Anatomy:Study of the structure of body parts

• Gross- large body structures• Regional- all parts in

a specific region• Developmental- structural

changes over a life time• Embryology- developmental

changes that occur before birth

Physiology:

Study of the body’s function

• Cardiovascular• Renal• Reproductive• Neurophysiology

Complementarity of structure and function

• Atoms• Molecules• Organelles• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ Systems• Organism

carbonatom

organ system

DNA molecule organelle

cell

tissue

organism

organ

• Metabolism

• Responsiveness

• Movement

• Growth

• Differentiation

• Reproduction

The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc.

• Anabolism- build up of complex molecules

• Catabolism- break down of complex molecules

Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly• Temperature

• pH

• Salinity

• Fluid levels

Relatively stable internal environment

Negative Feedback vs

Positive Feedback

1.Receptor

2.Control center

3.Effector

Body Temperature RegulationNegative Feedback

Blood Sugar LevelsNegative Feedback

Feedback cycle endswhen plug is formed.

Positive feedbackcycle is initiated.

Positivefeedbackloop

Break or tearoccurs in bloodvessel wall.

Plateletsadhere to siteand releasechemicals.

Releasedchemicalsattract moreplatelets.

Platelet plugforms.

1

23

4

Positive Feedback

Positive Feedback

Oxytocin

• Disease• Disorder

Moderate imbalance:

Severe imbalance:

• Death

Figure 1.3a

NailsSkin

Hair

(a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Figure 1.3b

Bones

Joint

(b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

Figure 1.3c

Skeletalmuscles

(c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat.

Figure 1.3d

Brain

NervesSpinalcord

(d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Figure 1.3e

Pineal gland

PituitaryglandThyroid

glandThymus

AdrenalglandPancreas

Testis

Ovary

(e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Figure 1.3f

(f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Heart

Bloodvessels

Figure 1.3g

Lymphaticvessels

Red bonemarrow

Thoracicduct

Thymus

Spleen

Lymphnodes

(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

Figure 1.3h

Nasalcavity

Bronchus

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Lung

(h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Figure 1.3i

Liver

Oral cavity

Esophagus

Largeintestine

StomachSmallintestine

RectumAnus

(i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Figure 1.3j

Kidney

Ureter

UrinarybladderUrethra

(j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

Figure 1.3k-l

Prostategland

Ductusdeferens

Penis

Testis

Scrotum

Ovary

Uterinetube

Mammaryglands (inbreasts)

Uterus

Vagina

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sexhormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the femalereproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remainingfemale structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System

Distal

Proximal

Frontal plane

Posterior

AnteriorMidsagittalplane

Transverse plane

Superior

Inferior

Medial & Lateral

oblique

• Organs surrounded by double layer membrane called serosa or serous membrane

• Composed mostly of simple squamous epithelia and a little connective tissue

• Filled with serous fluid- function reduce friction

Parietal (outer) vs Visceral (inner)-- both secrete serous fluid• heart: parietal pericardiumvisceral pericardium• lungs: parietal pleuravisceral pleura• abdominopelvic: parietal peritoneumvisceral peritoneum

Diseases: • pleurisyinflammation of pleura• peritonitisinflammation of peritonea• pericarditis inflammation of pericardiainflammation - less serous fluid

Mucous

Serous: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum

Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium

Serous fluid

Cutaneous

Synovial

• Hypogastric- large intestine, sm intestine, bladder• Umbilical- sm and lg intestine• Epigastric- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas• Right hypochondriac- liver• Left hypochondriac- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas• Right lumbar- large and small intestine• Left lumbar- large and small intestine• Right iliac- large intestine, cecum• Left iliac- large intestine

Ancient Greece

Hippocrates (460 – 370? B.C.)

• Greek physician• Diseases have natural causes• Rejected view that disease caused by evil

spirits• Believed that the brain was area of higher

thought and emotion, not heart• Program for good health: rest, good

nutrition, and exercise.

• Started “Western Medicine”

Hippocrates’ Four HumorsHippocrates’ Four Humors

• Blood: considered to be made by the liver.

• Phlegm: associated with the lungs.

• Yellow bile: associated with the gall bladder.

• Black bile: associated with the spleen.

• Sanguine: Disease, excess blood

• Phlegmatic: Disease, excess phlegm

• Choleric: Disease, excess yellow bile

• Melancholic: Disease, excess black bile

Imbalances of the Humors Cause Disease

Galen (130 - 200 A.D.)• Anatomy & Physiology• disease resulted from an internal

imbalance of the four humors• Mistakes in understanding circulation• Research based on ape dissection• Textbook used for 1000 years

Roman Times

Dark Ages- 200 to 1200 A.D.

• Sad time

• Little new knowledge

• Taboo against dissecting human

cadavers continued

• Avoided actual involvement

• Authority prevails

da Vinci(1452-1515)

• Anatomy & Physiology

Renaissance

Renaissance

Vesalius dissects a female cadaver in his anatomy lab

Vesalius (1514-1564)• Anatomy & Physiology• Followed Galen’s

writings, but later found he was wrong

Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius

Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius

A late thirteenth-century illustration of the venous system within the body.

Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius

Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius

This early representation (c. 1300) of a dissection shows a surgeon and a monk.

Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius

Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius

Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius

Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius

Vesalius’ ImagesVesalius’ Images

The female pelvic anatomy. From Vesalius's De Corporis Humani Fabrica, 1543.

Vesalius’ ImagesVesalius’ Images

MicroscopeMicroscope

William HarveyWilliam Harvey

1578 - 1657

Developed an accurate theory of how the heart and circulatory system operated

Arteries & Veins

The Heart

Veins

Circulation

Arteries, Veins

&Capillaries

Arteries, Veins

&Capillaries

1600’s Medicine: LeechesA prescription leech at the

Harborview Medical Center pharmacy.

Leeches and Maggots make a comeback

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

PET

Inquiry

1. Locate each region on your own body, and then identify it by its common name and the corresponding anatomical descriptive form.

2. What are the four types of planes that may be passed through the body?

3. Is the radius proximal to the humerus? 4. Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea? 5. Are the ribs superficial to the lungs?6. Is the urinary bladder medial to the

ascending colon? 7. Is the sternum lateral to the descending

colon?8. The physician plans to perform an

appendectomy. In what plane will the incision be made? What body cavity will be entered for the surgery?

1. Distinguish between negative and positive feedback.

2. What is homeostasis?3. What organs would you find in the left iliac region?4. Galen’s textbook was based on research of ______

not humans.5. What did Velsalius discover? 6. Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and Galileo invented

the____.7. List 4 modern “non-evasive” technologies that allow

us to look in the body.8. What are leeches and maggots used for?9. The pericardium, pleura and peritoneum refer to

________.

Inquiry