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AnatomyStudy of the structure and shape of the
body and its parts
PhysiologyStudy of how the body and its parts work or
funFunction
Form Vs Function….
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-
vascularsystem
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells
Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely
Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
Maintain boundaries EX:Body org.-skin, pleura-organs, membrane-
cell Movement
Locomotion-externalMovement of substances-internal
Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion Break-down & absorb nutrients Mechanical- mouth & stomach Chemical- mouth, stomach , SI
Metabolism: ALL chemical reactions within the bodyProduces energy & Makes body structures
ExcretionEliminates waste from metabolic reactions:
solid, liquid & gas Reproduction
Pass on genetic traits/DNA Growth
Increases cell size and number of cells
Nutrients Chemicals that includes carbohydrates (energy),
proteins (cell building), lipids ( stored energy), vitamins, and minerals (reactions & catalysts)
Oxygen Required to breakdown sugar & release energy
(ATP) Water
60–80% of body weight, Necc. for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature- necc for reactions Pressure- Atmospheric- Breathing
Hydrostatic- Blood movement
Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalanceA disturbance in homeostasis resulting in
disease
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Receptor (sensor)
Variable(in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Imbalance
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
Receptor (sensor)
Variable(in homeostasis)
Controlcenter
Imbalance
Imbalance
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable(in homeostasis)
Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate
Controlcenter
Imbalance
Imbalance
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable(in homeostasis)
Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis
Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate
Controlcenter
Imbalance
Imbalance
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systemsReceptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control centerControl center
Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response
Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control
mechanismsShuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensityWorks like a household thermostat
Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby
IntegumentaryForms the external body
coveringProtects deeper tissue from
injuryHelps regulate body
temperatureLocation of cutaneous
nerve receptors
SkeletalProtects and supports
body organsProvides muscle
attachment for movementSite of blood cell
formationStores minerals
NervousFast-acting control
systemResponds to internal and
external changeActivates muscles and
glands
CardiovascularTransports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes
Symptoms-more subjective, more difficult to measure consistently. Ex: pain (tolerance to pain varies with individuals)
Still important to diagnosis
Specific group of signs and symptoms is a syndrome.Signs and symptoms
lead to a diagnosis-an identification of a disease determined by studying a patient’s signs, symptoms, history and results of diagnostic tests
Obtaining the medical history can help determine the etiology, or cause of the disease
The prognosis is the prediction of the outcome of the disease
Idiopathic Vestibular Disease Idopathic –no known causeVestibular-inner
ear/balance Translation-we don’t know
why your cat walks in circles
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used forPositionDirectionRegionsStructures
Superior (AKA: cranial or cephalad)Towards the head
Inferior (AKA: caudal)Away from the head
Superior
Inferior
Posterior (AKA: dorsal)Toward the
backside or behind
Anterior (AKA: ventral)Toward the front
Anterior Posterior
MedialMore towards the
midline of the body, on the inner side of The heart is medial
to the arm
LateralMore towards the
side of the body, on the outside of The arms are lateral
to the chest
ProximalClose to the origin of the
body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk The elbow is proximal to the
wrist
DistilFarther from the origin of
the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk The fingers are distal to the
elbow
SuperficialToward or at the
body surface The skin is
superficial to the skeleton
DeepAway from the
body surface, more internal The lungs are deep
to the rib cage
A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
Dorsal body cavityCranial cavity houses the brainSpinal cavity houses the spinal cord
Ventral body cavityThoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and
othersAbdominopelvic cavity houses digestive
system and most urinary system organs
You may have heard of an umbilical bulge or an inguinal hernia, and now you know exactly where such hernias are located. A hernia is a tear in the muscle wall that allows a structure (usually an organ) to protrude through it. Sometimes this can be a minor nuisance, but a hernia can also be very dangerous if the blood flow to the portion of the organ that is protruding is restricted. Restricted blood flow can lead to death of the tissue and to serous consequences. Death of a tissue is called necrosis.
Why are boys more likely to develop inguinaly hernias than girls?