Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation 1

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

Russian president and representatives of breakaway Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol sign a treaty whereby Crimea and Sevastopol are formallydeclared federal subjects of Russia.

Date 2014

Location Crimean PeninsulaMoscow, Russia

Also known as Incorporation of Crimea into Russia[1]

Accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation[2]

Participants Russia

Republic of Crimea

Outcome Autonomous Republic of Crimea becomes the Republic of Crimea, oneof Russian republics

Sevastopol becomes a Russian federal city Ongoing diplomatic dispute over Crimea

Accession treaty ratified 21March2014

Finalization 1January 2015

Status disputed by Ukraine; not recognized by the majority of the United Nationsmembers

The annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation was the 2014 incorporation of most of the CrimeanPeninsula, internationally recognized as part of Ukraine, into Russia. Following the annexation in March 2014,Russia effectively administers Crimea as two federal subjectsthe Republic of Crimea and the federal city ofSevastopol.Russia absorbed the peninsula after staging a military intervention in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and thecity of Sevastopol, administrative divisions of Ukraine, during which time the Supreme Council of Crimea declaredCrimea's independence and held a disputed referendum. The process caused much controversy and was viewed bymany world leaders, as well as NATO, as an illegal annexation of Ukrainian territory.Russia strongly opposes the aforementioned view as "offensive towards the inhabitants of the peninsula", and instead views the process as an accession of the independent "Republic of Crimea", which was briefly proclaimed after Crimea and Sevastopol joined together and subsequently requested admission to Russia in accordance with a public vote that, according to the Russian position, reflected the people's desire to join the larger country. Ukraine disputes this, as it does not recognize the independence of the Republic of Crimea or the accession itself as legitimate. The


United Nations General Assembly also rejected the vote and annexation, adopting a non-binding resolution affirmingthe "territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders".[3]

BackgroundFrom 1783, Crimea was a part of the Russian Empire, incorporated into it as Taurida Oblast. In 1796, Crimea wasmerged into Novorossiysk Governorate, and in 1802, it was again separated from it into Taurida Governorate. Aseries of short-lived governments (Crimean People's Republic, Crimean Regional Government, Crimean SSR) wereestablished during first stages of the Russian Civil War, but they were followed by White Russian (GeneralCommand of the Armed Forces of South Russia, later South Russian Government) and, finally, Soviet (CrimeanASSR) incorporations of Crimea into their own states. After World War II and the deportation of the CrimeanTatars, the Crimean ASSR was stripped of its autonomy in 1946 and was downgraded to the status of an oblast.

Russian President Vladimir Putin layingwreaths at a monument to the defenders of

Sevastopol, April 2000

In 1954, the Crimean Oblast was transferred from the Russian SFSR tothe Ukrainian SSR by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ofthe Soviet Union. However, it was unclear whether the transfer affectedthe peninsula's largest city of Sevastopol, which enjoyed a special statusin the postwar Soviet Union,[4] and in 1993, the Supreme Soviet ofRussia claimed Sevastopol was part of Russia, resulting in a territorialdispute with Ukraine.

See also: Political status of Crimea Status of SevastopolIn 1989, under perestroika, the Supreme Soviet declared the deportationof the Crimean Tatars under Stalin had been illegal, and the mostlyMuslim ethnic group was allowed to return to Crimea.[5]

In 1990, the Crimean Oblast Soviet proposed the restoration of theCrimean ASSR. The oblast conducted a referendum in 1991, whichasked whether Crimea should be elevated into a signatory of the NewUnion Treaty (that is, became a union republic on its own). By that time,though, the dissolution of the Soviet Union was well underway. TheCrimean ASSR was restored for less than a year as part of Soviet Ukrainebefore Ukrainian independence. Newly independent Ukraine maintainedCrimea's autonomous status, while the Supreme Council of Crimeaaffirmed the peninsula's "state sovereignty".

Further information: Political status of Crimea BackgroundOn 21 May 1992, the Supreme Soviet of Russia adopted a resolution, which declared Crimea's 1954 transfer invalidand called for trilateral negotiations on the peninsula's status. Confrontation between the president and parliament ofRussia, which later erupted into armed conflict in Moscow, prevented this declaration from having any actual effectin Crimea or Ukraine.

