ANCIENT EGYPT and NUBIA Ch. 4 Sect. I. HOME Chapter Overview A series of empires, each one bigger than the last, forges regional unity among the old heartlands

ANCIENT EGYPTANCIENT EGYPTand NUBIAand NUBIA

Ch. 4 Sect. ICh. 4 Sect. I

ANCIENT EGYPTANCIENT EGYPTand NUBIAand NUBIA

Ch. 4 Sect. ICh. 4 Sect. I

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Chapter Overview

A series of empires, each one bigger than the last, forges regional unity among the old heartlands of civilization from the Nile to the Iranian Plateau. Meanwhile, the Chinese Empire emerges as a cultural and political unit.

First Age of Empires,1570 B.C.–200 B.C.4

CHAPTER

1544 B.C. Egypt’s New Kingdom established.

850 B.C. Assyrian Empire begins its rise to power.

751 B.C. Nubian kingdom of Kush conquers Egypt.

550 B.C. Persian Empire flourishes under Cyrus.

First Age of Empires,1570 B.C.–200 B.C.4

CHAPTER

Time Line

1570 B.C. 200 B.C.

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206 B.C. The Qin Dynasty of China collapses. Civil War follows.

The New Kingdom forges a brilliant Egyptian Empire, which is eventually conquered and ruled by the Nubians of Kush. The Kushites later establish an Egyptian-style kingdom of their own farther south.

Key Idea

The Empires of Egyptand Nubia Collide

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Ancient NubiaAncient Nubia

• Kush, the Egyptian name for ancient Nubia, was the site of a highly advanced, ancient black African civilization that rivaled ancient Egypt in wealth, power and cultural development.

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Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt

The Egyptian and Nubian Empires

Invaders• About 1640 B.C., Asian warriors, the Hyksos, use

chariots to conquer Egypt

Hebrews Migrate to Egypt• Hebrews move to Egypt from Canaan around 1650 B.C.• Egyptians resent the presence of Hebrews and Hyksos

in Egypt

Expulsion and Slavery• Egyptians drive out the hated Hyksos• Hebrews lose protection of Hyksos; are enslaved

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The New Kingdom of Egypt

Continued . . .

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Technological Changes• About 1570 to 1075 B.C. pharaohs create New Kingdom, a powerful empire• Army uses bronze weapons and chariots to conquer other lands

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Event 1 1472 B.C.

Hatshepsut’s Prosperous Rule• Hatshepsut—pharaoh whose reign most noted for her trade expeditions, not warOpened trade in Punt (modern day Somalia)

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continued The New Kingdom of Egypt

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Thutmose the Empire Builder• Thutmose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson, expands Egypt’s empire• Invades Palestine, Syria, and Nubia—region around the upper Nile River• Egypt most powerful and wealthy during reign of New Kingdom pharoahs

Continued . . .

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The Egyptians and the Hittites• Around 1285 B.C. Egyptians battle the Hittites in Palestine• Egypt’s pharaoh, Ramses II, and the Hittite king sign a peace treaty

Event 2 1285 B.C.

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Event 3 1290-1224 B.C.

An Age of Builders• New Kingdom pharaohs built great palaces,

magnificent temples• Valley of the Kings near Thebes is home to royal tombs• Ramses II builds impressive temples with

enormous statues of himself

Ramses IIRamses II

Event 4 1200 B.C.

Invasion by Land and Sea• “Sea Peoples” (possibly Philistines) cause great

destruction in Egypt• Libyan raids on villages and Palestine rebellions weaken empire

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Event 6 950-730 B.C.

Egypt’s Empire Fades• Weakened empire breaks into smaller kingdoms• From around 950 to 730 B.C. Libyan pharaohs rule Egypt, erect cities

Kush Conquers Egypt, 730 BCKush Conquers Egypt, 730 BCAround 730

B.C., Kush's warrior hordes turned the tables on a weakened Egypt and conquered it.

This event established the black Pharaohs from Kush.

