Ancient Egypt - Step 5 class.ppt

8/10/2019 Ancient Egypt - Step 5 class.ppt

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BOSTON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Egyptian Civilization

The Gift of the Nile

Step 52014
http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egypte.html


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LOGRO 1

Comprender los aspectos relevantes de la cultura

del antiguo Egipto y como su influencia llega hastala edad moderna.

INDICADOR DE LOGRO 1

Entiende los acontecimientos histricos relevantes

del antiguo Egipto y como estos estnentrelazados con la cultura hebrea.

Biblical principle

Matthew 24:35New King James Version (NKJV)35 Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words

will by no means pass away.


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ESSENTIAL VOCABULARYInstruction: Look up the words and write the translation

and definition in English

1. Bounded

2. Flooded

3. Alluvial

4. Highway

5. Duality

6. Craftsmen

7. Architecture

8. Carve

9. Hieroglyphs

10.Tax

11.Law

12.Pharaoh

13.Vizier

14.Scribe

15.Artisan

16.Depict

17.Papyrus

18.Hierarchy

19.Livestock

20.Mud


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http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcgeo1e.html


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The NILE RIVER, the longest river in the world (6,650 kilometers), flows north from

the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Its flood plain was a magnet for life --

human, plant and animal. Humans were drawn there because they could grow crops

and settle into permanent villages.


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Bounded on the south,

east and west by animpenetrable desert, and

on the north by the sea,

ANCIENT EGYPTwas

protected from outside

influences, which allowed

it to evolve in its own

unique way.


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For centuries, THENILE RIVER FLOODED THE VALLEY, enriching the land with a

thick layer of alluvial soil. Flooding occurred from July to September as the result of

the tropical rains in the Ethiopian tableland. The river attained its highest level in

October, then began to recede to its lowest point sometime between April and June.


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TRANSPORTATION:The Nile River was the highway that joined the country

together. Up until the nineteenth century, travel by land was virtually unknown.


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DUALITIES, such as

desert and river valley,Upper and Lower Egypt,

life and death, were an

important organizing

principle of the

Egyptians world view.


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http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egca01e.html


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ARCHITECTURE:The

ancient Egyptians built theirpyramids, tombs, temples

and palaces out of STONE,

the most durable of all

building materials.

These building projectstook a high degree of

architectural and

engineering SKILL, and the

organization of a LARGE

WORKFORCEconsisting

of highly trained craftsmenand laborers.


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Apart from the pyramids, EGYPTIAN BUILDINGSwere decorated with PAINTINGS,

CARVED STONE IMAGES, HIEROGLYPHS, andTHREE-DIMENSIONAL

STATUES. The art tells the story of the pharaohs, the gods, the common people and

the natural world of plants, birds and animals.


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http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/images/arch11b.jpg


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One of the oldest mysteries surrounding ancient Egypt concerns the building of the

PYRAMIDS. How did humans move such massive blocks of stone using only Stone

Age tools? The Egyptians left thousands of illustrations depicting daily life in the Old

Kingdom. Curiously enough, none of them show how pyramids were built.

SEVERAL THEORIESattempt to explain how pyramids were constructed, but for

now, the mystery has yet to be solved.
http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/images/arch11b.jpg


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http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcgov1e.html


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GOVERNMENT and RELIGIONwere inseparable in ancient Egypt. ThePHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the

gods on earth.

Religion and government brought order to society through:

The construction of TEMPLES

The creation of LAWS TAXATION

The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR

TRADEwith neighbors

The DEFENCE of the countrys interests.


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To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS

represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs on temple walls.

They often DEPICTED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORSwho single-

handedly killed scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions.


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Not all the pharaohs

were men. Before

the Graeco-Roman

period, at least

threeWOMEN

ascended thethrone, the most

important being

Queen

HATSHEPSUT.


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http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcw01e.html


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The EGYPTIAN LANGUAGEwas one of the earliest languages to be written

down, perhaps only the Sumerian language is older.

First appearing on stone and pottery dating from 3100 B.C. to 3000 B.C., it

remained in use for almost 3,000 years.

The last inscription was written in A.D. 394.


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The wordHIEROGLYPHliterally

means "sacred carvings". The

Egyptians first used hieroglyphs for

inscriptions carved or painted ontemple walls.

This form of PICTORIAL WRITING

was also used on:

Tombs

Sheets of papyrus

Wooden boards covered with a

stucco wash

Potsherds

Fragments of limestone.
http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/images/writ03b.jpghttp://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/images/writ03b.jpg


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Papyrus Plant

Papyrus Sheet

Animation of paper-making process

To make the paper-like writing material, the exterior of

the PAPYRUSstem was discarded and the interior was

cut into thin strips.

The strips were soaked in water and beaten to breakdown and flatten the fibers.

They were then layered crosswise and lengthwise to

produce a sheet, which was beaten again to mesh the

strips together.

Weights were placed on the sheets while they dried.

Once dry, the sheets were rolled up and stored until

needed.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/papyrus.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/papyrus.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/papyrus.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/papyrus.htm


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http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcr01e.htmlhttp://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/interior.html


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Entering a Temple
http://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/interior.htmlhttp://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/interior.htmlhttp://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/interior2.html


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http://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/interior2.html


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http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcl01e.html


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The flooding of the Nile rendered the narrow strip of land on either side of the river

extremely fertile. INTENSIVE AGRICULTUREwas practiced by the majority of the

peasant population. who played a vital role within the country's STRICTHIERARHICAL SOCIETY. As the flood waters receded, SOWINGand PLOWING

began, using primitive wooden plows.

