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8/17/2019 Anmol Seminar 2
1/31
1. INTRODUCTION
Surround sound is a technique for enriching the sound reproduction quality of an
audio source with additional audio channels from speakers that surround the listener
(surround channels), providing sound from a 360° radius in the horiontal plane (!")
as opposed to #screen channels# (centre, $front% left, and $front% right) originating only
from the listener&s forward arc'
Surround sound is characteried y a listener location or sweet spot where the audio
effects work est, and presents a fied or forward perspective of the sound field to the
listener at this location' *he technique enhances the perception of sound spatialiation
y eploiting sound localiation+ a listener&s aility to identify the location or origin of
a detected sound in direction and distance' *ypically this is achieved y using multiple
discrete audio channels routed to an array of loudspeakers'$%
*here are various surround sound ased formats and techniques, varying in
reproduction and recording methods along with the numer and positioning of
additional channels'
-igure . /hannel Surround Sound
1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(electronics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_channelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_spot_(acoustics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacousticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_localizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeakerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(electronics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_channelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_spot_(acoustics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacousticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_localizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeakerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction
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*hough cinema and soundtracks represent the maor uses of surround techniques, its scope
of application is roader than that as surround sound permits creation of an audio1
environment for all sorts of purposes' 2ultichannel audio techniques may e used to
reproduce contents as varied as music, speech, natural or synthetic sounds for
cinema, television, roadcasting, or computers' n terms of music content for eample, a
live performance may use multichannel techniques in the contet of an open1air concert,
of a musical theatre or for roadcasting+$!% for a film specific techniques are adapted
to movie theater , or to home (e'g' home cinema systems)'$3%$4% *he narrative space is also a
content that can e enhanced through multichannel techniques' *his applies mainly to
cinema narratives, for eample the speech of the characters of a film,$5%$6%$% ut may also e
applied to plays for theatre, to a conference, or to integrate voice1ased comments in an
archeological site or monument' -or eample, an ehiition may e enhanced with topical
amient sound of water, irds, train or machine noise' *opical natural sounds may also e
used in educational applications'$7% 8ther fields of application include video game
consoles, personal computers and other platforms'$9%$0%$%$!% n such applications, the
content would typically e synthetic noise produced y the computer device in interaction
with its user' Significant work has also een done using surround sound for
enhanced situation awareness in military and pulic safety applications'
2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_techniques#Soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multichannel_television_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_scorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theaterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinemahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diegesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(arts)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_awarenesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_techniques#Soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multichannel_television_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_scorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theaterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinemahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diegesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(arts)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_awareness
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2. HISTORY
*he first documented use of surround sound was in 940, for the "isney studio&s
animated film Fantasia' :alt "isney was inspired y ;ikolai owever, this eperimental use of
surround sound was ecluded from the film in later showings' n 95!, #surround
sound# successfully reappeared with the film #*his is /inerama#, using discrete
seven1channel sound, and the race to develop other surround sound methods took off'
$6%$%
n the 950s, the ?erman composer =arlhein Stockhausen eperimented with and
produced ground1reaking electronic compositions such as Gesang der
Jünglinge and Kontakte, the latter using fully discrete and rotating quadraphonic
sounds generated with industrial electronic equipment in >erert @imert&s studio at
the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (:"enry Eacos produced Aorte.