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The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region

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Egypt and Kush• From 2000 to 1000 B.C., Egypt dominates

kingdom of Kush in Nubia, but as Egypt fell into decline Kush began to emerge as a regional power

The People of Nubia• Live south of Egypt near division of Blue Nile and White Nile• Nile River is a great trade route for goods and

ideas• Nubians link Egypt and Mediterranean to African interior through trade

Continued . . .

Map

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Event 5 1200 B.C.

The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia• Egyptian culture influences Nubia and beyond to southern Africa• About 1200 B.C., Nubia gains independence but keeps Egyptian culture

continued The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region

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Event 7 751 B.C.

Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne• In 751 B.C., Kushite king Piankhi conquers

Egypt, ousts Libyans• Assyrians overcome Kushites and take Egypt

Gold from NubiaGold from Nubia

Model coffin of Tutankhamun, probably made from Nubian gold. Found in his tomb at Thebes. Egypt, Dynasty 18, ca. 1348-1338 BCE.

For the next four centuries, the Egyptians exploited Kush as a colony.

Egypt's wealth in gold came from the desert mines of Kush. The Egyptian word for gold is nub, which is thought by some to be the origin of the name Nubia.

PiankhiPiankhi

• Piankhi, (d. 721 BC) was a Kushite king and founder of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.

• He ruled Egypt from the city of Napata, located deep in Nubia.

Piankhi’s dynasty proved to be short lived. In Piankhi’s dynasty proved to be short lived. In 671B.C. the Assyrians, warlike people from 671B.C. the Assyrians, warlike people from

Southwest Asia, conquered Egypt.Southwest Asia, conquered Egypt.

Event 8 671 B.C.

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The Golden Age of Meroë

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• Kushites settle Meroë; join in trade with Africa, Arabia, India

The Wealth of Kush• Meroë becomes important center for iron

weapons and tools• Iron products transported to Red Sea, exchanged for luxury goods

The Decline of Meroë• Meroë thrives from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150,

then declines• Aksum, 400 miles southeast, dominates North

African trade• Has port on Red Sea, defeats Meroë in A.D. 350

2525thth Dynasty of Egypt Dynasty of Egypt

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty

Name Dates

Alara 780-760

Kashta –

Piankhic. 752 BC – 721 BC

Shabaka721 BC – 707 BC

Shebitku707 BC – 690 BC

Taharqa 690 – 664 BC

Tantamani664 – 656 BC (died 653 BC)

Black Pharoahs ruled an Egyptian-Nubian empire that extended from the Medi-terranean to the confluence of the Blue and White Niles for sixty years.

Historians would count their reign as Egypt's 25th Dynasty.

Ancient EgyptAncient EgyptAncient EgyptAncient Egypt

• Ancient Egypt was a civilization in eastern North Africa concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River that reached its greatest extent in the second millennium BC during the New Kingdom.

• Ancient Egypt was a civilization in eastern North Africa concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River that reached its greatest extent in the second millennium BC during the New Kingdom.

Old Kingdom (2700 B.C.–2184 Old Kingdom (2700 B.C.–2184 B.C.)B.C.)

The Old Kingdom (Dynasties 3 to 6) was a period of great prosperity and innovation whose most memorable feature was surely the pyramid.

Pyramids of Giza

New Kingdom (1570 B.C.–1070 New Kingdom (1570 B.C.–1070 B.C.)B.C.)

Temple of Ramses II Dynasty 18 through Dynasty 20, known as the New Kingdom, witnessed a time of international prestige and prosperity for Egypt.

The kings of this period conducted extensive military, diplomatic and trade relations with Nubians as far south as the Fourth Cataract in Nubia.

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Two empires along the Nile, Egypt and Nubia, forged commercial, cultural, and political connections.

Neighboring civilizations participate in cultural exchange as well as conflict.

Overview


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AssessmentAssessment

• Hyksos

• New Kingdom

• Hatshepsut

• Thutmose III

• Nubia

• Ramses II

• Kush

• Piankhi

• Meroë

TERMS & NAMES

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Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List important events in the history of Egypt and Kush.