From 1992 to 1994, various pro-Russian political movements attempted to separate Crimea from Ukraine. The 1994regional elections represented a high point for pro-Russian political factions in Crimea.[6] But the elections came at adifficult time for Crimeans who wanted to rejoin Russia, as the Russian government was engaged in arapprochement with the Western world and the Ukrainian government was determined to safeguard its sovereignty.These factors enabled Ukrainian authorities to abolish the Crimean presidency and constitution by 1995,[7] withoutany meaningful interference or protest from Ukraine's eastern neighbor. Afterwards, pro-Russian movements largelywaned, and in 1998, the separatists lost the Crimean Supreme Council election.During 2000s, as tensions between Russia and several of its neighbors rose, the likelihood of Russian-Ukrainian conflict around Crimea increased. A Council on Foreign Relations report released in 2009 outlined a scenario under


which Russia could intervene in Crimea to protect "Russian compatriots", potentially with the backing of CrimeanTatars.

Euromaidan and 2014 Ukrainian revolutionMain articles: Euromaidan and 2014 Ukrainian revolutionThe Euromaidan movement began in late November 2013 with protests in Kiev against President ViktorYanukovych, who won election in 2010 with strong support in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and southernand eastern Ukraine. The Crimean government strongly supported Yanukovych and condemned the protests, sayingthey were "threatening political stability in the country". The Supreme Council of Crimea supported thegovernment's decision to suspend negotiations on the pending Ukraine-EU Association Agreement and urgedCrimeans to "strengthen friendly ties with Russian regions".[8]

On 4 February 2014, the Presidium of the Supreme Council considered holding a referendum on the peninsula'sstatus and asking the government of Russia to guarantee the vote. The Security Service of Ukraine responded byopening a criminal case to investigate the possible "subversion" of Ukraine's territorial integrity.The Euromaidan protests reached a fever pitch in February 2014, and Yanukovych and many of his ministers fled thecapital. After opposition factions and defectors from Yanukovych's Party of Regions cobbled together aparliamentary quorum in the Verkhovna Rada, the national legislature voted on 22 February to remove ViktorYanukovich from his post on the grounds that he was unable to fulfill his duties, although the legislative removallacked the required votes according to the constitution in effect at the time, which the Rada also voted to nullify.[9]

This move was regarded as a coup d'tat by the Russian authorities, although it was widely recognizedinternationally.

Change of regional government and Russian interventionMain articles: 2014 Crimean crisis and 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine

March 15 protests againstannexation, named the March of

Peace, took place in Moscow a daybefore the Crimean referendum.

The revolution against Yanukovich triggered a political crisis in Crimea, whichstarted as demonstrations against new central authorities, but rapidly escalateddue to Russia's overt support for separatist political factionsa condition thathad been absent 20 years prior.

On 27 February, unidentified troops widely suspected of being Russiancommandos seized the building of the Supreme Council of Crimea (the regionalparliament) and the building of the Council of Ministers in Simferopol.[10]

Russian flags were raised over these buildings, and barricades were erectedoutside them.[11] With the unidentified troops still occupying the governmentbuilding in Simferopol, the Supreme Council of Crimea dissolved the oldCouncil of Ministers of Crimea and designated Sergey Aksyonov, leader of theminority Russian Unity party, to be Crimea's new prime minister. Thisappointment was declared illegal by Ukraine's new interim government. BothAksyonov and speaker Vladimir Konstantinov stated that they viewed ViktorYanukovich as the de jure president of Ukraine, through whom they were able toask Russia for assistance. On the same day, more troops in unmarked uniforms,assisted this time by Crimean riot police known as Berkut, established securitycheckpoints on the Isthmus of Perekop and the Chongar Peninsula, which separate Crimea from the Ukrainianmainland.[12][13][14][15] Within hours, Ukraine had effectively been cut off from Crimea.

