ANDHRA PRADESH PARA MEDICAL BOARD

HYDERABAD

(Established Under the Andhra Pradesh Para Medical Board Act, 2006)

(A.P. Act No. 38 of 2006)

******

Syllabus for

DIPLOMA IN RADIOGRAPHIC ASSISTANT COURSE (TWO YEARS COURSE)

B.N.S. Kumar Secretary

In view of representation from the Faculty in Government colleges, in State of AP.

The Syllabus for the 1st year in all Para medical courses is modified accordingly the

modified Syllabus for 1st year is kept on website.

DIPLOMA IN RADIOGRAPHIC ASSISTANT COURSE (TWO YEARS COURSE)

Syllabus for First Year

Paper-I

BASIC HUMAN SCIENCES

A) Basics of Anatomy

B) Basics of Physiology

C) Basics of Bio-chemistry

D) Basics of Bio-statistics

Paper-II

PHYSICAL SCIENCES A) Basics of Pathology

B) Basics of Blood Banking

C) Basics of Microbiology

D) Basics of Central sterilization.

Paper-III

A) Hospital awareness,

B) Familiarization of different tables/tubes in surgical dept. Surgical Awareness, Preparation of patient for surgery.

C) Patient related services.

D) Communication & Computer Skills,

Audio and Visual Aids

 

DIPLOMA IN RADIOGRAPHIC ASSISTANT COURSE

(TWO YEARS COURSE)

Syllabus for Second Year

Paper-I

A) Radiation Hazards, Protection Preventive Measures.

B) Dark Room Procedure,

C) Regional Radiography, Fundamentals of X – Ray Equipments,

Modified X – Ray Equipments For Special Purpose.

D) Special Diagnostic Procedures

Paper-II

A) Radiographic Techniques & Radiographic Anatomy, Radiological

Physics & Equipment.

B) Positioning Radiography & Contrast Procedure

C) First Aid , Basic Nursing, Handling of Patients

D) Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Paper-III

A) Ultra Sound Imaging, Interventional Procedures & Angiography

B) Basic & Advanced CT Imaging

C) Basic & Advanced MRI Imaging

D) Instrumentation Study, Instrument Measurement & Critical Care

Equipment.

1st YEAR

PAPER-I

Basics of Anatomy & Physiology Basics of Anatomy 1. Introduction to Human Anatomy

2. Cell- Tissues Properties, Different Tissues

3. Digestive System & Hepatobiliary System

4. Respiratory System

5. Cardio Vascular System

6. Lymphatic System

7. Bones and Joints

8. Nervous System

9. Endocrine System

10. Sense Organs

11. Excretory System

12. Reproductive System

Basics of Physiology

1. Introduction to Human Physiology

2. Blood

3. Cardio Vascular System

4. Lymphoid System

5. Digestive System

6. Respiratory System

7. Nervous System

8. Endocrine System

9. Excretory System

10. Reproductive System

11. Sense Organs

Basics of Bio – Chemistry

1. Introduction to Basics of Bio-chemistry including code of ethics for Medical Lab Technicians and Medical Lab Organization.

2. Reception, Registration and bio-chemical parameters investigated. 3. Glassware and plastic ware used in a bio-chemical laboratory.

a. Glassware: 1) Types of glass and composition.

2) Types of glassware used, their identification, application & uses.

3) Cleaning, drying, maintenance and storage of glassware.

b. Plastic ware: Brief outline

4. Instrumental methods of Bio-chemical analysis. a. Colorimetry :

Visual and photoelectric methods, instrumentation, principle & laws involved construction, operation, care and maintenance, applications.

b. Spectrophotometry

Principle and theory, types, construction, & applications

5. Basic lab operations like a. Separation of solids from liquids

1. Centrifugation: Principle, Different types of centrifuges care and

maintenance, applications.