1285 B.C. Battle of Kadesh

1200 B.C. People of the

Sea attack Egypt.

950-730 B.C. Libyans rule

Egypt.

1472 B.C. Hatshepsut

makes herself pharaoh.

1290-1224 B.C. Ramses II

rules.

1570 B.C. A.D. 350

Egyptian New Kingdom

Aksum defeats Meroë.

1100 B.C. Kush regains

independence.

671 B.C. Kushites lose

Egypt to Assyrians.

2. Read the temple inscription written by Piankhi. Explain how an Egyptian might have written the inscription differently. THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• what bias Piankhi had

• how Egyptians benefited from Piankhi’s invasion

• why Egyptians might have disagreed with Piankhi

ANSWERANSWER

continued . . .

An Egyptian might have praised the Kushites for restoring the Egyptian way of life or criticized them for ruling in place of Egyptians.

Possible Response:

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3. How did Egypt and Nubia strengthen each other at various times in their histories? THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

End of Section 1

• Under Thutmose III, Egyptians brought gold, cattle, ivory, and slaves from Nubia.

• Under Egyptian control, Nubian princes adopted much of Egyptian culture.

• When Nubians seized power over Egypt, they tried to restore the Egyptian way of life.

Possible Responses:

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• the role of trade and the movement of goods • the impact of military movements• the influence of cultural developments

Very small group. Made up of Priests, members of the Pharaohs Court and Nobles


Merchants and skilled workers

Not a very large class. They

farmed and built roads & temples.


Merchants and skilled workers

New EmpireNew EmpireSemitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons to build an empire by 700 B.C.

Semitic-SpeakingSemitic-SpeakingSpoke Semitic language

Included Territory FromIncluded Territory Fromincluding Mesopotamia, some of the Iranian Plateau, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.

Semitic LanguageSemitic Language

Military StrengthMilitary Strength

The Assyrian military was one of the strongest in the ancient world.

They used fierce iron weapons and psychological warfare.

If people refused and were defeated they were treated harshly.

King Ashurnasirpal once stated “3,000 of their combat troops I felled with

weapons . . . Many I took alive; from some of these I cut off their hands to the writs, from

others I cut off their noses, ears and fingers; I put out the eyes of many of the soldiers. . . . I

burned their young men and women to death.”

The Assyrians would often attempt to get an area to surrender before attack.

Military OrganizationMilitary Organization

Soldiers were well equipped for conquering.They wore copper or iron helmets, padded

loinclothes and leather skirts with metal scales

Iron swords and spearsAdvanced planning used pontoons to

support a bridge to cross overThey dug beneath the enemies city walls to

weaken them.Some soldiers would shoot arrows while the

rest would hammer the city’s gates.

Assyrian RulersAssyrian RulersAssyrian kings ruled with absolute power.Kingdoms were well organized and efficient.Kept direct contact with the people who helped administer their empireTransportation/Courier systemTransportation/Courier systemThey est. a system where they could relay messages by horseback back and forth in a week’s time.

AshurbanipalAshurbanipalConsidered the greatest Assyrian King.He collected the writings of Mesopotamia and est. the great library of Nineveh

NinevehNineveh

Nineveh an "exceeding great city", as it is called in the Book of Jonah, lay on the eastern bank of the Tigris in ancient Assyria, near the modern-day major city of Mosul, Iraq which lies across the river.

The Assyrian empire eventually fell and the Chaldeans (Neo Babylonians) under king Nebuchadnezzar made Babylon the most powerful state in the region.

Nebuchadnezzar is most famous for the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

Nebuchadnezzar is also responsible for the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem and beginning the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews and the first Diaspora.

Babylon is defeated and replaced by the Persian Empire in 539 B.C.

Assyria Dominates the Fertile Crescent

Assyria developed a military machine, conquered an empire, and established imperial administration.

Some leaders still use military force to extend their rule, stamp out opposition, and gain wealth and power.

Overview


• Assyria

• Sennacherib

• Nineveh

• Ashurbanipal

• Medes

• Chaldeans

•Nebuchadnezzar


TERMS & NAMES

Causes of Declining Power

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2.