@periments in Sound and Fight 1 a series of concerts featuring new music, including
some of Eacos& own, and that of =arlhein Stockhausen, and many others 1 taking
place in the 2orrison Blanetarium in ?olden ?ate Bark, San -rancisco' Sound
designers commonly regard this as the origin of the (now standard) concept of
#surround sound'# *he program was popular, and Eacos and Delson were invited to
reproduce it at the 957 :orld @po in Drussels'$7% *here are also many other
3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disneyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Bumblebeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Bumblebeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesang_der_J%C3%BCnglingehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesang_der_J%C3%BCnglingehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontakte_(Stockhausen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontakte_(Stockhausen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Varesehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeme_Electroniquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iannis_Xenakishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips_Pavilionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_World's_Fairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Belsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disneyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Bumblebeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesang_der_J%C3%BCnglingehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesang_der_J%C3%BCnglingehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontakte_(Stockhausen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Varesehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeme_Electroniquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iannis_Xenakishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips_Pavilionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_World's_Fairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Belsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jacobshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-18
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composers that created ground1reaking surround sound works in the same time
period'
n 97, a concept devised y 2a Dell for "oly Faoratories called #split surround#
was tested with the movie #Superman#' *his led to the 0mm stereo surround release
of #Gpocalypse ;ow,# which ecame the first formal release in cinemas with three
channels in the front and two in the rear' *here were typically five speakers ehind the
screens of 0mm1capale cinemas, ut only the Feft, /enter and
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3. CREATING SURROUND SOUND
Surround sound is created in several ways' *he first and simplest method is using a
surround sound recording techniqueJcapturing two distinct stereo images, one for the
front and one for the ack or y using a dedicated setup, e'g' an augmented "ecca
tree $9% JandHor miing1in surround sound for playack on an audio system using
speakers encircling the listener to play audio from different directions' G second
approach is processing the audio with psychoacoustic sound localiation methods to
simulate a two1dimensional (!1") sound field with headphones' G third approach,
ased on >uygens& principle, attempts reconstructing the recorded sound field wave
fronts within the listening space+ an #audio hologram# form' 8ne form, wave field
synthesis (:-S), produces a sound field with an even error field over the entire area'
/ommercial :-S systems, currently marketed y companies sonic
emotion and Iosono, require many loudspeakers and significant computing power'
5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_treehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_treehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacoustichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_localizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens'_principlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_field_synthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_field_synthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosonohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_treehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_treehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacoustichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_localizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens'_principlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_field_synthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_field_synthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosono
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-igure !' "ecca tree -igure 3' "imensions
*he Gmisonics form, also ased on >uygens& principle, gives an eact sound
reconstruction at the central point+ less accurate away from center point' *here are
many free and commercial software programs availale for Gmisonics, which
dominates most of the consumer market, especially musicians using electronic and
computer music' 2oreover, Gmisonics products are the standard in surround sound
hardware sold y 2eridian Gudio n its simplest form, Gmisonics consumes few
resources, however this is not true for recent developments, such as ;ear -ield
/ompensated >igher 8rder Gmisonics'$!0% Some years ago it was shown that, in the
limit, :-S and Gmisonics converge'$!%
-inally, surround sound can also e achieved y mastering level, from stereophonic
sources as with Benteo, which uses "igital Signal Brocessing analysis of a stereorecording to parse out individual sounds to component panorama positions, then
6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambisonicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Audiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penteohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_Processinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambisonicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Audiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penteohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_Processing