In addition to such GRAINSas barley and emmer (a coarse wheat), a large variety

of VEGETABLESwere grown, including onions, garlic, leeks, beans, lentils, peas,

radishes, cabbage, cucumbers, and lettuce. There were also FRUITSsuch as

dates, figs, pomegranates, melons and grapes,

The abundance of flowers provided nectar for the bees to produce HONEY, which

the Egyptians processed. FLAXwas grown for making linen, and PAPYRUSwas

harvested to be converted into paper, ropes, mats, sandals and light skiffs.


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LIVESTOCKwas important to the Egyptian economy, supplying meat, milk,

hides, and dung for cooking fuel.

A variety of DOMESTICATED ANIMALSwere raised, including cattle, oxen,

sheep, goats, pigs, ducks and geese. Peasants probably enjoyed meat on

special occasions..

DRAFT ANIMALSsuch as oxen increased agricultural productivity.

HERDSMENand SHEPHERDSlived a semi-nomadic life, pasturing their animals

in the marshes of the Nile.


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Grapes were processed into WINEfor the noble class, but beer was the

favorite drink of the common people.

Food was served in POTTERY BOWLS, but NO UTENSILSwere used foreating.


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MostHOUSESwere made of BRICK. The banks of the Nile provided the mud

used to make bricks.

Brick makers collected MUD, added STRAWand WATERto it as needed, and

stomped it with their feet until it reached the right consistency. The mixture was

then placed in a MOLD. Once shaped, the bricks were removed from the mouldand left on the ground to dry in the sun.

Egyptian PEASANTSwould have lived in SIMPLE MUD-BRICK HOMES

containing only a few pieces of furniture:BEDS, STOOLS, BOXESand LOW

TABLES.


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CRAFTWORKERSlived in one- or two-storeyFLAT-ROOFED

DWELLINGSmade of mud bricks. The walls and roof would have been

covered with plaster and painted.Inside, there was a RECEPTION ROOM, a LIVING ROOM,BEDROOMS

and a CELLARin which food and beverages were stored. Food was

prepared in an OUTDOOR KITCHENequipped with a mud-brick oven.

Stairs on the exterior of the house led to a ROOF-TOP TERRACE.


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The HOMES OF THE WEALTHYwere larger and more luxurious.

SPACIOUSreception and living rooms opened onto a CENTRAL GARDEN

COURTYARDwith a fish pond and flowering plants.

Each bedroom had a PRIVATE BATHROOM, and the walls, columns and

ceilings were painted with BEAUTIFUL DESIGNSinspired by nature.

Elaborate and highly DECORATED FURNITUREincluded beds, chairs,

boxes and tables.

PAINTED CLAY POTSand vessels, as well as ALABASTER BOWLS AND

JARS, were also found in the homes of the nobles.


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A villa from the city of Amarna


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ROYAL PALACES, frequently CITIES IN THEMSELVES, included separate

residences, a temple and a workers village.


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WOMENengaged in WEAVING, PERFUME MAKING, BAKINGand

NEEDLEWORK. Very few artistic creations were signed, and exceptional

ability was rewarded through increased social status.

Women of all classes COULD EARN WAGES, OWN PROPERTYandEMPLOY WORKERS, but their main role was within the family. The title

most women had was "MISTRESS OF THE HOUSE". They were

considered EQUAL WITH MEN BEFORE THE LAW, and could sue for

damages and divorce.


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MATHEMATICS:Although the Egyptians lacked the symbol for zero, they

calculated numbers based on the DECIMALand the repetitive (numbers

based on the POWER OF 10). The following signs were used to represent

numbers in the decimal system

1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Numbers were usually written LEFT TO RIGHT, starting with the highest

denominator. For example, in the number 2,525the first number to appear

on the left would be 2000, then 500, 20 and 5, as follows:

The Egyptians did not develop abstract mathematical formulas. They used

the simplearithmetic of ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION


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ASTRONOMY:Like many ancient peoples, the Egyptians studied the nightsky, taking measurements from the stars to accurately align their pyramids and

sun temples with the earths four cardinal points. Using an instrument called a

MERKHET (similar to an astrolabe), astronomer-priests marked out the

foundations of buildings with astonishing accuracy.

The GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZAprovides an example. This remarkablebuilding has a footprint of over 13 acres and consists of approximately 6.5

million limestone blocks. Its four sides are accurately aligned to face north,

east, south, and west, with an error of less than half a degree. They are also

virtually identical in length, with less than a 20 cm (8 inch) variance between

one side and another.


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MEDICINE:The doctors of ancient Egypt combined MAGIC SPELLSwith

REMEDIES. If a person fell sick, the illness was thought to be caused by thewrath of the gods or by an evil spirit that had entered the body.

Both PRIESTS AND DOCTORSwere called upon to heal the sick,

combining their powers and skills to fix the problem.

Doctors found cures for many diseases and some of their concepts are stillused today. They used CASTOR OILas laxatives, TANNIC ACIDfrom the

acadia tree to heal burns, CORIANDERin a tea for stomach illnesses, and

CUMMIN SEEDSon aching or arthritic joints and to calm a cough.

They also made and used TOOLS FOR SURGICAL USEthat are similar to

the ones that we use today.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.angelfire.com/biz6/aromatherapy/coriander.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.angelfire.com/biz6/aromatherapy/essentialoils4.html&h=304&w=321&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoriander%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8


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Sources

Egyptian Civilization

http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcivile.html

Ancient Egyptian Virtual Temple

http://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/
http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcivile.htmlhttp://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/http://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcivile.html

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Ancient Egypt - Step 5 class.ppt