2. Filtration using funnel.

3. Weighing : Different types of balances used, care and maintenance.

4. Evoporation

5. Distillation

6. Refluxing

7. Drying different salts and dessicotion.

6. Water Chemicals and related substances

a. Purity of chemicals b. Corrosives c. Hygroscopic Subsatance

7. Prevention, Safety and first aid in lab accidents.

8. Collection of Specimens

a. Blood: Types of Spencimens, Collection, Precations during collection processing and preservation.

b. Urine: Types of Specimens, Collection, Precautions during collection, Processing and Preservation.

9. Urine biochemical parameters.

10. Units of measurements

11. Solutions : Types based on solute and solvent, Types based on method of expressing concentration, calculations.

12. Carbohydrates: Definitions, Biological importance, Acid value, iodine value, saponification value.

13. Amino acids and Proteins Definition, Biological importance, Classification, Qualitative tests.

14. Diagonistic tests : Blood sugar, Glucose tolerance test, Blood urea, Serumuric acid, Serum creatinine.

15. Vitamins and Minerals

a. Vitamins: Water Soluble vitamins, Fat Soluble vitamins, Sources, Daily requirements, Deficiency diseases.

b. Minerals : Sources, Daily requirements, Deficiency diseases.

Paper-II Basics of Pathology Introduction to Pathology in brief

1. Urine – Analysis – Physical Examination – specific gravity PH, reaction,

colour.

Chemical Examination – Sugar Albumin,

bile salts,

bile Pigments etc.

Microscopic,

Sediment for RBC,

WBC,

Epitheleal cells,

casts,

crystals,

parasites. Preparation of Reagents, procedure and principle of tests.

2. Sputum Analysis – Physical Examination,

Preparation and staining smear for Microscopic Examination.

3. Semen Analysis – Physical Examination Microscopy – counting,

motility,

staining,

Morphology,

abnormal and normal forms.

4. Body Fluids – Differential count of Peritoneal, pericardial, pleural fluids and CSF, charging chamber, Identifying and counting the cells.

Basics of Microbiology

I. Introduction to Microbiology in brief

Definition, History

II. Microscopy

a) Principle working and maintenance of compound Microscope. b) Principle of Flourescent microscope, Electron Microscope, Dark

Ground Microscope. History Types of Microscope: (a) Light Microscope, (b) DGI, (c) Fluroscent, (d) Phase contrast. (e) Electron Microscope : a). Transmision, b) Scanning, Principles of operational mechanisms of various types of Microscopes.

III. Sterilization and disinfection – classification and Methods of sterilization.

Sterilization: Definition, types and principles of sterilization methods:

(a) Heat (dry heat, moist heat with special reference to autoclave, (b) Radiation, (c) Filtration, efficiency testing to various sterilizers. Antiseptics and Disinfectants :

Definition, types and properties, mode of action, uses of various disinfectants, precautions while using the disinfectants, qualities of a good disinfectants, testing efficiency of various disinfectants.

1) Principle and Methods of sterilization by heat

a) By Dry Heat, flaming, Red Heat, Hot air oven, incineration. b) By Merit Heat-pasteurization, Inspissation, tyndalisation, autoclave.

2) Filtration Methods

3) Ionising Radiation – Disinfection, Mode of action and uses of important chemical disinfections – Phenol and Phenolic compounds, alcohols, halogens, dyes and acids and alkalies.

4) Gaseous Methods of sterilization.

IV. Cleaning, drying & Sterilization of Glassware disposal of contaminated

material i.e. clinical infective material inoculated culture media. Handling and Disposal of Biomedical waste.

V. Biomedical waste management in a Microbiology Laboratory : types of the waste generated, segregation, treatment, disposal.

VI. Morphology and classification of Bacteria Sp. of cell, capsule, flagella, spore, Anaerobic Methods of cultivation of Bacteria.

Paper-III

A. Hospital Awareness

A brief idea of hospital as on organization management different units of a hospital effective communication skills, communication channel

Maintenance of records

Effective leadership General patient care Medical terminologies Vital signs Unit preparation Transporting & Transferring patients Sterilization Techniques Control of infection Medication – Oral & parenteral Admission – Discharge procedure Bandages Practicals : Posted in ward & taught clinically

A. Surgical Department Familiarization of different tubes 1. Drainage tube 2. Post Operative Exercises 3. Post OP Management of Patient 4. Shock of Management 5. Changing Surgical Dressing.