On 1 March 2014, Aksyonov declared Crimea's new de facto authorities would exercise control of all Ukrainian military installations on the peninsula. He also asked Russian President Vladimir Putin, who had been Yanukovych's


primary international backer and guarantor, for "assistance in ensuring peace and public order" in Crimea. Putinpromptly received authorization from the Federation Council of Russia for a Russian military intervention in Ukraine"until normalization of a socio-political environment in the country". Putin's swift maneuver prompted protests ofintelligentsia and demonstrations in Moscow against a Russian military campaign in Crimea. By 2 March, Russiantroops moving from the country's naval base in Sevastopol and reinforced by troops, armor, and helicopters frommainland Russia exercised complete control over the Crimean Peninsula. Russian troops operated in Crimea withoutinsignia. Despite numerous media reports and statements by the Ukrainian and foreign governments describing theunmarked troops as Russian soldiers, government officials concealed the identity of their forces, claiming they werelocal "self-defense" units over whom they had no authority. As late as 17 April, Russian foreign minister Lavrovclaimed that there are no spare armed forces in the territory of Crimea.Russian officials eventually admitted to their troops' presence. On 17 April 2014, Putin acknowledged the Russianmilitary backed Crimean separatist militias, stating that Russia's intervention was necessary to "to ensure properconditions for the people of Crimea to be able to freely express their will". Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu said thecountry's military actions in Crimea were undertaken by forces of the Black Sea Fleet and were justified by "threat tolives of Crimean civilians" and danger of "takeover of Russian military infrastructure by extremists". Ukrainecomplained that by increasing its troop presence in Crimea, Russia violated the agreement under which itheadquartered its Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol and violated the country's sovereignty. The United States and UnitedKingdom also accused Russia of breaking the terms of the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances, bywhich Russia, the U.S., and the UK had reaffirmed their obligation to refrain from the threat or use of force againstthe territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine.[16] The Russian government said the BudapestMemorandum did not apply due to "complicated internal processes" in Crimea.[17][18]

Legal obstacles to Russian annexationSee also: Declaration of Independence of CrimeaAccording to the Constitution of Russia, the admission of new federal subjects is governed by federal constitutionallaw (art. 65.2). Such a law was adopted in 2001, and it postulates that admission of a foreign state or its part intoRussia shall be based on a mutual accord between the Russian Federation and the relevant state and shall take placepursuant to an international treaty between the two countries; moreover, it must be initiated by the state in question,not by its subdivision or by Russia. This law would have seemed to require that Ukraine initiate any negotiationsinvolving a Russian annexation of Crimea.On 28 February 2014, Russian MP Sergey Mironov, along with certain other members of the Duma, introduced a billto alter Russia's procedure for adding federal subjects. According to the bill, accession could be initiated by asubdivision of a country, provided that there is "absence of efficient sovereign state government in foreign state"; therequest could be made either by subdivision bodies on their own or on the basis of a referendum held in thesubdivision in accordance with corresponding national legislation. The Venice Commission stated that the billviolated "in particular, the principles of territorial integrity, national sovereignty, non-intervention in the internalaffairs of another state and pacta sunt servanda" and was therefore incompatible with international law.On 11 March 2014, both the Supreme Council of Crimea and the Sevastopol City Council adopted a declaration ofindependence, which stated their intent to declare independence and request full accession to Russia in case thepro-Russian answer received the most votes during the scheduled status referendum. The declaration directlyreferred to the Kosovo independence precedent, by which the Albanian-populated Autonomous Province of Kosovoand Metohija declared independence from Russia's ally Serbia as the Republic of Kosovo in 2008a unilateralaction Russia staunchly opposed. Many analysts saw the Crimean declaration as an overt effort to pave the way forCrimea's annexation by Russia.Crimean authorities' stated plans to declare independence from Ukraine made the Mironov bill unnecessary. On 20March 2014, two days after the treaty of accession was signed, the bill was withdrawn by its initiators.


Crimean status referendumMain article: Crimean status referendum, 2014On 27 February, following the takeover of its building, the Supreme Council of Crimea voted to hold a referendumon 25 May, with the initial question as to whether Crimea should upgrade its autonomy within Ukraine. Thereferendum date was later moved from 25 May to 30 March. A Ukrainian court declared the referendum to be illegal.On 4 March, Russian President Vladimir Putin claimed Russia was not considering annexing Crimea. He said of thepeninsula that "only citizens themselves, in conditions of free expression of will and their security can determinetheir future". Putin later acknowledged that in early March there were "secret opinion polls" held in Crimea, which,according to him, reported overwhelming popular support for Russian annexation of Crimea.On 6 March, the Supreme Council moved the referendum date to 16 March and changed its scope to ask a newquestion: whether Crimea should accede to Russia or restore the 1992 constitution within Ukraine, which theUkrainian government had previously invalidated. This referendum, unlike one announced earlier, contained nooption to maintain the status quo of governance under the 1998 constitution.On 14 March, the Crimean status referendum was deemed unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine,and a day later, the Verkhovna Rada formally dissolved the Crimean parliament.The referendum was held despite the opposition from Kiev. Official results reported about 95% of participatingvoters in Crimea and Sevastopol were in favor of joining Russia. The results of referendum are questioned, Anotherreport by Evgeny Bobrov, a member of the Russian President's Human Rights Council, suggested the official resultswere inflated and only 15% to 30% of Crimeans actually voted for the Russian option.[19][20][21]