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positions them, accordingly, into a five1channel field' >owever, there are more ways
to create surround sound out of stereo, for instance with the routines ased
on KS and SK for encoding Kuad sound, where instruments were divided over 4
speakers in the studio' *his way of creating surround with software routines is
normally referred to as #upmiing,#,$!!% which was particularly successful on
the Sansui KS"1series decoders that had a mode where it mapped the F L < stereo
onto an M arc'
-igure 4' >uygenNs Brinciple
-igure 5' description >uygenNs Brinciple
7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonic_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_Quadraphonichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonic_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansui_Electrichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonic_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_Quadraphonichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonic_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansui_Electric
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TYPES OF MEDIA
/ommercial surround sound media include videocassettes, "A"s,
and >"*A roadcasts encoded as compressed "oly "igital and "*S, and lossless
audiosuch as "*S >" 2aster Gudio and "oly *rue>" on Dlu1ray "isc and >"
"A", which are identical to the studio master' 8ther commercial formats include the
competing "A"1Gudio ("A"1G) and Super Gudio /" (SG/") formats, and 2B3
Surround' /inema 5' surround formats include "oly "igital and "*S' Sony
"ynamic "igital Sound (S""S) is an 7 channel cinema configuration which features
5 independent audio channels across the front with two independent surround
channels, and a Fow1frequency effects channel' *raditional ' surround speaker
configuration introduces two additional rear speakers to the conventional 5'
arrangement, for a total of four surround channels and three front channels, to create a
more 360° sound field'
2ost surround sound recordings are created y film production companies or video
game producers+ however some consumer camcorders have such capaility either
uilt1in or availale separately' Surround sound technologies can also e used in
music to enale new methods of artistic epression' Gfter the failureof quadraphonic audio in the 90s, multichannel music has slowly een reintroduced
since 999 with the help of SG/" and "A"1Gudio formats' SomeGA receivers,
stereophonic systems, and computer soundcards contain integral digital signal
processors andHor digital audio processors to simulate surround sound from a
stereophonic source'
n 96, the rock group Bink -loyd performed the first1ever surround sound concert at
#?ames for 2ay#, a lavish affair at FondonNs Kueen @liaeth >all where the and
deuted its custom1made quadraphonic speaker system'$4% *he control device they had
made, the Gimuth /o1ordinator , is now displayed at Fondon&s Aictoria and Glert
2useum, as part of their *heatre /ollections gallery'$5
8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression#Lossy_audio_compressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Theater_Systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossless_audio#Lossless_audio_compressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossless_audio#Lossless_audio_compressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTS_HD_Master_Audiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_TrueHDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Audio_CDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_Surroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_Surroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Theater_Systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.1_surround_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV_receivershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundcardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floydhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonic_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_Co-ordinatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression#Lossy_audio_compressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Theater_Systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossless_audio#Lossless_audio_compressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossless_audio#Lossless_audio_compressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTS_HD_Master_Audiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_TrueHDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Audio_CDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_Surroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_Surroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Theater_Systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.1_surround_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV_receivershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundcardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floydhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonic_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_Co-ordinatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-15
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MAPPING CHANNELS TO SPEAKERS
n most cases, surround sound systems rely on the mapping of each source channel to
its own loudspeaker' 2atri systems recover the numer and content of the source
channels and apply them to their respective loudspeakers' :ith discrete surround
sound, the transmission medium allows for (at least) the same numer of channels of
source and destination+ however, one1to1one, channel1to1speaker, mapping is not the
only way of transmitting surround sound signals'
*he transmitted signal might encode the information (defining the original sound
field) to a greater or lesser etent+ the surround sound information is rendered for
replay y a decoder generating the numer and configuration of loudspeaker feeds for