1. Preoperative preparation of patient 2. Preanesthetic preparation 3. Assisting in operation 4. Anaesthesia 5. CSSD 1. Recovery room 2. Movement of papers 3. Scheduling of theaters 4. Supplying of articles 5. Specific area practices

a. As scrubnurse b. As circulating nurse

 

D).Communication and Computer Skills, Audio & Visual Aids.

COMMUNICATION Process

Types of communication Strategies for effective Communication Barriers of communication

SOFT SKILLS Presentation with the use of visual aids such as power point

Conversation Extempore speech, usage of effective language for communication of health work. Case studies and situational analysis Survey and Reporting

COMPUTER Computer basic

MS – Office MS – Word MS – Excel MS – Power Point

INTERNET CONCEPTS Browsing

Down- Loading Use of Slide Projector

1

PAPER - I

Radiation Hazards and Protections

1. During radiography 2. During fluoroscopy 3. Effects of radiation on human tissues 4. Permissible doses 5. Measurement of radiation doses 6. Dosages in diagnostic radiology 7. Protective gadgets in RD Department 8. Radiation safety duties of radiologist, radiographer & patient.

Radiation Preventive Maintenance

1. General care 2. Maintenance of log book 3. Practical precautions 4. Brakes & locks 5. HT cables care 6. Care of meters & controls 7. Care of tube stands & tracks 8. Care of accessory equipment 9. Functional tests for any faults

10. Failure of x ray tubes 11. Failure of HT cables 12. Common trouble – shooting & remidies

Regional Radiography

General Head & neck Spine Chest Abdomen Pelvis Upper limbs Lower limbs Special Macro – radiography Xero – radiography Mammography Dental radiography Orthopantomogram High K V technique Subtraction techniques

2

Special Diagnostic Procedures

GUT-IVP,RAP, RAU, MEUG, Cystography, AGP, HSG. GIT – Sialography, Barium swallow, BM Study, BMFT, SB enema, Ba enema, SPVG. Billiary system – pTC, T tube cholangiogram, OCG. Respiration – Bronchography Vascular – Angiography of limbs, aorta, carotid vessels. Contrast media – Type, reaction, treatment.

3

PAPER - II

Positioning Radiography and Contrast Procedures

General:

Age subject types and sex, anatomical landmarks-postural variations-erect and

horizontal technique-respiratory movement and diaphragm level-regional densities-

preparations-and immobilization of patient-pathological conditions-injuries, fractures and

dislocations congenital, localized views-periodic examination-use of dry bones-

positioning terminology identification systems.

Positioning Radiography – I

Skeletal System Upper Limb: Techniques for hand-fingers-thumb-wrist joint-forearm-elbow joint-humerus-shoulder

joint and sterno- clavicular joint.

Lower Limb: Techniques for foot-calcaneum-ankle joint-leg-knee joint-patella-and femur (lower two

thirds)

Pelvic Girdle: Techniques for pelvic-iliac fossa-ischium-and sacro iliac joint. Vertebral Colum: Techniques for Atlanto-occipital articulation, cervical vertebrae, cervico-thoracic

junction, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, lumbosacral articulation, sacrum,

Bones of Thorax: Techniques for sternum, ribs (upper and lower). Skull: Techniques for cranium, facial bones, sella turcica, temporal Bone and optic foraminae,

sinuses, mandible and temporo mandible joint.

4 Positioning Radiography – II

Abdomen: Routine and radiographs on cute condition Bedside radiography – techniques for acute chest conditions-intestinal obstruction, abdominal perforations-vertebral injuries-skull injuries-fractures immobilized. Theatre radiography-introduction to C-arm image intensifier-exposure & training.

Contrast Procedures –I

Barium swallow-Barium meal series-Barium enema-double contrast barium enema, small bowel enema, double and single contrast, ERCP,PTBD, sonograms, fistulograms, mammograms.

