Noise Pollution and

Control Strategy

S P Singal

CD Alpha Science International Ltd.

Oxford, U.K.

d abatement practices in the

ot of work has been done in Contents control of noise. The book terms of control measures,

of baITiers and enclosures. It various problems for future Id offer options for reduction nation has been compiled in

:>een arranged alphabetically been attached. To understand :oustic temtinology has been on certain aspects of noise >mposed. The content list has minor topics also. The book areful it is possible that the would very much like to be vould very much appreciate for future improvements. r teaching noise pollution. A o collect general information at the book will generally be

te Limited, New Delhi for of. ML Munjal, Prof. M.G. .ao, Dr A.F. Chhapgar, Dr V. d Dr Mahavir Singh for their ;ions, and to MJs Viay Ojha : the course of this work. The Ltd., New Delhi für agreeing

Ir Munish Singal for helping !lee.

S.P. Singal

Foreword vii ProLogue ix Preface xi

Chapter 1 : Acoustical Concepts 1 Nature of Sound 1 Sound Propagation Characteristics 2 Propagation of Sound in Air 6 Absorption of Sound in Air 10 Hearing Mechanism 12 Measurement Scale 15 Equal Loudness Contours 19

Chapter 2 : Noise Characteristics and. Sources of Noise 21 Definition of Noise 21 Historical Background 22 Noise Characterization 23 Sources of Noise 25

Mechanized Industry 25 Diesel Generators 27 Road Transport 28 Road Traffic Noise 32 Railway Trains 36 Aircraft Noise 38 Building Construction 40 Domestic Appliances 41 Loudspeaker 42 Firing of Crackers 42

Chapter 3 : Measuring Instruments and Techniques 44 Methodology of Noise Level Measurements 44 Sound Level Meter 49 Noise Dose Meter 57 Audiometer 58 Noise Survey Measurement Techniques 60 Vehicular Noise Measurement Techniques 63 Aircraft Noise Measurement Techniques 64 Impulse Noise Measurement Techniques 65 Sound Power Detemtination Techniques 68 Techniques'for Characterization of Acoustical Materials 74

xiv Contents

Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) Method 75 Impulse Tachnique 76 Two Microphone Transfer Function Technique 76 Four Microphone Impedance Tube Technique 79

Chapter 4 : Health EfTect of Noise 81 Introduction 81 Annoyance 81

Noise and Number Index 84 Effective Perceived Noise Level 85 Noise Exposure Forecast 85 Day-Night Average Sound Level 85 Noise Pollution Level 86

Traffic Noise Index 86 Sieep Disturbance 91 Effect of Noise on Task Performance and

Cardiovascular System 94 Effect of Noise on Speech Communication 98 Damage Risk Criteria 102 Noise Induced Hearing Loss (Nll-IL): Effect of

Continuous Sounds 104 Noise Induced Temporary TIrreshold Shift 105 NQise Induced Permanent Threshold Shift 111

Hearing Damage due to Impulsive Sounds 116

Chapter 5 : Environmental Noise Measurements 122 Introduction 122 Traffic Noise Survey 124 Vehkular Noise Level 148 Domestic Appliances Noise 152 Industrial Noise 154 Aircraft Noise 161 Community Noise 163 Ship Board Noise 166 Impulse Noise 166

Chapter 6 : Noise Standards and Limits 170 Introduction 170 Legal Position in India 173 Environmental Standards 174 Occupational IIndustrial Noise Standards 186 Road Vehicles Noise Standards 191 Noise Standards for Construction

and Domestic Appliances 195 Impulse Noise (Fire Works) Exposure Standards 198

Chapter 7 : Noise Impact As Definition of the Problem ~

Elements of Environmenta Assessment 207

Assessment Procedure 2m Preparation of an Enviroml General Audible Noise Des Description of Special Typ Quantification of Environn Fractionalization Approach Impact of Vibration Envirc Case Study 225

Chapter 8 : Noise Control Tl Definition of Noise Contro Mechanism of Noise Gene Control Methodology 229 Noise Control at the Soure Noise control along the Pa

Dissipative Devices 23: Membrane or Panel Ab Cavity or Helrnholtz R€ Reactive Devices 233 Sound Insulation or Tr

Control on the Receiver E Summary of Noise Contra Review of Noise Control I

(a) Preview: Approach (b) Noise Control at t~ (c) Noise Control alon (d) Noise Control at t~

Chapter 9 : Noise Strateg,v : Current Trend 262 Noise Control Measures 2 Environmental Noise Man Noise Labeling 272 Diagnostics 273 Noise Strategy 274 Problems far Future Inve~

RefC!11'nces Bibliograph)' AColislical Terminology Sllbjccl Index

19

81

122

170

Chapter 7 : Noise Impact Assessment Studies Definition of the Problem 204 Elements of Environmental Noise for Impact

Assessment 207 Assessment Procedure 208 Preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement 2/0 General Audible Noise Description 21 I Description of Special Types of Sounds / Vibration 214 Quantification ofEnvironmental Noise Impact 216 Fractionalization Approach to Impact Assessment 217 Impact of Vibration Environments 223 Case Study 225

Chapter 8 : Noise Control Techniques Definition of Noise Control 228 Mechanism of Noise Generation 228 Control Methodology 229 Noise Control at the Source 230 Noise control along the Path 232

Dissipative Devices 232 Membrane or Panel Absorbers 232 Cavity or HeImholtz Resonator 232 Reactive Devices 233 Sound Insulation or Transmission Lass 235

Control on the Receiver End 249 Summary of Noise Control Measures 249 Review of Noise Control Efforts in India 251

(a) Preview: Approach to Diagnostics 251 (b) Noise Control at the Source 254 (c) Noise Control along the Path 255 (d) Noise Control at the Receiver End 261

Chapter 9 : Noise Strategy : Future Guidelines Current Trend 262 Noise Control Measures 265 Environmental Noise Management 266 Noise Labeling 272 Diagnostics 273 Noise Strategy 274 Problems for Future Investigations 277

References Bibliography Acoustical Terminology Subject Index

Conlenls xv

204

228

262

282 306 308 320