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Ancient History of Asia
Before & After the Westerners Came
Outline
Ancient civilizations in AsiaEmpires and dynasties
Qin Dynasty tributary system
After Westerners came Opium War Meiji Restoration
Mesopotamia
First known civilization (7,000 B.C.)Earliest cities (3,500 B.C.)Became part of the
Persian Empire in6th century B.C.
Indus Valley Civilization
Bronze Age culture (2500 B.C.-1700 B.C.)
Cities dominated by large public buildings
Invasion by Aryansfrom the north in1500 B.C.
Chinese Civilization
Shang Dynasty (1,600 B.C. - 1,047 B.C.) 31 kings of same family weak central control written record
Zhou Dyn. (1047-256 B.C.)
Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.)
Qin Shi Huang (``First Emperor of Qin”) Unification Centralized control
laws, measures, currency, roads, Great Wall, thinking
Later Dynasties
Han (206 B.C. - 220 A.D.)Jin (265 - 420)Sui (581 - 618)Tang (618 - 907)Song (960 - 1279)Yuan (1271 - 1368)Ming (1368 - 1644)
China’s Tributary System
Traditional system for managing foreign relations
The ``Central Kingdom” worldviewMing dynasty (1368 - 1644) had the
most extensive tributary system tributes from East Asia, South Asia,
Southeast Asia, and even West Asia and Africa
Zheng He’s fleet (1405-33)
Over 300 ships & 20,000 men
trade and commerceSoutheast Asia, South
Asia, West Asia, and East Africa
Zheng He’s expeditions
Ancient Southeast Asia
Buddhist kingdoms and empirestrade with East and South Asianear continuous warfareinvasion by Mongols in the 1300’sspread of Islam in 1400 - 1620mosaic of small states
Cause of the Opium War
The Opium War (1840-42)
British navy captured Hong Kong and defeated China
Historic Turning Point
Series of western invasionsUnequal treaties with Western powers
extraterritorial jurisdiction tariffs subject to approval by Western
powersShattered tributary systemExacerbated domestic crisesCulminated in the fall of Qing dynasty
Japan’s Meiji Restoration
Similar challenges, different response
Japan’s 250-year seclusionCommodore Matthew Perry’s
warships entered Tokyo Bay in 1853
Western Challenges
Series of treaties with Britain, France, Russia, and the Netherlands opening ports low customs duties extraterritorial jurisdiction
Domestic problems
Shogun (literally, ``general”) in Edo (Tokyo) controlled the Emperor in Kyoto
Shogun’s government didn’t have strong central control
Japan was divided into some 260 semiautonomous and mutually jealous domains
Meiji Restoration - I
Broke down shogun’s polity military coup
Created centralized national government Used Emperor as focus of loyalty and
symbol of legitimacy Incremental steps to replace the
autonomous domains with prefectures Imperial Guard of 10,000 men
Meiji Restoration - II
Two most important constituencies: samurai and farmers
samurai: privileges gradually removedfarmers: land-tax reform
eradicated payment in produce basis for modern capitalist economy 109 million certificates of land ownership
Meiji Restoration - III
Education established elementary schools universal compulsory education
Military universal conscription (citizen army)
Meiji Restoration - IV
Meiji Constitution of 1889 limited constitutional monarchy after
Bismarck’s Germany male suffrage based on property rights bicameral legislature with budgetary power Emperor’s rights, prerogatives, and power
commanded the military
War Minister or Navy Minister from military
Self-modernization
Industrialization, technological innovations, and growth of trade
New Imperialist Power
Japan defeated China in 1894-5Japan defeated Russia in 1905
Theodore Roosevelt: ``if [the Japanese] win out, it may possibly mean a struggle between them and us in the future”
Japan annexed Korea in 1910
Asia by World War II