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Biological and Microbial Control Options for Managing Lygus Bug in Strawberries Surendra Dara Strawberry and Vegetable Crops Advisor and Affiliated IPM Advisor University of California Cooperative Extension Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo Counties [email protected] strawberriesvegetables @calstrawberries @calveggies Lygus Bug IPM Seminar, UCCE, Watsonville, 18 April, 2013

and Microbial Control Options for Lygus Bug in Strawberriescesantabarbara.ucanr.edu/files/165601.pdf · Biological and Microbial Control Options for ... Potential of entomopathogens

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Biological and Microbial Control Options for Managing Lygus Bug in Strawberries

Surendra DaraStrawberry and Vegetable Crops Advisor and Affiliated IPM Advisor

University of California Cooperative ExtensionSanta Barbara and San Luis Obispo Counties

[email protected] @calstrawberries @calveggies

Lygus Bug IPM Seminar, UCCE, Watsonville, 18 April, 2013

Lygus bugLygus bug

Lygus bug first instar next to aphid, 4th and 5th instars, and adult

Current pest management practices• Chemical pesticides and to a limited extent insecticidal soaps, 

oils, pyrethrin, spinosad, and Bt• Release of predatory mites• No major emphasis on biological control of lygus bug

Acres treated with insecticides in strawberries

Pesticide Use Report Data 2010, CDPR

Insecticide 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Acres treated with different insecticides

Oil 690 7,408 20,204  36,957  53,860

Novaluron (Rimon) 24,497 41,149

Fenpyroximate (Akari) 41,149

Sulfur 129,069 139,486 134,076 146,790 157,125

Naled (Dibrom) 18,681 23,819 33,916 51,937 44,587

Spiromesifen (Oberon) 10,375 16,225 18,439 22,485 29,404

Fenpropathrin (Danitol) 20,217 21,272 25,688 27,885 21,229

Abamectin (Agri‐Mek) 13,024 16,962 26,103 29,751 35,876

Total 191,366 217,764 238,222 278,848 288,221

Acreage in California 29,187 29,937 31,169 35,915 34,426

Total amount of pesticides in pounds (fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides used) 

9,394,745 9,669,764  9,918,143 10,041,462  10,972,995

Pesticide use in California strawberries‐2009

Pesticide Action Network North Americahttp://www.pesticideinfo.org/DS.jsp?sk=1016

Chemical name Chemical class Trade name Gross pounds Acres treatedBifenazate Unclassified Acramite, Floramite 17,353 35,480Bifenthrin Pyrethroid Brigade 4,485 41,235Chlorpyrifos Organophosphorus Lorsban 11,323 11,384Fenpropathrin Pyrethroid Danitol 9,243 27,783Malathion Organophosphorus Malathion 144,417 76,208Methomyl N‐methyl carbamate Lannate 6,104 7,641Naled Organophosphorus Dibrom 48,723 51,689Spiromesifen  Keto‐enol Oberon 5,338 22,477Total  246,986 273,897

Biocontrol agents and basics

• Multiple natural enemies for different life stages of pest• Conserving natural enemies• Providing refuge for natural enemies• Using chemicals that are less disruptive to natural enemies

Lygus adult killed by Beauveria bassianaNymphal parasitoid, Peristenus stygicus

www.state.nj.us

Egg parasitoid, Anaphes iole

0

10

20

30

40

50

Nymphs Adults

Seasonal occurrence of lygus bugConventional strawberry field

Treatment threshold 1 nymph

Danitol

Dibrom

 & Rim

on

Danitol Brigade & Rim

on

Malathion

Dibrom

Dibrom

Dibrom

 & Rim

on

Malathion

 & Rim

on

No. of Lygus per 20 strawbe

rry plan

ts

0

10

20

30

40

50

Nymphs Adults

Seasonal occurrence of lygus bugOrganic strawberry field

No. of Lygus per 20 strawbe

rry plan

ts

Treatment threshold

Generalist Predator Gut Content Analyses Lygus bug predation rates of field‐collected predators (via PCR)*