the numer of speakers availale for replay O one renders a sound field as produced y
a set of speakers, analogously to rendering in computer graphics' *his #replay device
independent# encoding is analogous to encoding and decoding an Gdoe BostScript
file, where the file descries the page, and is rendered per the output device&s
resolution capacity' *he Gmisonics and :-S systems use audio rendering+ the
2eridian Fossless Backing contains elements of this capaility
9
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SURROUND MICROPHONE TECHNIQUE
2ost !1channel stereophonic microphone techniques are compatile with a 31channel
setup (F/
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gradient) microphones, additional omnidirectional (pressure microphones), ehiiting
an etended low1end response, can e added' *he microphoneNs output is usually low1
pass filtered'$!4%$!% G simple surround microphone configuration involves the use of a
front array in comination with two ackward1facing omnidirectional room
microphones placed aout 0O5 meters away from the front array' f echoes are
notale, the front array can e delayed appropriately' Glternatively, ackward facing
cardioid microphones can e placed closer to the front array for a similar
revereration pickup'$!5%
*he ;G15 (deal /ardioid Grrangement) is a surround microphone array that uses
five cardioid microphones resemling the angles of the standardised surround
loudspeaker configuration defined y the *P ere a affle is used for separation etween the
front left and right channels, which are 30 cm apart'$!3% 8utrigger omnidirectional
microphones, low1pass filtered at !50 >, are spaced 3 meters apart in line with the F
and < cardioids' *hese compensate for the ass roll1off of the cardioid microphones
11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Microphone_Book-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Microphone_Book-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Microphone_Book-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23
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and also add epansiveness'$!6% G 31meter spaced microphone pair, situated !O3 meters
ehind front array, is used for the surround channels'$!3% *he centre channel is again
placed slightly forward, with the FH< and FSHere,
four cardioid microphones, 90 degrees relative to one another, are placed in square
formation, separated y !O!5 cm'$!5%$!% *he front two microphones should e
12
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-On-Location_Recording_Techniques-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Microphone_Book-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Microphone_Book-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-On-Location_Recording_Techniques-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-K.G_Saur-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-Microphone_Book-27
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positioned 45 degrees off ais from the sound source' *his technique therefore
resemles ack to ack near1coincident stereo pairs' *he microphones outputs are fed
to the F, < and FS,
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ass management system may direct ass to one or more suwoofers (if present)
from any channel, not ust from the F-@ channel' Glso, if there is no suwoofer
speaker present then the ass management system can direct the F-@ channel to one
or more of the main speakers'
LOW FREQUENCY EFFECTS CHANNEL
Decause the low-freuency effects channel requires only a fraction of the andwidth of
the other audio channels, it is referred to as the #'# channel+ for eample #5'# or
#'#'$citation needed %
*he !F" is a source of some confusion in surround sound' *he F-@ channel was
originally developed to carry etremely low #su1ass# cinematic sound effects (with
commercial suwoofers sometimes going down to 30 >, e'g', the loud rumle of
thunder or eplosions) on their own channel' *his allowed theaters to control the
volume of these effects to suit the particular cinema&s acoustic environment and sound
reproduction system' ndependent control of the su1ass effects also reduced the
prolem of intermodulation distortion in analog movie sound reproduction' G #su1
woofer# capale of playing ack frequencies as low as 5 > was developed y a small
14
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodulationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodulation
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speaker manufacturer in -lorida' t utilied a propellor design and required a large
cainet to move su1sonic air mass'$!7%
n the original movie theater implementation, the F-@ was a separate channel fed to
one or more suwoofers' >ome replay systems, however, may not have a separate
suwoofer, so modern home surround decoders and systems often include a ass
management system that allows ass on any channel (main or F-@) to e fed only to
the loudspeakers that can handle low1frequency signals' *he salient point here is that
the F-@ channel is not the #suwoofer channel#+ there may e no suwoofer and, if
there is, it may e handling a good deal more than effects' $!9%
Some record laels such as *elarc and /hesky have argued that F-@ channels are notneeded in a modern digital multichannel entertainment system'$citation needed % *hey argue
that all availale channels have a full1frequency range and, as such, there is no need
for an F-@ in surround music production, ecause all the frequencies are availale in
all the main channels' *hese laels sometimes use the F-@ channel to carry a height
channel, underlining its redundancy for its original purpose' *he lael DS generally
uses a 5'0 channel mi'
SURROUND SOUND SPECIFICATIONS
;8*G*8;S
Decause the low1frequency effects channel requires only a fraction of the andwidth
of the other audio channels, it is referred to as the #'# channel+ for eample #5'# or
#'#'
*he F-@ is a source of some confusion in surround sound' *he F-@ channel wasoriginally developed to carry etremely low #su1ass# cinematic sound effects (with
15
