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Animal Structure and Function
Why study biology?
Some thoughts…
• Mac Plus 1984
• $2599
• 8 MHz processor
• 1 MB RAM
• 3.5-inch double-sided 800 KB floppy drive
2015 Apple iPad 1.4 GHz processor16 GB Flash Memory, 1 GB RAM
Memory$370
Moore’s Law
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Moore’s Law-George Moore co-founder Intel
• Processor power will double every 2 years
• Linked to processor prices, memory, sensors, pixels in digital
cameras
Automated DNA
sequencing
Manual DNA sequencing
MiniION sequencer
• $900 USB device
• 150 million bp in 6 h
• GridION human genome in 15 minutes
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Moore’s Law in science?
The Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) – the birth of
oceanography
Neptune Canada – Internet based marine observatory
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White shark biology
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4S4BXeHvX0
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9L4Mwn6wu0
• Discovery resulting from opportunity and technology
Farallon islands 27 miles west of SF golden gate bridge
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The Devil’s Teeth by Susan Casey
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How long do they live? Unknown. (But probably at least thirty
years, considering that white sharks don’t mature until they’re
over ten years old)
Where do they mate, or when, or how often, or even how? There
are clues to the sex lives of great white sharks, but no facts.The
females return only every other
year, often with fresh, deep bites around their heads. Are these
wounds related to mating? Do the females spend their off years
giving birth in warmer waters? For
that matter, how many great whites are there in the oceans? All
of this is a complete mystery.
Pop up archival
tags
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Objectives of the course
• Learn how animals, plants, and bacteria work.
• Linkages between biochemistry/cell biology and whole organism
function/ecology
• Evolution, physical laws
• Learning connections rather than minutia
Evolution, biochemistry/cell biology
• Organisms diversified into major lineages
• Basic biochemical and cellular architecture with
modifications
Ecology
• How to make a living
• Primary producer
• Microbe heterotroph
• Filter feeder
• Predator
• Apex Predator
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How do organisms work?Comparative approach
Bacterium –heterotroph,
simple extracellular digestion, propulsion
with a flagellum
Sea anemone – carnivore, but also benefits from algae,
sedentary
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White shark – Apex predator• Jawed chordate
• Structural adaptations
• Physiological and biochemical adaptations
• Reproductive adaptions
• Biological engineering
Lamprey
White shark jaw
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megalodon
helicoprion
White shark more symmetric tail, fast swimmer
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Thresher shark asymmetric tail uses tail to stun prey
Swimming performance
• High aspect ratio tail
• Vertebrate segmented muscle and cartilaginous skeleton
• Streamlining
• Must swim constantly, pectoral fins generate lift
– Biochemical – nitrogenous wastes: urea and other amines create
bouyancy
Generating power
• Skeletal muscle with sarcomeres
• Closed circulatory system, hemoglobin
• Heated swimming muscle
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Limited number of well developed offspring - Most shark eggs
hatch in utero
Bioengineering
• Placoid scales generate forward thrust
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