Big‐eyed bug (N = 84)% preyed upon lygus bugs: 13%

Minute pirate bug (N = 286)% preyed upon lygus bugs: 14%

Damsel bug (N = 108)% preyed upon lygus bugs: 20%

Crab spider (N = 89)% preyed upon lygus bugs: 26%

*preliminary data

J. Hagler, D. Nieto, S. Swezey, S. Machtley and J. Bryer

a missing data for parasitism in 2004

Fig. 1. Seasonal trends in Lygus densities and proportion parasitized by P. relictus. Wild vegetation release sites, Castro1 and Harkins Slough. Averagedover July, August, and September.

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

ME

AN N

YMP

HS

PE

R S

WE

EP

AN

D S

EM

0.0

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0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

PAR

ASIT

ISM

AN

D S

EM

0.0

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0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

density nymphs parasitism

a

Castro1

first re

lease

YEAR OF SAMPLING2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

MEA

N NY

MPS

PER

SW

EEP

AND

SEM

0

1

2

3

4

5

PARA

SITI

SM A

ND S

EM

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0density nymphs parasitism

Harkins Slough

first r

eleas

e

Photo by Charles Pickett

Parasitism of lygus bug nymphs by the introduced parasitoid Peristenus relictus

C. Pickett, S. Swezey, D. Nieto and J. Bryer

Alfalfa Trap Crops and Yield (2012)*

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

berries with TC berries without TC

mean % dam

age

3.63.73.83.94

4.14.24.34.44.54.6

berries with TC berries without TC

mean # un

damaged

 berrie

s/plant 

Field data from 2012 organic strawberries in rows 1‐4, 7‐10, 13‐16 and 19‐22 adjacent to an alfalfa trap crop (TC) and control row of strawberries 

D. Nieto, S. Swezey and J. Bryer

*preliminary data

Potential of entomopathogens• Entomopathogens like Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium 

anisopliae, and Isaria fumosorosea are pathogenic to most of the strawberry pests

http://archimede.bibl.ulaval.ca/archimede/fichiers/22512/ch01.htmlhttp://www.plant‐health.co.za/eco‐bb.html

Lygus

Spider mites

Thrips

Whitefly

How entomopathogenic fungi infect insects

Potential of entomopathogens

Entomopathogens Environment

Hosts

Min:  38‐70 oFMax: 64‐83oFAvg:  50‐70oF

Possible microbial control strategy• Incorporating microbial control into IPM• Foliar application – alone and along with chemical pesticides

• Endophytic colonization of the strawberry plants

Impact on strawberry IPM• Reduces the chemical pesticide use• Reduces the risk of pesticide resistance• Extends the life of effective chemicals• Improves the pest management• Enhances the efficacy of IPM

•Objectives•Improve the efficacy of B. bassiana•Reduce the usage of chemicals

•Treatments•0.19 lb/ac or 1X107 conidia/ml of BotaniGard 22 WP (label rate 1/2‐2 lb/acre)•1/5 the label rate of Actara (1 pt/ac), Aza‐Direct (2 qrt/ac), Danitol (11 oz/ac) and Dibrom (1  pt/ac)

Chemicals and B. bassiana against Lygus

Chemicals and B. bassiana against Lygus

Chemicals and B. bassiana against Lygus

Chemicals and B. bassiana against Lygus

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5

ControlActaraAza‐DirectBotaniGard 22 WPDanitolDibromActara+BotaniGardAza‐Direct+BotaniGardDanitol+BotaniGardDibrom+BotaniGard

Days after treatment

Cumulative mortality (%

)

Endophytic colonization

•Objectives•What is an ideal method of inoculation?•Does the fungus colonize strawberry plants?•If it does, how long does it persist in the plant?•Does the colonized fungus protect the plantfrom herbivore damage?