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesky_Recordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesky_Recordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesky_Recordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effects
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commercial suwoofers sometimes going down to 30 >, e'g', the loud rumle of
thunder or eplosions) on their own channel' *his allowed theaters to control the
volume of these effects to suit the particular cinema&s acoustic environment and sound
reproduction system' ndependent control of the su1ass effects also reduced the
prolem of intermodulation distortion in analog movie sound reproduction' G #su1
woofer# capale of playing ack frequencies as low as 5 > was developed y a small
speaker manufacturer in -lorida' t utilied a propellor design and required a large
cainet to move su1sonic air mass'$!7%
n the original movie theater implementation, the F-@ was a separate channel fed to
one or more suwoofers' >ome replay systems, however, may not have a separate
suwoofer, so modern home surround decoders and systems often include a ass
management system that allows ass on any channel (main or F-@) to e fed only to
the loudspeakers that can handle low1frequency signals' *he salient point here is that
the F-@ channel is not the #suwoofer channel#+ there may e no suwoofer and, if
there is, it may e handling a good deal more than effects' $!9%
Some record laels such as *elarc and /hesky have argued that F-@ channels are not
needed in a modern digital multichannel entertainment system'$citation needed% *hey argue
that all availale channels have a full1frequency range and, as such, there is no need
for an F-@ in surround music production, ecause all the frequencies are availale in
all the main channels' *hese laels sometimes use the F-@ channel to carry a height
channel, underlining its redundancy for its original purpose' *he lael DS generally
uses a 5'0 channel mi'
/hannel identification
16
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodulationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesky_Recordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodulationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesky_Recordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed
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Zero-based order within multi-
channel
mp3 /wav /flac datastream[31][32][33][34]
Order
within
DTS /AAC [35]
[36]
Channel
name
Color-coding on
commercial
receiver and
cabling
0 1 Front left White
1 2 Front right Red
2 0 Center Green
3 5Low
frequenc!ur"le
4 3#urround
left$lue
5 4 #urroundright
Gre
6 6#urround
%&c' left$rown
( (#urround
%&c' right)h&'i
Front left Center Front right
#urround left #urround right
#urround %&c' left #urround %&c' right
Low frequenc
17
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-basedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_Surroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flachttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flachttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Codinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Codinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Codinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-basedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_Surroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flachttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Codinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound#cite_note-36
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Figure 6* Ch&nnel identific&tion
Sonic :hole 8verhead Sound
n !00!, "oly premiered a master of :e :ere Soldiers which featured a Sonic :hole
8verhead Sound soundtrack' *his mi included a new ceiling1mountedheight channel*
Gmisonics
Gmisonics is a series of recording and replay techniques using multichannel miing
technology that can e used live or in the studio and which recreates the soundfield as it
eisted in the space, in contrast to traditional surround systems, which can only create illusion
of the soundfield if the listener is located in a very narrow sweetspot etween speakers' Gny
numer of speakers in any physical arrangement can e used to recreate a sound field' :ith 6
or more speakers arranged around a listener, a 31dimensional (#periphonic#, or full1sphere)
sound field can e presented' Gmisonics was invented y 2ichael ?eron*
Dinaural
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DOLBY DIGITAL SURROUND
"oly "igital is the common version containing up to si discrete channels of sound'
*he most elaorate mode in common use involves five channels for normal1range
speakers (!0 > O !0,000 >) (right, center, left, right surround, left surround) and
one channel (!0 > O !0 > allotted audio) for the suwoofer driven low1frequency
effects'$% 2onoand stereo modes are also supported' G/13 supports audio sample1
rates up to 47 k>' *he Faser"isc version of #lear and $resent %anger featured the
first home theater "oly "igital mi in 995'$citation needed %
*his format has different names.
• "oly "igital
• "" (an areviation for "oly "igital, often comined with channel count+ for
instance, "" !'0, "" 5')
• G/13 (Gudio /odec 3, Gdvanced /odec 3, Gcoustic /oder 3' $*hese
are ackronyms' Gdaptive *ransform Gcoustic /oding 3 is a separate format
developed y Sony'%)$!%
• G*S/ GH5! (name of the standard)$3%
+ol% +igit&l ,-
"oly "igital @C is similar in practice to "oly&s earlier Bro1Fogic format, which
utilied matri technology to add a center surround channel and single rear surround
channel to stereo soundtracks' @C adds an etension to the standard 5'channel "oly
"igital codec in the form of matried rear channels, creating 6' or ' channel
output'
