Animal Genetic Improvement in Tropical Area

Asst.Prof.Dr. Wuttigrai Boonkum

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureKhon Kaen University

Why is heat stress important ?

The Tropics

HOT, HOTTER Temperatures have risen more in the Arctic than in the tropics.

Economic losses

Economic impacts of heat wave on dairy industry about $1 Billion 2003 economic loss $897 to $1500 million in US

2006 California heat wave kills 16,500 dairy cows statewide>2,000 cattle died in Nebraska during June 2009

2002 to 2007, Summer was the seasons with the highest of dairy deaths (15,773) in Italy

Conclusions

62.00

64.00

66.00

68.00

70.00

72.00

74.00

76.00

78.00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

YEAR

Rela

tive h

um

idit

y (

%R

H)

24.50

25.00

25.50

26.00

26.50

27.00

27.50

28.00

28.50

Tem

pera

ture

(cels

ius)

Global Change / Heat Stress

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

Tem

per

atu

re h

um

idit

y in

dex

Temp.

THI

Moderate Heat Stress

Severe Heat Stress

How heat stress occur ?

Cold stress

Heat stress

Thermoneutralzone

Heat

pro

du

ctio

n

Ambient temperature

4-24 oC

Lower critical temp.Upper critical temp.

humidity

Heat stress effects

THI > 72 for production and around 68 for reproduction are considered to indicate heat

stress in dairy cattle

How heat stress occur ?

panting

sweating

respiration

feed intake

rumination

water intake

How to reduce the effects of heat stress ?

adjustment of housing and facilities

Feed and Feeding management

Crossbreeding system

x

B.indicus B.taurus

Production traits

How to reduce the effects of heat stress ?

avoiding breeding during hot conditions estrus synchronization

timed artificial insemination

Fertility traits

Alternative method

Housing and Shadingmanagement

Feed and Feeding management

Crossbreeding system

x

B.indicus B.taurus

Temporary/non sustainable

Production traits

avoiding breeding during hot season estrus synchronization

timed artificial insemination

Fertility traits

Temporary/non sustainable

Genetic selection

What traits are interest to study?

• Using regular monthly milk records• THI information at the collecting date

Ravagnolo and Misztal, (2000)

• Using days open records

Genetic selection

How heat stress affect on genetic ?

Heat stress in Thailand

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

Month(a)

Ave

rag

e re

lati

ve h

um

idit

y (%

)

Ave

rag

e ai

r te

mp

erat

ure

(o

C)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

Month(b)

Tem

per

atu

re-h

um

idit

y in

dex

Stress all time

Results: Determination of heat stress threshold

Publication

Results: LSM and HI for DO

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec120

140

160

180

200a) Parity 1

<87.5% Holstein

87.5-93.6% Holstein

≥93.7% Holstein

Calving month

Lea

st s

qu

ares

mea

ns

(d)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec120

140

160

180

200b) Parity 2

<87.5% Holstein

87.5-93.6% Holstein

Calving month

Lea

st s

qu

ares

mea

ns

(d)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0a) Parity 1

<87.5% Holstein

87.5-93.6% Holstein

≥93.7% Holstein

Calving month

Hea

t st

ress

in

dex

(H

I)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0b) Parity 2

<87.5% Holstein

87.5-93.6% Holstein

Calving month

Hea

t st

ress

in

dex

(H

I)

summer

winter

ปั�จจ�ยที่��สั�มพั�นธ์�ต่�อการเก�ดความเคร�ยดเน��องจากร�อนในโคนม

• Length of exposure to heat stress• Level of production• Stage of lactation• Cooling management• Feed consumption• Feed offered• Breed• cattle species• Size of the animal

National genetic evaluation under hot-humid climates of Thailand

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University

Implications :

Est

imate

d b

reed

ing

valu

e;

EB

V

THI

Threshold pointBest genetic

performance for milk production

under heat stress conditions

Ent1 Ent2

Gen

etic

effec

t Animal 1

Animal 2

Ent1 Ent2

Gen

etic

effec

tAnimal 1

Animal 2

No G x E interaction

Reranking G x E interaction

Ent1 Ent2

Gen

etic

effec

t

Animal 1

Animal 2

Scaling G x E interaction

Conclusions

ค่�า EBV ของพ่�อพ่�นธุ์��โค่นมของกรมปศุ�สั�ตว์�ป� 2553

Another approachIntegration of DNA Marker Technology

DNA Marker ที่��สั�มพั�นธ์�ก�บลั�กษณะสั$าค�ญของโคนมเขต่ร�อน

Disease Resistance

Fertility trait

Milk Production

ย�นต่�านที่านโรคเต่�านมอ�กเสับDRB3ย�นต่�านที่าน

โรคไข�เห็)บ

QTL MarkerLeptin gene

Heat toleranceHSP70 gene QTL marker

RM188

Marker for Heat tolerance (HSP70)

B

C

AHeat

tolerant

Marker for Fertility (Leptin)

1

522 bp

อ�ลล�ล A 522 bpอ�ลล�ล B 441 bp

BShort Days Open

Marker for Tropical Dissease resistance (DRB3)

689 bp

345 bp

B. bigemina A. marginale B. bovis

446 bp

Anaplasma marginale DRB*51

Babesia bovis DRV*3, DRB*13, DRB*15, DRB*46?

Babesia bigemina DRB*10, DRB*15, DRB*46

Tickborne fever Resistant

Genomic Selection in Dairy Cattle

Genomic selection

P = G + EGenetic evaluation or Molecular genetics

Need time and data completeAppropriated major gene only

Reliability of breeding valuesCategorie Production Type Longevity

Parent average 35% 35% 30%

GS young bull 50-55% 45-50% 40-45%

1st EBV (prog.) 80% 75% 50-65%

2nd EBV (prog.) 89% 81% 50-80%

50% reliability is realistic

Advantages of Genomic SelectionIncreased genetic improvement (30-40%)

Higher genetic level of test sires

Higher genetic level of Delta embryo’s

Wider portfolio of commercial bulls & higher level

More outcross; less inbreeding

Disadvantages of Genomic Selection

New method, not fully proven or tested

Need to genotype a sufficiently large set of animals for accurate GEBV

Across breed accuracy lowGenotypes still costly (10,000 bath/head)

ROI-ET FRIESIAN

High milk production15 kg/d

Fertility

Heat tolerance

Tropical disease resistant

Tick feverMastitis

Thermoregulation

Heat response

Longevity

GPX

Functional trait

Type triat

Skin type

Survival/Culling

Pregnancy rate

Conception rate

Conclusions