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Animal Adaptions200 Biology
Internal Assessment 4 credits
Ms Gibellini
Topic Outline
There are three parts to this assessment:
1. Classroom teaching/learning – Introduction to Gas Exchange
2. Student research – Completed at HOME or in STUDY using google doc template, MUST BE finished by ********, printed and brought into class on Monday ********. (you can share useful websites but MUST complete the main points on your own)
3. Report – in class under test conditions with the use of your printed out research google doc information you will write a report.
NOTE:
Resubmissions are for minor omissions with no extra time for further research or teaching and for those on the boarder of grade boundaries only.
Achievement StandardIn the context of understanding of adaptation related to one life process over three taxonomic animals:
comparing diversity of adaptation in response to the same demand across different functional groups
limitations and advantages involved in each feature within each organism
Adaptation involves the range of ways in which organisms have developed strategies to carry out the life processes.
An adaptation refers to a feature and its function as it enables an organism to carry out a life process and thus occupy a specific ecological niche. It may include structural, behavioural, or physiological features of an organism.
An adaptation provides an advantage for the organism in its specific habitat and ecological niche.
Way of life encompasses the ways in which an organism carries out all its life processes. It includes:
relationships with other organisms – competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism
reproductive strategies
adaptations to the physical habitat.
Life process is: Gas exchange
Content Ecological Niche Adaptations Relationships Respiration and Gas Exchange Diffusion of Gases Gas Exchange Surfaces and Structures Mammals Fish Insects Paraphrasing Referencing
Ecological NicheWhere an organism lives, what it eats, what eats it,
when it is active, adaptations it has to surviveRealised niche
Where the organism is actually found due to limiting factors – competition, lack of resources
Fundamental nicheWhere the organism could potentially be found
Adaptations
Aid in the survival of an organism in its ecological niche
Structural - eg. Alveoli – increases the surface area and are thin
Behavioural - eg. Swimming against the current – moves more oxygenated water past gills in fish
Physiological - eg. an ability to lower metabolic rates during exposed periods to minimise oxygen consumption.
Videos Adaptations
Physiological - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ea0joGitgA4
Relationships Inter specific - relationships between different speciesPredators – the organism that does the eatingPrey – the organism being eatenCompetition – both trying to get the same resourceMutualism – both organisms benefit from the
relationshipParasitism – feeding off but not killing a host organism
Intra specific – relationships within a speciesMating – reproduction – pregnancy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiQTrA0-TE8
Cellular respiration requires O2 and produces CO2 :
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
• Gas exchange provides a means of supplying an organism with O2 and removing the CO2
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
Respiration and Gas Exchange
Organism level
Cellular level
Resp
iration
ATP
Gas Exchange Medium (air or water)
Fuel molecules from food
CO2
Gas exch
ang
e surface
O2
CO2
Circu
latory system
THE SOURCE OF OXYGEN
Air21% oxygenGets thinner at higher altitudeseasy to ventilate (move)
Wateramount of oxygen varies but is always much less
than aireven lower in warmer waterharder to ventilate
GAS EXCHANGE SURFACES
Gases move by diffusion from areas of high concentration to areas
of low concentration.Diffusion is greater when:• the surface area is large• the distance travelled is small• the concentration gradient is high
Gas exchange also requires a moist surface• O2 and CO2 must be dissolved in water to diffuse across a
membrane
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybnBQ4GVw7M
GAS EXCHANGE SURFACES
Therefore, an efficient gas exchange surface will… have a large surface area provide a small distance for gases to diffuse across be moist
…and will be organised or operate in a way that maintains a favourable concentration gradient for the diffusion of both gases.
A circulatory system may operate in tandem with the gas exchange system to maintain the concentration gradient
Depends on:
the size of the organism where it lives – water or land the metabolic demands of
the organism – high, moderate or low
STRUCTURE OF THE GAS EXCHANGE SURFACE
TYPES OF GAS EXCHANGE SURFACE
Large surface area
many tiny alveoli
area as big as a tennis court in humans!
Short distance for diffusion• alveoli and capillary walls only one cell thick• capillaries pressed against alveoli
Moist• wet lining of alveolus (surfactant)• system internal to reduce water loss by evaporation
Gas Exchange in Mammals
Maintaining a concentration gradient• air (with depleted O2 and excess CO2) is exhaled replaced with fresh
inhaled air• blood (having lost CO2 and been enriched with O2) returns to heart to
get pumped around body
Gas Exchange in Mammals
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/gas-exchange-function-of-the-pulmonary-surfactant-nature-of-the-respiratory-surface.html#transcript
Gas Exchange in Fish
Gills have a very large surface area: four arches with flat filaments with lamellae folds
Gills are thin-walled and in close contact with water: short distance for diffusion
Gills have a very high blood supply to bring CO2 and carry away O2 dark red colour
Counter current exchange creates large diffusion gradient
Opening and closing of operculum ventilates gills
Gills are moist: fish live in water!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVFqME-NW9s&list=PLsSY3THwqZ32HR7bfU1J8FmrCgHVVcY9E
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLsmEhnYdM0
Gas Exchange in Insects
Air tubules (trachea & tracheoles) throughout the body which open to the environment via spiracles
Body muscles contract to move air Tracheoles deliver oxygen to every
respiring cell Ends of tracheoles are moist Inefficient system results in insects
being limited in size
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quwhcgkVO3c
Bibliography
A bibliography is an alphabetical list of all sources
you consult or use for projects, reports, research,
etc., including– books magazines newspapers CD-ROMs websites interviews encyclopaedias video clips images (pictures)
Why do we need a bibliography?
To acknowledge our sources show where we found the informationTo give our readers information to identify and consult our sourcesTo make sure our information is accurateTo show academic honesty
Cheating
This is called plagiarism (using another person’s words, pictures or ideas without giving them credit).
To avoid plagiarism, we give credit to our sources by citing them in our bibliography.
Paraphrasing
Learn to borrow from a source without plagiarizing.
A paraphrase is... your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by
someone else, presented in a new form. one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to
borrow from a source. a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely
on a single main idea.
Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because... it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. it helps you control the temptation to quote too much. the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to
grasp the full meaning of the original.
6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.
4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.
Example of Paraphrasing The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
A legitimate paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).
An acceptable summary:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
A plagiarized version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.
ExercisesDirections: On a separate piece of paper, write a paraphrase of each of the following passages. Try not to look back at the original passage.
1. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.
2. The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25.
3. Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.
4. Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the most realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still life. "The Casbah Gate" depicts the well-known gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of the city near the sultan's palace. With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by the liveliest gray outline in art history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon, including the subtle presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who pass through the gate. From Peter Plagens, "Bright Lights." Newsweek (26 March 1990): 50.
5. While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15.
