AnatomyTissue Level of Organization

FIVE TYPES OF TISSUE

• Epithelia• Connective• Membranes

• Muscle• Neural

Epithelia characteristics• Always has a free surface• Always attached to a basement membrane• Does NOT contain blood vessels (avascular)

Basement membrane

Epithelia Functions

•provides physical protection•controls permeability•provides sensation

•touch receptors•temperature receptors•pain receptors•pressure receptors

•produces specialized secretions (gland cells)

Epithelial surface

Cilia – moves materials along a

passageway

Microvilli – increases surface area for

absorption

Basement membrane – layer of cells between epithelial and connective tissue

Classification of Epithelia• By number of layers

– Simple – one layer of cells over basement– Stratified- several layers of cells over basement

Classification of Epithelia• By Shape

–Squamous,–Cuboidal–columnar

Classification at work: tissue types• Simple Squamous

• Simple cuboidal

Classification at work: tissue types• Simple Columnar • Pseudostratified

Classification at work: tissue types

• transitional

• Stratified squamous

Glandular – epithelial tissue• Produces secretions in endocrine or exocrine

glands

Renewal and repair – by stem cells (germ cells)

deep in layer

Connective TissuesCharacteristics

• Deep tissue• Vascular• Never exposed

Connective TissuesFunctions

• Support and protection (bones)• Transport material (fluids:

blood and lymph)• Storing energy reserves (fats)• Defending the body (antibodies)

Bone

Blood

Fat tissue Antibody

Connective Tissue-Classification• 3 types of connective tissue

– Connective tissue proper – tissue under skin, fatty tissue, tendons and ligaments

– Fluid connective tissues (blood and lymph)

– Supporting connective tissues (cartilage and bone)

Proper

Cartilage

Connective tissue proper- cell typesFibroblastsmost abundantMaintain and produce connective tissue and ground substance

Macrophages – eat bad cells and pathogens

Adipocytes – fat cells Mast Cells – begin body’s defense

Fibers found in Connective tissue properCollagen – long straight and unbranchedElastic – branched and wavy – will stretch and return shape

Fibers found in Connective tissue proper, con’t• Reticular – network, branching and interwoven• Ground substance – fills spaces outside cells• Matrix = ground substance + fibers

Types of connective tissue• Loose connective tissue (areolar)• Adipose tissue – fat tissue• Dense connective tissue

Fluid Connective tissue• Blood

– Red blood cells– White blood cells– Platelets (clotting)

• Lymph- removes debris

White blood cell surrounding bacteria

Platelets beginning to clot

Supporting connective tissue• Cartilage

– Hyaline – most common (ribs to sternum, etc)– Elastic – more flexible – outer ear, epiglottis, tip of nose– Fibrocartilage – between vertebrae – not much ground

substance• Bone

BONE

MembranesCombined epithilial and connective tissue

• Types– Mucous – line cavities

• Types– Serous – internal cavities,

pleural, pericardium, peritoneum Serous

carcinoma

Membranes, con’tCombined epithilial and connective tissue

– Cutaneous- covers surface of body

– Synovial – at joints

– Synovial – at joints

Muscle Tissue

• Types– Skeletal– Cardiac– smooth

Neural Tissue Conducts electricity

• Composed of– Neurons - Neuroglia

Injury• Inflammation – swelling, warmth, redness, pain

Repair• Regeneration – repair process

Aging Tissues

Fabulous web pages to practice – These are hyperlinks – you must be in the slide mode to

access them!Histology topics use the “quiz mode to practice

More PracticeEVEN MORE PRACTICE

One more – some good reading and picture review

http://www.tvcc.edu/depts/biology/HotPot/A&P/cells_tissues.htm

I don’t think I included this one above!!