3.

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2.

Causes of Increasing Power

3.


1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the causes of the rise and of the decline of Assyrian power.


continued . . .

Need to defend against attacksUse of iron-working technology

Hatred by conquered peopleOverextension

Assyrian Military Power

Success at advanced planning

Unity among Assyria’s foes


2. The Assyrians relied almost exclusively on military power in building, maintaining, and ruling their empire. Explain whether you think this was a good strategy.THINK ABOUT


• the causes of Assyrian military power • the stability of the empire • the methods that empires use to become stronger

ANSWERANSWER

Empires often rely on military power. Assyrians relied on a technological advantage that other countries could soon copy and that their brutal methods made them unpopular rulers.

Possible Response:

End of Section 2

Cyrus the GreatCyrus the GreatPersian King who defeated Babylon and ended the Jews’ captivity.

Cyrus ruled from 559 to 530 B.C. and was a great leader, hence the name Cyrus the Great.

Ruling StyleRuling StyleHe was very respectful of other cultures. Not only did he free the Jews, but he also treated conquered peoples fairly. He allowed them to keep their own religions and customs.

This respect made the people who lived under him respectful of his rule and less likely to revolt.

Cyrus' tomb lies in the ruins of Pasargadae, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2006).

Expansion of Empire under Darius IExpansion of Empire under Darius I

Ruled from 521-486 B.C. added western India to the Persian Empire.

Then added Thrace in Europe and expanded the Empire to its greatest size. He also brought the Persian Empire into conflict with the Greeks. SatrapiesSatrapiesDarius divided him empire into provinces called Satrapies to make it more manageable.

Each province was ruled by a governor called aSatrap. Satrap.

This man was the protector of the kingdom.

They collected taxes, provided justice and security, and got soldiers for the army.

The Royal RoadThe Royal Road

The Royal road stretched from Lydia to Susa, the chief capital of the empire. It used a system of couriers similar to the Assyrians. This allowed for efficient communication in the empire

Persian MilitaryPersian Military

The Persians had an elite military. It contained people from all over the Persian Empire.

The ImmortalsThe Immortals

The Elite fighters of the Persian Empire.They were so called because in battle their numbers were never allowed to fall below 10,000 men. They were constantly replaced from behind so they appeared to never die.

Persian kings became greedy and so the empire became

weak.

Family spats and assassinations became the rule of the day.

The Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great during the

330’s B.C.

ZoroastrianismZoroastrianismOriginal Religion of the Persian Empire

ZoroasterZoroasterFounder and Prophet of the Religion. Also known as Zarathustra.

Book: Book: Zend AvestaZend Avesta, , the recorded teachings of Zoroaster.

MonotheisticMonotheisticTaught belief in one universal, all-powerful god..

Ahura MazdaAhura MazdaThe The god of Zoroastrianismgod of Zoroastrianism

It is believed by many that Zoroastrianism influenced Judaism, and later, Christianity.

The religion teaches about an all-powerful God.

An ultimate battle between good and evil.

The idea of an evil being, or Satan.

Persian kings forge a multicultural empire stretching from the Indus River to the Nile. Persia pioneers enlighten tolerance in government and support the Zoroastrian religion.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

Persia UnitesMany Lands

GRAPH

The Persian Empire ruled with tolerance and wise government.

Tolerance and wise government are characteristics of the most successful methods of rule.

Overview


• Cyrus

• Cambyses

• Darius

• satrap

• Royal Road

• Zoroaster


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TERMS & NAMES

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GRAPH


1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the similarities and differences between Cyrus and Darius.


continued . . .

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Both

Both ruled fairly and expanded the empire.

Cyrus founded the Persian Empire and allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem.

Darius seized power and introduced coins of standard value.

Cyrus Only Darius Only



ANSWERANSWER

The tolerance displayed by Cyrus and other Persian rulers probably encouraged people to practice their religious beliefs.

