Angelach20waterpollution Lecture

8/4/2019 Angelach20waterpollution Lecture

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Water Pollution

G. Tyler MillersG. Tyler Millers

Living in the EnvironmentLiving in the Environment

Chapter 20Chapter 20

G. Tyler MillersG. Tyler Millers

Living in the EnvironmentLiving in the Environment

Chapter 20Chapter 20


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Types and Sources of Water Pollution

Point sourcesPoint sources

Nonpoint sourcesNonpoint sources

Biologicaloxygen

demand

Biologicaloxygen

demandWater qualityWater qualityWater qualityWater quality

WaterWater

QualityQuality

GoodGood 8-98-9

Do (ppm) at 20CDo (ppm) at 20C

SlightlySlightly

pollutedpollutedModeratelyModerately

pollutedpolluted

HeavilyHeavily

pollutedpolluted

GravelyGravely

pollutedpolluted

6.7-86.7-8

4.5-6.74.5-6.7

Below 4.5Below 4.5

Below 4Below 4Pg. 535


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Point and Nonpoint Sources

NONPOINT SOURCES

Urban streets

Suburban

development

Wastewater

treatment

plant

Rural homes

Cropland

Factory

Animal feedlot

POINT

SOURCES


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Water pollution

Bacteria,Viruses,Protozoa, Parasitic worms

Oxygen demanding substances

Inorganic plant nutrients Organic chemicals

Sediment or suspended matter

Thermal pollution Genetic pollution


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Rainbow smelt1.04 ppm

Zooplankton0.123ppm

Phytoplankton0.0025 ppm

Water0.000002 ppm

Herring gull124 ppm

Lake trout4.83 ppm

Herring gull eggs124 ppm

Biological

Magnification

Biological

Magnification


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Pollution of Streams

Oxygen sag curveOxygen sag curveOxygen sag curveOxygen sag curve

Fig. 20-5


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Pollution of Lakes

Eutrophication EutrophicationDischarge of untreated

municipal sewage(nitrates and phosphates)

Nitrogen compoundsproduced by cars

and factories

Discharge of treatedmunicipal sewage

(primary and secondarytreatment:

nitrates and phosphates)

Discharge ofdetergents

( phosphates)

Natural runoff(nitrates andphosphates

Manure runoffFrom feedlots(nitrates andPhosphates,ammonia)

Dissolving ofnitrogen oxides

(from internal combustionengines and furnaces)

Runoff and erosion(from from cultivation,mining, construction,and poor land use)

Runoff from streets,lawns, and construction

lots (nitrates andphosphates)

Lake ecosystemnutrient overloadand breakdown ofchemical cycling

Fig .22.7, p. 499


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Solutions to better water quality

Drainage Area Management Plans

Agriculture plots

1987 Water Quality Act


9/22Fig. 20-12

Aquifer

Water well

Migratingvapor phase

Contaminant plume moveswith the groundwater

Free gasolinedissolves ingroundwater(dissolvedphase)

Groundwaterflow

Watertable

Gasolineleakage plume(liquid phase)

Leakingtank

Bedrock


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Groundwater Pollution: Causes

Coal strip

mine runoff

Pumping

well

Waste lagoon

Accidental

spills

Groundwater

flow

Confined aquifer

Discharge

Leakage from faulty

casing

Hazardous waste injection well

Pesticides

Gasoline station

Buried gasoline

and solvent tank

Sewer

Cesspool

septic tank

De-icing

road salt

Uncon

finedfr

eshwa

teraq

uifer

Confinedfr

eshwa

teraqu

ifer

Water pumping

well Landfill

Fig. 20-11


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Groundwater Pollution Prevention

Monitoring aquifersMonitoring aquifers

Strictly regulating hazardous wastedisposal

Strictly regulating hazardous wastedisposal

Storing hazardous materials aboveground

Storing hazardous materials aboveground

U b lCitiI d t


12/22Fig. 21-10, p. 505

Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-richwaters promote growthof plankton and sea grasses,and support fish.

Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight,kill beneficial sea grasses, useup oxygen, and degrade habitat.

Red tidesExcess nitrogen causesexplosive growth oftoxicmicroscopic algae,

poisoning fish and

marine mammals.

Farms

Runoff of pesticides, manure, andfertilizers adds toxins and excessnitrogen and phosphorus.

Toxic sediments

Chemicals and toxicmetals contaminateshellfish beds, killspawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.

Construction sitesSediments are washed intowaterways, choking fish and plants,clouding waters, and blockingsunlight.

Urban sprawlBacteria and virusesfromsewers and septic tankscontaminate shellfish

beds

Oxygen-depletedzone

Closed

beach

CitiesToxic metalsand oil fromstreets and

parking lotspollute waters;

IndustryNitrogen oxidesfrom autos andsmokestacks,toxic chemicals,and heavy metals ineffluents flow into

bays and estuaries.

Closedshellfish beds

Fi . 20-15


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Reducing Water Pollution throughSewage Treatment

Primary and Secondary sewage treatment.

Figure 20-19Figure 20-19


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Technological Approach: UsingWetlands to Treat Sewage

((

((

45 centimeterlayer of limestonegravel coated with

decomposing bacteriaFirst concrete pool Second concrete pool

SewageSewage

Wetland typeWetland type

plantsplantsWetland typeWetland type

plantsplants

TreatedTreatedwaterwater


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Global Outlook: Stream Pollution in DevelopingCountries

Water in many ofcentral China's rivers

are greenish black fromuncontrolled pollutionby thousands offactories.

Figure 20-7Figure 20-7


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Case Study: Indias Ganges River: Religion,Poverty, and Health

Religious beliefs, cultural traditions, poverty, anda large population interact to cause severepollution of the Ganges River in India.Very little of the sewage is treated.

Hindu believe in cremating the dead to free the souland throwing the ashes in the holy Ganges.

Some are too poor to afford the wood to fully cremate. Decomposing bodies promote disease and depletes DO.


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Case Study: Indias Ganges River: Religion,Poverty, and Health

Daily, more than 1million Hindus in India

bathe, drink from, or

carry out religiousceremonies in thehighly polluted Ganges

River.


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Drinking Water Quality

Safe DrinkingWater Act

Safe DrinkingWater Act

Maximum contaminantlevels

Maximum contaminantlevels

Bottled

water

Bottled

water


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Is Bottled Water the Answer?

Some bottled water is not as pure as tap waterand costs much more.1.4 million metric tons of plastic bottles are thrown

away.Fossil fuels are used to make plastic bottles. The oil used to produce plastic bottles in the U.S. each

year would fuel 100,000 cars.


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Using Laws to Protect DrinkingWater

The U.N. estimates that 5.6 million Americansdrink water that does not meet EPA standards.

1 in 5 Americans drinks water from a treatmentplant that violated one or more safety standard.


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What Can You Do?

Water Pollution

Fertilize garden and yard plants with manure or compost

instead of commercial inorganic fertilizer.

Minimize your use of pesticides.

Do not apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body of water.

Grow or buy organic foods.

Do not drink bottled water unless tests show that your tap water is

contaminated. Merely refill and reuse plastic bottles with tap

water.

Compost your food wastes.

Do not use water fresheners in toilets.

Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet.

Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other

products containing harmful chemicals down the drain or onto theground.


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Roger Rosenblatt

It is a hard truth to swallow, but nature doesnot care if we live or die. We cannot survive

without the oceans, for example, but theycan do just fine without us.

End chapter 20

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Angelach20waterpollution Lecture