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andand Chemistry? Chemistry?
Joules or calories Joules or calories
Joules or calories Joules or calories
Evidence of EnergyEvidence of Energy
MotionMotion HeatHeat LightLight SoundSound
Energy UnitsEnergy Units
joulejoule ≡≡ energy exerted by a force of one Newton acting to move an energy exerted by a force of one Newton acting to move an object through a distance of one meter (SI unit)object through a distance of one meter (SI unit)
caloriecalorie ≡ ≡ the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water 1the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water 1ooCC
CalorieCalorie = 1000 calories = 1000 calories
1Joule = 0.2390 cal1Joule = 0.2390 cal
How much is 1 Joule of energy?How much is 1 Joule of energy?
the energy required to lift a small apple one the energy required to lift a small apple one meter straight up.meter straight up.
the energy released as heat by a quiet the energy released as heat by a quiet person, every hundredth of a second.person, every hundredth of a second.
the kinetic energy of an adult human moving the kinetic energy of an adult human moving a distance of about 6 inches every second.a distance of about 6 inches every second.
Types of EnergyTypes of Energy ChemicalChemical HeatHeat LightLight SoundSound ElectricalElectrical MagneticMagnetic MotionMotion NuclearNuclear
ChemicalChemical
ThermalThermal
ElectromagneticElectromagnetic
KineticKinetic NuclearNuclear
AcousticAcoustic
LightLight
GravitationalGravitational
EE
Energy TransformationsEnergy Transformations
ChemicalChemical
ThermalThermal
ElectromagneticElectromagnetic
KineticKinetic NuclearNuclear
AcousticAcoustic
LightLight
GravitationalGravitational
EE
Energy TransformationEnergy Transformation
Either or EnergyEither or Energy
Energy can be sorted into one of two Energy can be sorted into one of two categories – categories –
eithereither– kinetickinetic (the “doing the work” phase) (the “doing the work” phase)
oror– potentialpotential (the getting ready to do work or the (the getting ready to do work or the
“stored” phase)“stored” phase)
Energy examplesEnergy examples
Potential
Mechanical Energy
and
?
Potential
Mechanical Energy
and
?
Kinetic
Mechanical Energy
and
?
Kinetic
Mechanical Energy
and
?
Forms of Kinetic Energy
Electrical – movement of electrons
Electromagnetic – moving electro magnetic waves (light, x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves)
Thermal – vibrations and movements of particles in a substance
Mechanical – movement of objects
Sound – movement of particles as energy travels through a medium
Forms of Kinetic Energy
Electrical – movement of electrons
Electromagnetic – moving electro magnetic waves (light, x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves)
Thermal – vibrations and movements of particles in a substance
Mechanical – movement of objects
Sound – movement of particles as energy travels through a medium
Potential Energy
Chemical – energy stored in the bonds of molecules
Stored mechanical – energy stored in an object based on its position relative to some reference state (i.e. a wound springs, a stretched rubber band, a boulder perched on the edge of a cliff)
Nuclear – energy stored in nucleus of an atom
Gravitational – energy stored based on relative position of two objects
Potential Energy
Chemical – energy stored in the bonds of molecules
Stored mechanical – energy stored in an object based on its position relative to some reference state (i.e. a wound springs, a stretched rubber band, a boulder perched on the edge of a cliff)
Nuclear – energy stored in nucleus of an atom
Gravitational – energy stored based on relative position of two objects
How much energy is stored in How much energy is stored in glucose?glucose?
CC66HH1212OO66
1 gram of carbohydrate releases 4 Calories when burned
1 gram of fat releases 9 Calories when burned
Chemical EnergyChemical Energy
Energy is stored in the bonds between Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms.atoms.
When chemical reactions occur, bonds are When chemical reactions occur, bonds are broken and formed.broken and formed.
The amount of energy released / absorbed The amount of energy released / absorbed during a chemical reaction can be measured during a chemical reaction can be measured and calculated from the bond energiesand calculated from the bond energies
Bond EnergyBond Energy
Energy is absorbed by atoms when their bonds break.
(+ΔH) ≡ heat of bond breaking
Energy is released when bonds form between atoms.
(-ΔH) ≡ heat of bond formation
Bond Energy - AnalogyBond Energy - Analogy
Imagine stretching a rubber band until it breaks. You must do work to stretch the band because the tension in the band opposes your efforts. You lose energy; the band gains it. Something similar happens when bonds break in a chemical reaction.
The energy required to break the bonds is absorbed from the surroundings.
Bond EnergyBond Energy
BondEnergy (kJ/mol)
H - H 436
C - H 413
N - H 393
436 kJ is stored in H-H
436 kJ is released when H-H is broken
The higher the bond energy, the more work is required to break the bond, the more stable it is
Bond EnergyBond Energy
BondEnergy (kJ/mol)
BondEnergy (kJ/mol)
H - H 436 N - N 160
C - H 413 N = O 631
N - H 393 N triple N 941
P - H 297 N - O 201
C - C 347 N - P 297
C - O 358 O - H 464
C - N 305 O - S 265
C - Cl 397 O - Cl 269
C = C 607 O - O 204
C = O 805 C - F 552
O = O 498 C - S 259
Bond EnergyBond Energy
Energy is absorbed when bonds break.
Energy is released when bonds form.
Energy is absorbed or released when the heat capacities of the products and reactants differ.
Calculating Energy of a ReactionCalculating Energy of a Reaction
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Breaking H bond = 436 kJ/mol
Breaking Cl bond = 242 kJ/mol
H-Cl bond forming = -431 kJ/mol
Reactions and EnergyReactions and Energy
If heat is generated during a reaction ≡ exothermic
If heat is absorbed during a reaction ≡ endothermic
Calculating Energy of a ReactionCalculating Energy of a Reaction
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Moles of Bonds Moles of Bonds BrokenBroken
Energy absorbed Energy absorbed (kJ)(kJ)
Moles of Bonds Moles of Bonds FormedFormed
Energy released Energy released (kJ)(kJ)
1 H-H @ 431.2 1 H-H @ 431.2 kJkJ
436436 2 H-Cl @427 kJ2 H-Cl @427 kJ 854854
1 Cl-Cl @ 1 Cl-Cl @ 243243
679679 854854
Heat of Reaction is 679 – 854 = -175kJ; energy is released during the Heat of Reaction is 679 – 854 = -175kJ; energy is released during the reactionreaction
Endothermic or exothermic?
Chemical Reactions and EnergyChemical Reactions and Energy
H2 + Cl2 Bonds are broken HCl
Energy releasedEnergy released
Calculating chemical energyCalculating chemical energy
N2 + O2 2NO
Breaking one N bond = 946 kJ/mol
Breaking one O bond = 498 kJ/mol
Forming 2 N-O bonds = 2 x 631 kJ/mol = 1262 kJ/mol
Net energy released = (946 + 498) + 2(-631) = +182 kJ/mol
Endothermic or exothermic?
Chemical Reactions and EnergyChemical Reactions and Energy
N2 + O2 Bonds are broken NO
Energy absorbedEnergy absorbed
Calculating chemical energyCalculating chemical energy
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Endothermic or exothermic?
Calculating chemical energyCalculating chemical energy
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
Endothermic or exothermic?
Food – the ultimate potential energyFood – the ultimate potential energy
CC66HH1212OO66 + O + O22 CO CO22 + H + H22O + energyO + energy
ATP + heat
What is energy?
Do I need energy?
Where does energy
come from?
Where does the energy in food come Where does the energy in food come from?from?
COCO22 + H + H22O + energy O + energy C C66HH1212OO66 + O + O22
sun