Endophytic colonization‐B. bassiana•Rinsed, surface‐sterilized and rinsed the plant material•Plated plant tissue on selective medium•Plated rinsate on medium to verify contamination

Endophytic colonization‐B. bassiana

Emergence of colonized B. bassiana from treated plant tissue

No B. bassiana detected in controls

Roots Petioles Leaves

Endophytic colonization‐B. bassiana

RootPetioleLeaf lamina

Endophytic colonization‐M. anisopliaeM. anisopliae‐treated plants

Untreated control plants

10 DAT: 59% plants damaged14 DAT: 65% plants damaged

10 DAT: 44% plants damaged14 DAT: 56% plants damaged

Small plot field trial‐2010

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

8/16/2010 8/25/2010 8/27/2010 9/2/2010 9/8/2010 9/10/2010 9/16/2010

Average nu

mbe

r per plant

Days before or after treatment

1‐3 instar nymphs 4‐5 instar nymphs Adults

On flowering hostsTreatments1st – 8/202nd – 8/273rd – 9/24th – 9/9

Large field trial‐2012

Treatments:1. Untreated control2. Assail 70 WP (acetamiprid) 3 oz/ac in 50 gal3. BotaniGard WP (Beauveria bassiana) 2lb/ac in 50 gal4. BotaniGard WP 2lb/ac + Molt‐X  (azadirachtin) 8 fl oz/ac in 50 gal5. BotaniGard WP 2lb/ac + Danitol (fenpropathrin) ½ label rate 5.3 fl oz/ac in 50 gal6. BotaniGard WP 2lb/ac + Assail  ½ label rate 1.5 oz/ac in 50 gal7. AzaGuard (azadirachtin) 8 fl oz/ac in 50 gal8. AzaGuard 16 fl oz/ac in 50 gal9. Rimon 0.83 EC (novaluran) 12 fl oz/ac + Brigade (bifenthrin) 16 oz/ac in 50 gal

Experimental period: July‐August, 2012

Large field trial‐2012Lygus populations following each spray application

Num

ber o

f lygus bugs/20

 plants

0

5

10

15

Untreated Acetamiprid Novaluron +Bifenthrin

B. bassiana Bb +Azadirachtin

Bb + 1/2Fenpropathrin

Bb + 1/2Acetamiprid

Azadirachtin(8 fl oz)

Azadirachtin(16 fl oz)

Pre‐treatment I Spray II Spray III Spray

Large field trial‐2012Lygus populations before and after treatment

Num

ber o

f lygus bugs/20

 plants

0

5

10

15

Untreated Acetamiprid Novaluron +Bifenthrin

B. bassiana Bb +Azadirachtin

Bb + 1/2Fenpropathrin

Bb + 1/2Acetamiprid

Azadirachtin(8 fl oz)

Azadirachtin(16 fl oz)

Pre‐treatment Post‐treatment

Miticide trial 2012 – Mobile predatory mites

0

2

4

60 DAT 3 DAT

Num

ber o

f preda

tory m

ites/leaflet

Nymphs and Adults‐Neoseiulus spp.

Conclusions•Conserve biocontrol agents to exploit their potential•Microbial and botanical solutions have a good potential in strawberry IPM•B. bassiana+ ½ acetamiprid, B. bassiana+azadirachtin, and azadirachtin did fairly well compared to chemicals for lyguscontrol•Consider combinations of reduced rates of chemicals and other options for good IPM

Compatibility of B. bassiana and fungicidesLab assay with mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), B. bassiana, and some common strawberry fungicides

Compatibility of B. bassiana and fungicides

Average of 6 assays

0

20

40

60

80

100

Dead Infected

bc

a

cd

e

ab

cd

a

de

cd

Mean pe

rcen

t mortality/infection

bc

a

ded

ab

cd

a

de

c

Compatibility of B. bassiana and Pristine

Conclusions

• Elevate and Quintec are compatible with B. bassiana• B. bassiana was not affected by Pristine when applied after one day.

• Other fungicides may be compatible with appropriate time intervals.

AcknowledgmentsGrowerDave Peck

Technical assistanceJacob ConwayMaria MurriettaThomas CrottoginiSumanth Dara

Pesticide IndustryCurt Engle, United PhosphorusEduardo Garcia, ChemturaRandy Martin, BioWorks Inc

Pest infestations