Possible Response:

2. Why do you think Persians and other peoples were able to turn their thoughts to religion? THINK ABOUT

• past history of peoples in the Fertile Crescent • living conditions in the Persian Empire • role of leaders in the Persian Empire

continued . . .

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GRAPH

3. How did Darius’s methods of administration give stability to his empire? THINK ABOUT

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3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

End of Section 3

• He divided the empire into 20 provinces.

• He appointed a satrap for each province.

• He tolerated other religions, languages, and local laws.

• Road system and coinage also helped give stability to the empire.

Possible Responses:

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• the structure of the empire • policy of tolerance • the role of the satrap

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Unification of ChinaCh. 4 sect. 4

Unification of ChinaCh. 4 sect. 4

geographygeographygeographygeography

9,573,000 square km

Beijing

Shanghai

Xian

Lhasa

Urumqi

Guangzhou

Kunming

Ancient civilization221-206BC: Unification of

China1800s: Western imperialism1911: Republic founded1949-1976: Chairman Mao1966-1976: Cultural Revolution1997: Deng Xiaoping dies1997: Hong Kong returned to

China1999: Macau returned to China

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Confucius and the Social Order

The Unification of China

Zhou Dynasty• Lasted 1027 to 256 B.C.; ancient values decline near end of dynasty

Confucius Urges Harmony• End of Zhou Dynasty is time of disorder• Scholar Confucius wants to restore order,

harmony, good government• Stresses developing good relationships, including

family• Promotes filial piety—respect for parents and

ancestors• Hopes to reform society by promoting good

governmentContinued . . .

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Confucian Ideas About Government• Thinks education can transform people• Teachings become foundation for bureaucracy, a trained civil service• Confucianism is an ethical system of right and wrong, not a religion• Chinese government and social order is based on Confucianism

Confucius and the Social Order

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Other Ethical SystemsDaoists Seek Harmony• Laozi teaches that people should follow the

natural order of life• Believes that universal force called Dao guides

all things• Daoism philosophy is to understand nature and

be free of desire• Daoists influence sciences, alchemy, astronomy, medicineLegalists Urge Harsh Rule• Legalism emphasizes the use of law to restore order; stifles criticism• Teaches that obedience should be rewarded,

disobedience punishedContinued . . .

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Laozi

Legendary Chinese philosopher Laozi was long considered the founder of Daoism. The fundamental text of Daoism, the Daodejing (Tao-te Ching,“Book of the Way and the Virtue”), was attributed to him. Many scholars today doubt that Laozi existed. Even if he did, he probably did not write the Daodejing, which was compiled in the 3rd or 4th century BC, two or three centuries after Laozi’s time.

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I Ching and Yin and Yang• I Ching (The Book of Changes) offers good advice,

common sense• Concept of yin and yang—two powers represent

rhythm of universe• Yin: cold, dark, soft, mysterious; yang: warm, bright,

hard, clear• I Ching and yin and yang explain how people fit into

the world

Other Ethical Systems (cont.)

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Yin and Yang

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The Qin Dynasty Unifies China

The Qin Dynasty• Qin Dynasty replaces Zhou Dynasty in third

century B.C.

A New Emperor Takes Control• Emperor Shi Huangdi unifies China, ends fighting,

conquers new lands• Creates 36 administrative districts controlled by Qin

officials• With legalist prime minister, murders Confucian scholars, burns books• Establishes an autocracy, a government with

unlimited power Continued . . .

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Shi HuangdiShi Huangdi

Ch04.mp3

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A Program of Centralization• Shi Huangdi builds highways, irrigation projects;

increases trade• Sets standards for writing, law, currency, weights and

measures• Harsh rule includes high taxes and repressive

government

The Qin Dynasty Unifies China

Great Wall of China• Emperor forces peasants to build Great Wall to keep

out invaders

The Fall of the Qin • Shi Huangdi’s son loses the throne to rebel leader;

Han Dynasty begins

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ANCIENT EGYPT and NUBIA Ch. 4 Sect. I. HOME Chapter Overview A series of empires, each one bigger than the last, forges regional unity among the old heartlands