19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subwooferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monauralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereophonic_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDischttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_and_Present_Danger_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinemahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backronymhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backronymhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATRAC3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_(standards)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Pro_Logichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(sound_recording)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_surround_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_surround_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subwooferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monauralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereophonic_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDischttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_and_Present_Danger_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinemahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backronymhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATRAC3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_(standards)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Pro_Logichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(sound_recording)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_surround_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound
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Dolby Digital Surround E
*he cinema version of %olby %igital "& is called %olby %igital 'urround "& and
works similarly' t was co1developed y "oly and Fucasfilm *>C in time for the
release in 2ay 999 of 'tar Wars( ")isode I * +he $hantom ,enace' t provides an
economical and ackwards1compatile means for 5' soundtracks to carry a sith,
center ack surround channel for improved localiation of effects' *he etra surround
channel is matri encoded onto the discrete left surround andright surround channels
of the 5' mi, much like the front center channel on "oly Bro Fogic encoded stereo
soundtracks' *he result can e played without loss of information on standard 5'
systems, or played in 6' or ' on systems with Surround @C decoding and added
speakers' "oly "igital Surround @C has since een used for the Star :ars prequels
on the "A" versions and also the remastered original Star :ars trilogy' G numer of
"A"s have a "oly "igital Surround @C audio option'
Figure (*1 +ol% ho.e the&ter
+ol% +igit&l Li/e
"oly "igital Five (""F) is a real1time encoding technology for interactive media
such as video games' t converts any audio signals on a B/ or game console into a 5'1
channel 61itH47 k> "oly "igital format at 640 kitHs and transports it via a
singleSHB"- cale'$4% G similar technology known as "*S /onnect is availale from
competitor "*S' Gn important enefit of this technology is that it enales the use of
digital multichannel sound with consumer sound cards, which are otherwise limited to
digital B/2 stereo or analog multichannel sound ecause SHB"- over
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and *8SF;= can only support two1channel B/2, "oly "igital multichannel audio,
and "*S multichannel audio' >"2 was later introduced, and it can carry
uncompressed multichannel B/2, lossless compressed multichannel audio, and lossy
compressed digital audio' >owever, "oly "igital Five is still useful with >"2 to
allow transport of multichannel audio over >"2 to devices that are unale to handle
uncompressed multichannel B/2'
"oly "igital Five is availale in sound cards using various manufacturers& audio
chipsets' *he SoundStorm, used for the Cogame console and
certain n-orce! motheroards, used an early form of this technology' ""F is availale
on motheroards with codecs such as
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:hile they forgot aout the plan, programmer "aniel =awakami made a hot issue y
applying Guentech Brelude ""F module ack to /reative C1-i cards y disguising
the hardware identity as Guentech Brelude'$%
/reative Fas alleged =awakami violated their intellectual property and demanded he
cease distriuting his modified drivers' $%$7%$9%
@ventually /reative struck an agreement with "oly Faoratories regarding the "oly
license royalty y arranging that the licensing cost e folded into the purchase price of
the /reative C1-i B/ cards rather than as a royalty paid y /reative themselves'
$6% Dased on the agreement, in Septemer !007 /reative egan selling the %olby
%igital !ie packs enaling "oly "igital Five on /reative&s C1-i B/ series of soundcards' t can e purchased and downloaded from /reative' Susequently /reative
added their %+' #onnect pack to the ""F pack at no added cost'$!0%
Dolby Digital Plus
22
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-daniel_k-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-daniel_k-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-BrokenBlaster-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-daniel_k_2-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-DDL_license_issue_of_X-Fi-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-DDL_license_issue_of_X-Fi-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-Dolby_Digital_Live_pack-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-daniel_k-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-daniel_k-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-BrokenBlaster-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-daniel_k_2-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-DDL_license_issue_of_X-Fi-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-Dolby_Digital_Live_pack-20
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-igure ' Surround sound speaker placement
@1G/13 ("oly "igital Blus) is an enhanced coding system ased on the G/13 codec't offers increased itrates (up to 6'44 2itHs), support for more audio channels (up
to 3'), and improved coding techniques (only at low data rates) to
reduce compression artifacts, enaling lower data rates than those supported y G/13
(e'g' 5'1channel audio at !56 kitHs)' t is not ackward compatile with eisting G/1