Contrast Procedures – II

IVU, retrograde pyelogram, MCU,AUG, Opposing Urethrogram, Dacrography, Sialogram, HSG,T-Tube cholangiogram, operative cholangiogram (on table in theatre).

Radiographic Technique and Radiographic Anatomy

Contrast media: Barium preparation, Iodine preparation, Air-Oxygen.

Skeletal system: Upper limb, lower limb, shoulder, girdle and thorax, vertebral column, pelvic girdle and hip region. Teeth jaw.

Accessory nasal sinuses: Lachrymal system

Cardiovascular system: Upper respiratory passage, lungs, pleura, diaphragmatic excursion, Mediastinum, bronchography, artificial pheumothorax.

Genioto-urinary system: Straight X-ray of abdomen, pyelography, cystography, urethrography, gas insufflation, pneumo-peritonium.

Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Radiation protection, pregnancy, pelvimetry, hystero salpingography, placentography.

Central nervous system: Routine and special projections of skull, ventriculography and encephalography, cerebral angiography, myelograph.

Alimentary system: Barium suspension, Barium-meal and follow through Barium emena.

Liver and spleen: Spleno-portal venography.

Silvery glands: Sialography. Arthrography, singraphy, Lynmhpangiography, Operation theatre technique and ward radiography. Stereoscopy, Magnification, High and Low K.V. technique and Mammography.

5

First Aid, Basic Nursing, Handling of Patients Shock, convulsion, asphyxia, artificial respiration, Administration of Oxygen, Burns and scalds. Electric shock and burns. Wound, haemorrhage, pressure points, Tourniquet, Injuries to Bones, Joints and muscles, Dressing of Bandages, Plaster of Paris technique, Splints, Drug reaction, Poisons, Basic Nursing. Drug in Department: Storage labeling. Checking, Regulation regarding dangerous drugs, Units of measurement. Medical Ethics: Ethical law and professional etiquette s applied to members of profession associated with medicine. Nursing and Handling of patients: Hospital and Departmental procedure, Hospital staffing and organization. Records and departmental statistics. Medico-legal aspects. Appoints. Stock taking and stock keeping. Care of patients: Reception, Elementary hygiene. Nursing Care: Temperature, pulses and respiration. Application of sterile dressings. Preparation of patients for General X-ray examination: Departmental instructions to out-patients or ward-staff. Instructions for various special investigations. Nursing care before and after special X-ray. Drug allergy. Principles of asepsis: Methods of sterilization. Care and identification of instruments. Setting of trays and trolleys. Elementary operating theatre procedure. Tomography - History: Basic principle and data acquisition/C.T. generations, Gantry and patient table - Travel Speed, Load capacity, X-ray tubes. Rotating anede; cooling system; Collimeter; Pencil beam; Fan beam Anode heat storage capacity; Detector system: Type, number, Efficiency Generator, UPS & Voltage Stabilizer. Rectifier.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

History: Basic Physics Magnets - Types, Powers, Magnetism; Nuclear Spin, Proton density; Larner equation; Radio Frequency (RF) Pulse; T1 (Longitudinal relaxation time) T2 [Transverse relaxation time] Free induction decay TR 9time to repeat] and TE [time to echo] Flip Angle Imaging process Fourier transformation, Pixel, Matrix, Gantry and different types of coils, Magnetsandfiled gradients RF pulse and pulse sequences Partial saturation & saturation recovery sequences Inversion reversion sequence, Spine-echo sequence Fast imaging sequence Selection of slices; Slice thickness; Image storage; Contrast agents, MR angiography & Dynamic MR Spectroscopy; Hazards and safety.

6

PAPER – III BASIC AND ADVANCED ULTRASOUND IMAGING

Ultrasound – Generation, Properties and Interaction:

Basic Acoustics, Ultrasound terminologies: acoustic pressure, power, intensity, impedance, speed, frequency, dB notation: relative acoustic pressure and relative acoustic intensity.

