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Animal Behavior
Ethology
Kinds of Animal Behavior
• Instinct – innate behavior• Fixed action patterns (FAP)- innate behaviors that
follow a regular, unvarying pattern.• Imprinting- a specific behavior that is acquired only
if the appropriate stimulus is experienced during a critical period.
• Associative learning – learns that two or more events are connected– Classical conditioning- Pavlov’s dog– operant conditioning – trial-and-error learning
Types of Animal Behavior ctd.
• Habituation – learned behavior that allows the animal to disregard meaningless stimuli
• Observational learning – animals copy the behavior of another animal without having experiences any prior positive reinforcement with the behavior.
• Insight – when an animal exposed to a new situation and without any prior relevant experience performs a behavior that generates a desirable outcome.
Animal Movement
• Kinesis (pl., kineses) undirected change in speed of an animal’s movement in response to a stimulus.
• Taxis (pl., taxes) directed movement in response to a stimulus. Either toward or away from the stimulus.
• Migration long-distance, seasonal movement of animals. In response to availability of food or degradation of the environment or both.
Communication in Animals
• Chemicals - pheromones–Releaser Pheromones – chemicals that
cause immediate and specific behavioral changes.–Primer pheromones those that cause
physiological changes..
• Visual– Courtship displays– Agonistic behaviors – aggression
• Auditory – sounds to communicate over long distances, through water, and at night.
• Tactile – social bonding, infant care, grooming, and mating
Foraging Behaviors
• Packs – increase success in attacking large prey
• Herds, flocks, and schools– Better concealment– Vigilance– Defense
• Search images-
Social Behavior
• Agonistic behavior – aggression• Dominance hierarchies - minimize fighting for
food and mates.• Territoriality – • Altruistic behavior – – Inclusive fitness – includes the fitness of the
individual plus the fitness of relatives . – Kin selection