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And at Home: Europe transformed. 1. Economic stressors 2. Political challenges 3. Reform and counter-reform The big questions: Why now? results of reform a new political outlook ‘the Whore of Babylon’ - Cranach. Political Challenge: Hapsburg Europe. Charles V (r. to 1556) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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And at Home: Europe transformed
1. Economic stressors
2. Political challenges
3. Reform and counter-reform
The big questions:Why now?results of reforma new political outlook ‘the Whore
of Babylon’ - Cranach
Political Challenge:Hapsburg Europe
Charles V (r. to 1556)Ferdinand (r. 1556-64)Philip II (r. 1556-98)
Political Challenge:Hapsburg Europe signaling power1. To their own subjects2. To the Ottomans3. to the Catholic Church in Rome
Schloss Schönbrunn
God is on my side/I am next to God
Architecture does the same today
Political Challenge:Hapsburg Europe coming undoneWhy: Netherlands (1568-)
Eighty Years War
Wealth: portsmercantilismbankingempire
‘Iconoclast Fury’ (1566) van Delen
Belief: Reformed ChurchJohn CalvinCouncil of Dort (1618)
‘Iconoclast fury’ (1566) van Delen
Economic stressIberian Empires • pouring money into Spain• inefficient central administration• money to Rome• economic/geopolitical sniping from
mercantile states
Ottoman expansion• on this side, resisting the Ottomans is
hugely expensive
Political Challenge:Hapsburg Europe coming undone
Why: ascension of England as a world power
period of costly civil war - War of the Roses House of Tudor emerges – Henry VII
Henry VIII (1491-1547) r. 1509money woes, so…m. Catherine of Aragonbut, Pope aligned with Spain
Act of SupremacyChurch of England
Political Challenge:Hapsburg Europe undone
Three successors: Edward VI (1537-53) r. 1547 (at 9)Mary I (1516-58) r. 1553Elizabeth I (1533-1603) r. 1558
‘video et taceo’ever single
‘Fake’ war – against Caribbean privateers Spanish Armada (1588)
creation of mercantile companiesHBC, and EIC
“He blew with His winds, and they were scattered”
All this, and I have not used the term ‘Reformation’ once,
nor mentioned Martin Luther
The Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther (1483-1546) • money to Rome: Indulgences and taxes
political and moral• wrote Ninety-Five Theses and excommunicated
• ‘Justification by faith alone’
• closure of monasteries• translations of Bible into vernacular• end of priestly authority, especially the Pope
• return to biblical text for authority – education to do so
Why not before?
• general, sustained attacks • based on textual criticism
i.e. John Wycliffe (1328-1384)
i.e. ‘Peasant’s Rebellion’ (England, 1381)
• further attacks, related to scholasticism ‘proofs’ not enough
• secular vs. Papal authority and the resulting schisms
Babylonian captivity
Secular Interest in Reform• coalesces with: theological arguments
popular support
• German princes interested
• support for reform spreads throughout Germany
Then,• Switzerland, Low Countries• England: King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
Act of Supremacy• France: John Calvin (1509-1564) • Scotland, Netherlands, Hungary
Popular support
Urban classes• commercial
investors• connected• educated
Grace
Why (all) does that matter?
Biblical criticism
The old system worked, but it was clunky
• limited number of people with knowledge could operate
• extremely limited application
vs.
accessible – appeals to everyone, not just scientists
It is successful because it is about ‘what makes it work’ the operating system and the software
In some ways counterintuitive i.e. pay iTunes vs. free
Transformed culture and practice
The Catholic Reformation
Roman Catholic church • refined doctrine • missionary activities • renew spiritual activity
‘Ecstasy of St. Theresa’
Council of Trent (1545-1563) Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)Roman Catholic Inquisition
Post-reformation EuropeNeed to know the
names, differences:
Roman Catholic
LutheranCalvinistAnglican
(Church of England)
Along with Reform•witch hunts
•religious wars•secular civil war in France
Molitar (1500), Ferguson
Collection• 1588 Philip II of Spain attacked England • Netherlands rebellion against Spain
The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1645)• all of Europe involved • 1/3 German pop. destroyed• Huguenots flee
Conclusions: • ‘Christendom’ increasingly splintered• unlike China, India, Ottoman Empire
• Europe no single empire, rather individual states• Protestant challenges fitted into state development,
imperialism and resistance
• these beliefs and identities continue to shape our world today
sectarian violence, Londonderry - the reason part of my family moved to Canada (a ‘mixed’ marriage - RC and protestant - not okay)