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carbonatom
organ system
DNA molecule
organelle celltissue
organ
organismpopulationcommunity
ecosystem
biosphere
Epithelial Tissue(Covering)
• Tightly-joined closely-packed cells(sel-sel yang padat,rapat, ketat)
• One side of epithelium exposed to air, other side attached to a basement membrane, a dense mat of connective tissue
(salah satu sisi jar.epitel berhubungan ke lingkungan external dan satu sisi lagi melekat pada membran basal,jar.ikat)
• Covers outside of the body and lines internal organs and cavities
(menutupi seluruh permukaan tubuh)
• Provides surface for absorption, excretion and transport of molecules
(membantu penyerapan, ekskresi dan transpor molekul)
Types of Epithelial
Tissue
• Cell shape– Squamous– Cuboidal– Columnar
• Number of cell layers– Simple– Pseudostratified– Stratified
• RELATE STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION!
Connective tissue(Framework)
• Binding and support of other tissues
(mengikat dan menyokong jaringan lain)
• Large amount of extracellular matrix
(banyak mengandung matiks extraselular)
• Extracellular matrix consists of network of fibers in liquid, jelly-like or solid matrix
Nervous Tissue(Control)
• Transmits nerve impulses from one part of an animal to another
(menyampaikan impuls saraf dari satu bagian menuju bagian lain)• Consists of a cell body and
long extensions called dendrites (towards cell body) and axons (towards another cell or an effector)
(terdiri atas badan sel, dendrit, axon)
Axon
Dendrite
Cell body
Tissue Type Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve
Cell Shape Flattened, cuboidal, columnar
Irregular or round Elongated Cell appendages branched
Cell Arrangement
Single multilayered
Scattered in matrix
In sheets or bundles
Isolated or networked
Location Body covering or lining organs or
cavities
Supports other organs
Lining internal organs, make
skeletal muscles
Concentrated in brain and spinal cord + all over
the body
Surface Feature of Cells
Cilia, microvilli - - -
Matrix Type Basement membrane
Varied – protein fibers + liquid, gelatinous, firm
to calcified
- -
Matrix Amount Minimal Extensive Absent Absent
Unique Feature No direct blood supply, except for
glands
Cartilage has no blood supply
Can generate electrical signals,
force and movement
Can generate electrical signal
Epithelia comes in 2 forms:1. Glandular epithelia 2. Membranous epithelia
Functions:• Protection• Absorption• Filtration• Excretion• Secretion• Sensory reception
Types of Epithelium
a. Shape of the cell• Cuboidal (like dice)• Columnar (like bricks on end)• Squamous (flat like floor tiles)
b. Number of cell layer• Simple epithelium: a single layer of cells• Stratified epithelium: multiple tiers of cells• Pseudostratified
• Simple Squamous Epithelium• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium• Simple Columnar Epithelium• Stratified Epithelium• Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium• Transitional Epithelium
Glandular epithelia
Some epithelia, called glandular epithelia because absorb or secrete chemical solutions.• Glands• Line the lumen of the digestive and respiratory
tracts form a mucous membrane
Classification of glands
• By where they release their product– Exocrine: external secretion onto body surfaces
(skin) or into body cavities– Endocrine: secrete messenger molecules
(hormones) which are carried by blood to target organs; “ductless” glands
• By whether they are unicellular or multicellular
Exocrine glandsunicellular or multicellular
Unicellular: goblet cell scattered within epithelial lining of intestines andrespiratory tubes
Product: mucinmucus is mucin & water
Examples of exocrine gland products
• Many types of mucus secreting glands• Sweat glands of skin• Oil glands of skin• Salivary glands of mouth• Liver (bile)• Pancreas (digestive enzymes)• Mammary glands (milk)
Endocrine glands
• Ductless glands
• Release hormones into extracellular space– Hormones are messenger molecules
• Hormones enter blood and travel to specific target organs
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. True Connective Tissuea. Loose Connective Tissueb. Dense Connective Tissue
2. Supportive Connective Tissue
a. Cartilageb. Bone
5. Liquid Connective Tissuea. Blood
Connective tissueFunctions mainly to bind and support other tissues. Three major components• Fiber collagenous fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers• Cell• Matrix
Membranes that combine epithelial sheets plus underlying connective tissue proper
• Cutaneous membranes– Skin: epidermis and dermis
• Mucous membranes, or mucosa– Lines every hollow internal organ that opens to the outside
of the body• Serous membranes, or serosa
– Slippery membranes lining the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities
– The fluid formed on the surfaces is called a transudate• Synovial membranes
– Line joints
Anatomical Terminology
Relative Position 1. Superior = above; Inferior = below;
2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back;
3. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;
4. Medial = center; Lateral = side;
5. Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side
6. Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;
7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.
Anatomical Terminology
Body Sections (cuts, planes)
1. Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions. Midsagittal (median) = equal right and left portions.
2. Transverse Cut: (or horizontal): divides the body into superior and inferior portions
3. Coronal Cut: (or frontal): divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
4. Cross-section: cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the object
5. Oblique section: cut at an angle across an object
6. Longitudinal section: cut with the long axis of an object