

tendinae

(-) MB

papillary mm

chordae

tendinae

Cross Section Crescent Circular

Blood Deoxygenated Oxygenated

Valves of the Heart

Atrioventricular

(R), Tricuspid

(L), Bicuspid,

Mitral

Semilunar

Pulmonary

Aortic

Route of Blood in the Heart

Blood Supply to the Heart

Blood Supply to the Heart

Venous Drainage of the

Heart

Artery Vein

LADCA Great Cardiac

Circumflex Posterior Cardiac

Posterior

Descending

Middle Cardiac

Marginal Small Cardiac

Conducting System of the

Heart

Sinoatrial Node

Atrioventricular Node

Atrioventricular Bundle of His

Purkinje Fibers

Conducting System of the

Heart

Fibrous Skeleton of the

Heart

4 dense bands of

tough elastic

tissue

Stabilize

positions of the

heart valves

Isolate ventricles

from atria

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Cardiac Skeletal

Size smaller larger

Nuclei Mononucleated Multiple Nuclei

Mitochondria Numerous Relatively few

Contractions Twitch Tetanic

Shape Branching Spindle

shaped

LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD

VESSELS

Part II

The blood vessel wall

Tunica intima (interna)

Endothelial lining

Connective tissue with elastic fibers

Tunica media

Concentric layer of smooth muscles

Tunica adventitia (externa)

Collagen & elastic fibers

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood

Thick muscular walls

Elastic & contractile

Varying diameters in response

to BP chages

Vasodilation & vasoconstriction

Arteries

Large

Conducting

arteries

Elastic

Great vessels

Medium

Distribution

arteries

Muscular

To internal

organs

Arterioles

Small diameter

that changes in

response to

local conditions

Feature Large Medium Small

Size 2.5 cm 40 – 300 mm 9 – 40 mm

T. Adventitia Thin Thick Thin

T. Media Elastic >

Smooth

mm

Elastic <

Smooth mm

2 layers of

smooth mm

T. Intima

Endothelium

Thick

elastic

membrane

Developed

internal

elastic

membrane

(-) internal

elastic

membrane

others Elastic

Rebound

Capillaries

Endothelial tube inside a basal lamina

Only blood vessels that permit

exchange between blood &

surrounding interstitial fluid

Slow blood flow

Types of Capillaries

Continuous

Endothelium is a

complete lining

bound by tight

junctions

Located in all

tissues except

epithelia &

cartilage

Fenestrated Endothelium

contains pores

permitting rapid

exchange

Intestine &

kidneys

Capillary Network

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood

from tissues to be returned to

heart

Lower BP with larger

diameters

Valves permit unidirectional

flow

Veins

Venules

Collect from

capillary beds

Medium-Sized

Comparable to

muscular arteries

Large Veins

Major veins

Feature Large Veins Medium-

Sized

Venules

Size 2 – 9 mm 20mm

T. Adventitia Thick;

mixture of

collagen &

elastic

fibers

Thickest;

longitudinal

bundles of

collagen

&elastic

T. Media Thin, few

smooth mm

cells

(-)

others Resemble

expanded

capillaries

Arteries Veins

Walls Thick thin

Thickest tunic

(Layer)

T. Media T. Adventitia

Cross-Section Smaller,

thrown into

folds

Large,

collapses

Others Resists

distortion with

high BP

(+) valves

CV Changes upon birth

Fetal Structure Remnant

Foramen Ovale Fossa Ovalis

Ductus Venosus Ligamentum

Venosum

Ductus Arteriosus Ligamentum

Arteriosum

THE BLOOD

Part III

Plasma

55% of blood

Fluid part of

the blood

Colloid

Plasma proteins

Ions

Nutrients

Wastes

Enzymes

Gases

Hormones

Plasma Proteins

Albumin

Maintains osmotic pressure &

viscosity

Globulins

Immune response

Fibrinogen

Clotting response

Formed Elements

45% of blood

Composed of

the cells

Erthrocytes

Leukocytes

(Neutrophils,

Basophils,

Eosinophils,

Lymphocytes,

Monocytes)

Thrombocytes

Erythrocytes

95% of formed elements

Biconcave non-nucleated discs

Gas transport via hemoglobin

Leukocytes

Immune response

Motile via ameboid movement

Leave circulation via diapedesis

Attraction to dead cells via

chemotaxis

Leukocytes

Leukocyte Features

Gra

nula

r

Neutrophils Polymorphonucleated

Survives for 1 – 2 days

Acute Inflammation

Eosinophils Secretes histamine

Allergic reactions

Basophils Secretes histamine & heparin

Allergic & Inflammatory

Reactions

Leukocytes

Leukocyte Features

Ag

ran

ula

r

Lymphocytes B cells – antibodies

T cells – macrophages

Monocytes Largest

Chronic inflammation

Platelets

Disk shaped 3mm in diameter

For blood clotting

LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

LYMPHATICS & IMMUNITY

Part IV

Lymphatic System

Cells, tissues &

organs

responsible for

defending against

environmental

hazards

Lymphatic Vessels

Begin as lymphatic capillaries

Fluid tend to go out (Capillary

Hydrostatic Force)

Comprised of loosely overlapping

squamous epithelium

Lymphatic Vessels

Joint to become lymphatic

vessels

Endothelium surrounded by elastic

membrane, smooth mm, fibrous

connective tissue

Valves ensure one-way flow

Lymph Drainage

Via lymphatic trunks into great veins

Jugular – head & neck

Subclavian – UE

Bronchomediastinal – thoracic cavity

Intestinal – abdominal cavity

Lumbar – LE & pelvic cavity

Lymphocytes

T – lymphocytes

Cytotoxic T-cells: for cell mediated

immunity

Helper T-cells: stimulate activation

of cytotoxic T-cells

Suppressor T-cells: inhibit cytotoxic

T-cells

Lymphocytes

B – cells

Production & secretion of

immunoglobulins

Antibody – mediated immunity

Natural Killer Cells

Lymph Organs

Lymph Nodes

Thymus

Spleen

Thank You for

Listening!

The human heart feels things the eyes

cannot see, and knows what the mind

cannot understand

-- Robert Valett