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Animal Systems
Animals as an organism
1. Animals are composed of a variety of interdependent systems
2. No one system can function entirely on its own
3. In order to keep animals healthy, producers make sure that all systems function properly.
Skeletal System
Function - provides frame and support for all other systems and organs
Cartilage -- firm, flexible tissues that is not as hard as bone
BonesFunction -- attach muscles, means of
movement, protect internal organs, storage of minerals, blood formation
Layers of BonePeriosteum -- outer layer; cushions the hard
portion of the bone; repair of broken bonesCompact Bone -- beneath periosteum,
layer of hard mineral matter; gives bones strength
Spongy Bone -- Inside hard outer layer; fills ends of bones; lines hollow portions
Red marrow -- inside cavities of spongy bone; formation of blood cells
Yellow marrow -- Located inside hollow portion; fat storage cells; energy storage
Types of Bone
Long Bones -- longest; provide support and movement; levers; example -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones
Short Bones -- smaller than long; joints; comfort and mobility example -- feet and hands
Types of Bone
Irregular Bones -- have an irregular shape; support and protect example -- vertebrae
Flat Bones -- thin and flat; protect organs example -- skull
Joints
where different bones meetLigaments
connect bones together; tough tissueMovement
none; hinge; ball and socket; gliding;
Muscular System
Function -- to move the animal about, to provide movement for the proper functioning of the organs.
Meat production -- muscles are processed into meat; 30-40% of the animal’s body is muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
Movement -- movement for the bones of the skeleton and other voluntary movement; composed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax
Tendons -- connect muscles to bonesRed Muscle -- contain many
mitochondria; lots of bood; contract for long periods of time
White Muscle -- Fewer mitochondria; contract faster; fatigue faster.
Smooth MuscleMovement -- Controls movements of the
internal organs; involuntary; non-striated sheets.
Examples-- Digestive tract, urinary tract
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Movement -- muscles that control the heart; striated and arranged in bands; involuntary; amazing
Stamina -- # of times a heart beats in a lifetime?
Digestive System
Function-- Supplies energy by converting ingested food into usable forms
Conversion-- breaking food down into components that can be absorbed.
Absorption-- bringing nutrients into the blood and ultimately into the cells
Digestive SystemMonogastric System -- Simple stomachExamples of animals-- pig, dog, cat, birds,bear, humans Process MouthEsophagusPeristalsis -- contractions of muscles that
move food from the mouth to stomachStomach -- breaks down food by muscle
contractions and gastric juice
Digestive SystemSmall intestine
duodenum -- breaks down food using enzymes jejunum -- absorbs food into bloodstream ilium -- more absorption takes place her villi-- fingerlike projections that absorb food
Large Intestine Cecum -- contains microorganisms in some animals,
useless in others Colon -- removal of water and minerals, breakdown
by microorganisms Rectum -- passes waste material through to the anus
Accessory Organs
Liver -- filters blood, stores nutrients, and produces bile
Pancreas -- produces enzymes (insulin, etc) that break down food
Gall Bladder -- stores bile for use as needed.
Digestive System
Modified Monogastric SystemExamples of Animals --horses and rabbitsDifferences from simple monogastric --
enlarged cecum containing many microorganisms so that cellulose can be broken down and used.
Ruminate Digestive Track
Ruminant Digestive SystemExamples of Animals -- cattle, sheep, goats,
deer, elk Differences from Simple monogastricRumen -- storage vat; food is soaked, mixed and
fermented ( lots of microorganisms).Reticulum -- indigestible hard objects are
removed, sorts feed for regurgitation (“cud”)Omasum -- grind roughage and remove some
waterAbomasum -- “true stomach”; break down like
non-ruminant stomach
Circulatory SystemFunction -- transports food, nutrients, water,
oxygen and wastes throughout the body; regulates temperature; removes disease.
Heart -- center of the circulatory system; large muscle that pumps continuously
Four chambersAtria -- receives blood into heart; right from
venacava, left from lungsVentricles -- pumps blood out into arteries;
right to lungs; left to aorta
Route of blood in the heart
Blood Vessels
Arteries -- vessels that take blood from the heart
Veins -- vessels that return blood to the heart
Capillaries -- connect arteries and veins; deliver nutrients to the cells and take away wastes
Blood -- 1/2 is plasma (clear), 1/2 is cells
Blood Components
Red Blood cells -- give blood color; carry oxygen
White Blood cells -- destroy disease; pus
Platelets -- fragments of cells; aid in clotting
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Function
Takes oxygen from the air and places it in the bloodstream for distribution to the cells of the animal’s body.