3 hardware, though @1G/13 codecs generally are capale of transcoding to G/13 for
equipment connected via SHB"-' @1G/13 decoders can also decode G/13 itstreams'
*he fourth generation Gpple *A supports @1G/13'$!% *he discontinued >"
"A" system directly supported @1G/13' Dlu1ray "isc offers @1G/13 as an option
to graft added channels onto an otherwise 5' G/13 stream, as well as for delivery of
secondary audio content (e'g' director&s commentary) that is intended to e mied with
the primary audio soundtrack in the Dlu1ray "isc player'
+ol% rue+
23
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_artifactshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcodinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/PDIFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1_surround_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_artifactshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcodinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/PDIFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1_surround_sound
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"oly *rue>", developed y "oly Faoratories, is an advanced lossless audio codec
ased on 2eridian Fossless Backing' Support for the codec was mandatory for >"
"A" and is optional for Dlu1ray "isc hardware' "oly *rue>" supports !41it,
96 k> audio channels at up to 7 2itHs over 4 channels (>" "A" and Dlu1ray
"isc standards currently limit the maimum numer of audio channels to eight)' t
supports metadata, including dialog normaliation and "ynamic
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*he &'& in 5', ' etc' refers to the F-@ channel, which is also a discrete channel'
Gpplications
"oly "igital audio is used on "A"1Aideo and other purely digital media, like home
cinema' n this format, the G/13 itstream is interleaved with the video and control
itstreams'
*he system is used in andwidth1limited applications other than "A"1Aideo, such as
digital *A' *he G/13 standard allows a maimum coded it rate of 640 kitHs' 35mm
film prints use a fied rate of 3!0 kitHs, which is the same as the maimum it rate
for !1channel 2B3' "A"1Aideo discs are limited to 447 kitHs, although many players
can successfully play higher1rate itstreams (which are non1compliant with the "A"
specification)' >" "A" limits G/13 to 447 kitHs' G*S/ and digital cale standards
limit G/13 to 447 kitHs' Dlu1ray "isc, the BlayStation 3 and the Co game console
can output an G/13 signal at a full 640 kitHs' Some Sony BlayStation ! console
games are ale to output G/13 standard audio as well, primarily during pre1rendered
cutscenes'
"oly is part of a group of organiations involved in the development of GG/
(Gdvanced Gudio /oding), part of 2B@? specifications, and considered the
successful 5''
25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_Standardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Codinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_Standardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding
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"?*GF SP
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-igure 7' 6' Sound System
@verything is the same as the 5' system ecerpt in a 6' surround sound setup there is an
additional setup rear center channel speaker for sound'
' Surround Sound System
27
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-igure 9' ' surround sound system
*his has ecome the industry standard for dedicated home theatre rooms' e@verything
remains the same for the 5' surround sound' ;ow instead of a rear center channel speaker
like the 6' setup' n a ' sound setup there are (!) additional surround channel
speakers for left side and right side audio' *hese are centered etween the front left and
right the rear left and right speakers'
28
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WHAT IS DTS FORMAT ?
"*S is a series of multichannel audio technologies (formerly known as "igital *heater
Systems, nc'), a company dedicatedly specialiing in digital surround sound formats used
for oth commercialHtheatrical and consumer grade applications'
n the home theater market, G/13 and "*S are close in terms of audio performance'
:hen the "*S audio track is encoded at its highest legal itrate (509'5 kps), technical
eperts rank "*S as perceptually transparent for most audio program material (i'e',
indistinguishale to the un1coded source in a doule lind test)' "oly claims its
competing G/13 codec achieves similar transparency at its highest coded itrate (640
kps)' >owever, in program material availale to home consumer markets ("A",
roadcast, and suscription digital *A), neither G/13 nor "*S typically run at their
highest allowed itrate' "A" and roadcast (G*S/) >"*A cap G/13 itrate at 447
kps' TT/onvert 2!*S with "*S to G/13
>owever, even at that rate, consumer audio gear already enoys etter audio performance
than theatrical (35 mm movie) installations, which are limited to even lower itrates'
:hen "*S audio was introduced to the "A" specification, studios authored "A"
movies at "*S& full itrate(509'5 kps)' Fater, movie titles were almost always encoded
at a reduced itrate of 54'5 kps, ostensily to increase the numer of audio tracks on the
movie disc' Gt this reduced rate (54'5 kps), "*S no longer retains audio transparency'
G/13 and "*S are udged y their encoded itrates' "*S proponents claim that the etra
its give higher fidelity and more dynamic range, providing a richer and more lifelike
sound' Dut no conclusion can e drawn from their respective itrates, as each codec relies
on different coding tools and synta to compress audio'
Fike G/13, "*S surrounding has also stereo surrounds channel.
2ono (/enter only)
!1channel stereo (Feft R
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31channel stereo with mono surround (Feft, /enter,
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REFERENCES
' /hristos 2anolas and Sandra Bauletto Uuse of multi channel soundtrack in cinemasV
!' 2ark kernis Unarration in the cinema of "igital soundV
3' "urand Degault Uaudio visual communiation monitoring system for enhanced
awarenessV
4' *omilson Usurround sound up and runningV