Animal Regulatory Systems

I. Designs A.

Systems1. Why?2. Nervous Overview

Figure 48.3

Nervous system is design for quick response, evaluate, and respond againElectrical

response

3. Endocrine Overview

Endocrine system design == slow response, evaluate, and respond again

Figure 45.11

Chemical response

Figure 45.4

II. Nervous System A. Nervous

Cells1. Neuron

a. Parts of a Neuron == dendrites, cell body (soma), axon hillock, axon, terminal branches (telodendria), and synaptic end bulbs

Figure 48.4

Figure 48.5

b. Neuron types based on function.

c. Neuron types based on structure.

Neurons.

1. Supporting Cells

a. CNS Supporting cells == Glial cells (astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, and macrophage)

Figure 49.6

b. PNS Supporting cells == the Schwann and satellite cells

Figure 48.13

B. Communication

1. Nerve Impulse

The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases

Figure 48.7

The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases

Figure 48.11

The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases

The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phasesImpulses self propagate

Figure 48.12

The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phasesSaltatory Conduction

Figure 48.14

2. Synapse

a. Structure == electrical and chemical signals

Figure 48.15

Neurotransmitters Table

48.2

b. Function -- integrated by the number and type of connections EPSP versus IPSP

Figure 48.16

Figure 48.13

Summation

Figure 48.17

C. Nervous Strategies1.

Development

Cnidarians => nerve net

Advantage?

Figure 49.2

Platyhelminthes == “brain” and sensory organs to the nerve net CephalizationAdvantage?

Annelids ganglia to a ventral nerve cord

Advantage?

2. Vertebrate Nervous Systema.

Overview

motor and sensory

Vertebrate nervous system CNS and PNS,

Figure 49.4

Figure 49.7

b. Peripheral Nervous Systemi. Cranial

Nerves

Mammals 12 pair of cranial nerves

ii. Spinal Nerves

31 pair of spinal nerves

Spinal Nerve Coverage

Dermatomes

Components of a reflex arc

Figure 49.3

iii. Autonomic Nerves

Autonomic Nervous System homeostatic side Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

Figure 49.8

The Autonomic Nervous System divisions can be distinguished by:

Length of Preganglionic Neurons

EffectsCoverage

NetworkOrigin of Preganglionic Neurons

Neurotransmitter Released

Effectors Receptors

c. Central Nervous Systemi.

Development

Central Nervous System dorsal hollow nerve cord

Figure 49.9

ii. Brain

Brain == Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem

Figure 49.8

The Cerebrum (gray and white matter)

Figure 49.15

The Cerebrum (gray and white matter)

Figure 49.17

Brain == Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem

Figure 49.8

Random thoughts:

Reticular formation = Arousal

Figure 49.10

Random thoughts:

EEG = Tracing

Figure 49.11

Random thoughts:

Emotions = Fun?

Memory/Learning

Figure 49.13

iii. Spinal Cord

Spinal cord == telephone cable

Spinal cord == telephone cable

Connections

Reflexes

Reflexes

III. Endocrine System A.

Design1. Invertebrates

B. Animal Strategies

Molting (ecdysis) crustaceans and insects

Molting (ecdysis) crustaceans and insects

Crustaceans eyestalk X-organ (molt inhibiting hormone), and sinus gland Y-organ (molting hormone ecdysone)

Insects ecdysis brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone)

Figure 45.10

Insects ecdysis brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone)

2. Vertebrates

a. Glands

Figure 45.4

b. Hormones == cover all homeostatic mechanisms

and then some.

c. Effects via a signal transduction pathway

Figure 45.6

d. Regulation via feedback loops

Knowledge comes with the building of ideas.