Removes carbon dioxide
Structures
Nostrils -- large amounts of air, open into nasal cavity
Mouth -- brings in airPharynx -- nasal cavity leads
here; common passageway for food, water, and air; controlled by epiglottis
Structures
Larynx -- voice box (Adam’s apple); prevents material from entering lungs.
Trachea -- large tube; made of rigid cartilaginous rings; branch into bronchi
Bronchi -- branch out further
Structures
Alveoli -- surrounded by blood vessels; carbon dioxide is removed from blood, and oxygen is absorbed
Diaphragm -- large muscle under the lungs; when contracted, rib cage expands and air comes in; when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out
Respiratory System Types
LungsGills
Capillary Network
Alveolus
Nervous System
Function
The central system that controls all movements and processes of the body
Impulse Movement -- sends information through a system of nerves electric impulses
Structures
Motor Neurons - nerves that conduct impulses from the brain to the body
Sensory Neurons - send impulses from the body to the brain
Spinal Cord - all nerves are connected directly or indirectly
Brain
Lobes of the Brain
Cerebrum - largest part; wrinkled and folded; controls thought processes and memory
Cerebellum - coordination center; at the back of the brain
Medulla oblongata - controls involuntary activities of the body (heart beat, breathing, body temp.,
digestion)
Endocrine System
Function - glands that secrete hormones (chemical control)
Hormones - chemicals that are sent to specific areas of the body; have a specific response
Glands - produce hormones
Pituitary Gland
base of braincontrols other glandsgrowth and reproduction
Hypothalamus
lower front of braincontrols body temp., hunger, sleep
and digestion
Adrenal glands
on top of kidneysadrenaline -- fight or flight
Thyroid gland
on front of tracheathyroxincontrols metabolism
Pancreas
secretes insulin and glucagonregulates sugar in the body
Testes/Ovaries
produce sex hormones
Excretory System
Function Remove waste products from the body
Structures
Kidneys - filter blood and remove water, salts, and ammonia
Bladder - store wastes from the kidneys before release
Lungs - removes CO2 and H2O
Skin - removes H2O and salts
Reproductive Systems
Major Organs of the Reproductive System
Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which EGGS are formed and hormones are produced.
Testes -- MALE reproductive gland that produces SPERM and TESTOSTERONE.
Sex Cells
Contain HALF the normal number of chromosomes
Female Reproductive Cell - EGG (OVULE)
Male Reproductive Cell - SPERM Semen - the fluid that carries sperm
Reproductive Terms
Zygote -- a cell formed by the union of EGG and SPERM at fertilization.
EMBRYO -- organism in early stages of development.
PREGNANCY -- carrying a fetusFertilization -- the union of the EGG
and SPERM nuclei
Reproductive Terms
CONCEPTION - occurrence of fertilization
Ovulation - release of an OVULE from the female.
Gestation - the time from FERTILIZATION or conception of a female until she gives BIRTH
Female Reproductive Organs Structure
Female Reproductive Organs Function
Vulva -opening of reproductive tractVagina - channel for birth and copulationCervix - divides vagina and uterusUterus - provides nourishment for fetusHorns of Uterus - where fetus growsFallopian Tube - where fertilization
occursOvaries - produces eggs and hormones
Male Reproductive Organs Structure
Male Reproductive Organs Function
Testes - produce sperm and testosterone
Epididymis - collects and stores spermVas deferens - transports spermAmpulla - temporary storagePenis - places sperm in femaleUrethra - transports urine
Male Reproductive Organs Function
Cowper's Gland - produces semenProstrate Gland - produces semenSeminal Vesicle - produces semenRetractor Penis Muscle - Scrotum - protects testes, maintains
tempSheath - opening of reproductive tractSpermatic cord - supports testes
Reproductive Technologies
Reproductive Technology
Any method of REPRODUCTION that is different from NATURAL methods
Artificial Insemination
Placing SPERM into the female reproductive tract by means other than natural mating.
EMBRYO transfers
The transfer of FERTILIZED egg(s) from a DONOR female to one or more RECIPIENT females
Cloning
The production of an exact GENETIC COPY of an organism