ANDREW JACKSONVictory in a Different Election

Caucus, the “Smoke-Filled Room” where candidates are selected

The Candidate Selection Process

Political Conventions

Choose candidate and outline platform

This Guy

Increased White Male Suffrage- No more land requirement!

Half-way home. What should I know?

Jackson runs as a DemocratJ.Q. Adams runs as a National-Republican

Election is different than the one held in 1824, as there are expanded voting rights for white males. The candidate selection process is also different.

Caucus- group of party representatives who pledge to vote for a candidate at a convention

Nominating Convention- meeting of party members held to select a candidate who will represent the party in the general election and to establish a platform.

Jackson wins: PARTY TIME

Jackson’s VP:

John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

New Traditions

Spoils System- Jackson puts supporters into government positions after he is elected

Only replaces 9% of federal positions

Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet

Group of advisors that included:

- Martin Van Buren (Secretary of State)

- Francis Blair (Editor of the Washington Globe)

Intro Part 2 ReviewJackson won the election of 1828. His supporters threw a wild party at the White House to celebrate. Jackson is viewed as a “common man”.

Jackson’s Vice President is John C. Calhoun

Spoils System- after winning election, Jackson appointed some of his supporters to federal positions. Many of these men were unqualified for the job.

Kitchen Cabinet- A group of unofficial advisors to President Jackson that included his Secretary of State Martin Van Buren, and Washington Globe editor Francis Blair

Nullification CrisisAnd the Tariff of Abominations

After War of 1812, British begin dumping goods in the U.S.

The Conflict

Congress passes the Tariff of 1828 in May of that year.

Time to draw!

The South opposes the tariff, with South Carolina leading the opposition.

Half way home! What should I know?

The U.S. Congress enacted the Tariff of 1828 in May of 1828.

The tariff was designed to protect manufactured goods from unhealthy foreign competition.

Dumping Goods- To sell a goods in another country at a much lower price than in the home country

The South opposes the Tariff. It causes the cost of goods to go up for the South because they must now purchase the more expensive Northern goods (or pay even more for cheap foreign goods that are heavily taxed), while lowering the amount the South makes by exporting cotton.

South Carolina leads the opposition to the tariff.

Tariff of 1832

Quits VP to support home state of S.C.

Writes South Carolina Exposition and Protest.

The ‘Solution(s)’

Force Bill

Compromise: Reduce tariff over time

Crisis Averted! (this time)

Jackson must choose a new VP for 1832.

He chooses his Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren.

Nullification Part Two ReviewCalhoun resigns to support South Carolina in opposition to the Tariff of 1832

Jackson chooses Martin Van Buren as his replacement

South Carolina Exposition and Protest, written by Calhoun, outlines the idea of “state’s rights”

States Rights- the idea that the states’ power is superior to that of the federal government

Nullification- Declaring that a FEDERAL bill or law will not be enforced in a state.

Jackson acquires a force bill in order to prepare the army to enforce the Tariff of 1832

Compromise plans for tariff to be gradually reduced over time, crisis is averted

The National BankA Fight to the Death

Second National Bank established under Madison in 1816(Chartered for 20 years)

Nicholas Biddle, president of the National Bank, tries to renew charter in 1832 (4 years before it expires)

Congress passed the bill that renewed the Charter. However, it did not become law because…

It had to get past Andrew Jackson,who HATED the national bank.

Jackson vetoes the Bank Charter Bill, because:

-Jackson believes bank is unconstitutional (strict Constitution)

-Jackson feels the National Bank could be heavily influenced by the rich

Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

Bank is Constitutional- Elastic Clause

States cannot tax/interfere with National Bank

Congress doesn’t

have votes to override

veto.

Jackson then weakens the National Bank by moving all of the money to “Pet Banks”

The Trail of TearsThe Struggle to Stay

The 5 “Civilized Tribes”

Look at the picture:

Why might the white settlers see Chief John Ross (and his tribe, the Cherokee) as “civilized”?

The Cherokees:

Adopted US currencyConverted to ChristianityBegan farmingPurchased land

1821- Sequoyah invents written language

1828- publish newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, in both Cherokee and English

Codified Removal:The Indian Removal Act

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passes in House by 5 votes

Jackson supports removal

Cherokees adopt “white” ways-newspaper, Cherokee Phoenix-white dress-U.S. currency-purchase land-farming

Indian Removal Act of 1830 requires Cherokees to move from tribal lands to “Indian Territory” in Oklahoma

Many in the United States oppose Indian Removal including author Ralph Waldo

Emerson (pictured)

Worcester v. Georgia

Marshall rules:

Cherokees are dependent nation, can make treaties with U.S. federal government

Federal overrides state authority, therefore Georgia must obey federal treaties

“Justice Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”- President Andrew Jackson.

U.S. Army marches Cherokee 1000 miles to new lands

Not enough supplies are ordered for the trek

Over 4000 are lost on the march westward

Many Seminoles evaded capture and small communities remain in Florida today

Many Cherokee were successful in evading removal or purchasing land to remain “legally” in the East

Cherokees formed a corporation through which they purchased land for the Eastern Tribe

U.S. public was divided over the legality of Removal

Worcester v. Georgia- Cherokees won, Georgia must listen to treaties that protect Cherokee land

Jackson enforced removal anyway

Many Cherokee were lost on the trek West

Fewer would have died if proper supplies had been ordered

Despite the Removal Act, many Seminoles and Cherokee remained in the traditional tribal lands after 1838