Interaction of US with matter: reflection, transmission, scattering, refraction and obsorption, attenuation and attenuation coefficients.

Production of ultrasound: Piezoelectricity, Medical ultrasound transducer: Principle, Construction and Working, Characteristics of US beam.

Image Formation, Display and Quality:

Ultrasound display modes: A,B,M, T-M mode, B-scan, Scan-converters: Analog and Digital, Image Quality: Axial, Lateral and Elevational resolutions, US Machine Controls, US Focusing.

Real-time ultrasound: Line density and frame rate, Real-time ultrasound transducer : mechanical and electronic arrays, Ultrasound Artifacts.

Techniques:

Techniques for imaging different anatomic areas, Patient preparation for Doppler, Vascular sonography, Quantitative ultrasound densitometry.

Doppler Ultrasonography:

Doppler Effect, Doppler ultrasound techniques: Continuous Wave Doppler, pulsed Doppler, Duplex scanning, Doppler spectrum, Color Doppler, Power Doppler. Harmonic imaging Extended FOV imaging 3D US imaging: acquisition methods & reconstruction 4D & 5D US imaging.

7

INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES AND ANGIOGRAPHY

Principle & Instrumentation:

Digital Subtraction Angiography: Instrumentation, Principle of Digital Subtraction Angiography, Various Digital Subtraction Techniques.

Basics of Invasive Radiology:

Procedure of image guided biopsies and drainage procedure. Invasive Angiography & Venography: 4 Vessel DSA Aortogram Selective Angiogram Venogram Invasive Monitoring: NIBP,Pulseoximetery, Cardiac resuscitation measures, IBP, ECG, Management of Shock.

Interventional Procedures:

PTBD, Stenting, PTA + stenting, stent graft, Embolisation TIPS, drainage procedure.

Neuro Interventional Procedures:

Embolisation, GDC Glue embolisation Vertebroplasty Direct puncture

Adult & Pediatric Invasive Cardiology:

Basics of cardiac catheterization Invasive monitoring Coronary angiogram

8

BASIC AND ADVANCED CT IMAGING

CT Imaging – Principle:

Basic principle of Computed Tomography, Comparison of CT with Conventional Radiography and Tomography, Generations of CT.

Instrumentation:

Gantry, Patient couch, X-ray tube, Filters, Collimators, Detectors, Data Acquisition System (DAS).

Image Formation:

Image Formation in CT, CT Image Reconstruction, Hounsfield Unit, Windowing, CT mage display, CT Image Quality, CT artifacts.

Advances in Ct Imaging:

Helical CT scan : Slip ring technology, Advantages, Multi Detector CT, Cone-Beam geometry, Reconstruction of helical CT images, CT Fluoroscopy, HRCT, Post Processing Techniques : MPR, MIP, Min IP, 3D rendering : SSD and VR, Ct Dose.

Patient Preparation & Protocols:

Patient preparation, Imaging techniques and protocols for various parts of body, CT contrast enhanced protocols – CT angiography: Aortogram, Selective angiogram head, neck and peripheral, Image documentation: Filling, Maintenance.

9

BASIC AND ADVANCED MRI (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING)

MRI Imaging- Principle:

Basic Principle and concepts of MRI, the need for MRI, Role of hydrogen in MR Imaging, Advantages and disadvantages of MRI,

Instrumentation:

MR architecture, magnet system and gradient system, patient screening before scanning, Safety aspects, types of magnets and RF coils,

Protocols:

Different types of pulse sequence, Protocols in MRI for whole Body.

Image Formation:

Fourier transformation, K space imaging, Image formation in MRI, Gating mechanism in MRI,

Advanced MRI Techniques:

MR Angiography, (TOF, phase contrast and dynamic contrast MR angiography), Functional MRI, MR Spectroscopy, Recent advancement in MRI and open MRI. Practicals:

a) Basic ultrasound techniques. b) Practicals based on theory. c) Invasive monitoring d) Interventional procedures technique e) Positioning Radiography f) Contrast Procedures.