The means by which the referendum was conducted were widely criticized by foreign governments and in theUkrainian and international press, with reports that anyone holding a Russian passport regardless of residency inCrimea was allowed to vote. However, Russia defended the integrity of the voting process, and a group of Europeanobservers, principally from right-wing and far-right political parties aligned with Putin, said the referendum wasconducted in a free and fair manner.

Breakaway republic

Republic of Crimea

Partially recognized state

2014


Flag Coat of arms

Location of theRepublic of Crimea, comprising the former Autonomous Republic of Crimea and city of Sevastopol(green)

Capital Simferopol4457N 3406E [22]

Languages Russian Ukrainian Crimean Tatar

Government Republic

Legislature Crimean Parliament

History

- Letter of intent 11 March 2 2014

- Referendum 16 March 2014

- Declared 17 March 2014

- Annexed 18 March 2014

Area

- Total 26,100km (10,077 sq mi)

Population

- 2007 est. 2,352,385

Density 90.1 /km (233.4 /sq mi)

On 17 March, following the official announcement of the referendum results, the Supreme Council of Crimea declared the formal independence of the Republic of Crimea, comprising the territories of both the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, which was granted special status within the breakaway republic. The Crimean parliament declared the "partial repeal" of Ukrainian laws and began nationalizing Ukrainian state property located on the Crimean Peninsula, including Ukrainian ports and property of Chornomornaftogaz. Parliament also formally requested that the Russian government admit the breakaway republic into Russia. On same day, the de facto


Supreme Council renamed itself the Crimean State Council, declared the Russian ruble an official currencyalongside the hryvnia, and announced that Crimea would switch to Moscow Time (UTC+4) on 30 March.Putin officially recognized the Republic of Crimea by decree and approved the admission of Crimea and Sevastopolas federal subjects of Russia.[23]

Accession treaty and immediate aftermathMain articles: Republic of Crimea, Crimean Federal District and Political status of CrimeaSee also: Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Formal admission ceremony and Russian legislation, 17 to 21 March 2014.

Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia

The Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia was signed between representatives of the Republic ofCrimea (including Sevastopol, with which the rest of Crimea briefly unified) and the Russian Federation on 18March 2014 to lay out terms for the immediate admission of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol as federalsubjects of Russia and part of the Russian Federation.[24] It was ratified by the Federal Assembly by March 21.On 19 March Putin submitted to the State Duma, the lower house of parliament, a treaty of Crimeas reunificationwith Russia and a constitutional amendment on setting up two new constituent territories of the Russian Federation.Russian Constitutional Court found that treaty is in compliance with Constitution of Russia. The court sat in anemergency session following a formal request by President Vladimir Putin to assess the constitutionality of thetreaty.After the Russian Constitutional Court upheld the constitutionality of the treaty, the State Duma ratified it on 20March. The Duma also approved the draft federal constitutional law admitting Crimea and Sevastopol andestablishing them as federal subjects. A Just Russia's Ilya Ponomarev was the only State Duma member to voteagainst the measures. A day later, the treaty itself and the required amendment to article 65 of the RussianConstitution (which lists the federal subjects of Russia) were ratified by the Federation Council and almostimmediately signed into law by Putin.[25] Crimea's admission to the Russian Federation was considered retroactive to18 March, when Putin and Crimean leaders signed the draft treaty.On 24 March, Ukraine ordered the full withdrawal of all of its armed forces from Crimea. The Ukrainian Ministry ofDefense reported about half of Ukraine's troops in Crimea defected to Russia.On 27 March, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a non-binding resolution, which declared the Crimeanreferendum and subsequent status change invalid, by a vote of 100 to 11, with 58 abstentions and 24 absent.Crimea and Sevastopol switched to Moscow Time at the end of March.On 2 April, Russia formally denounced the 2010 Kharkiv Pact and Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions ofthe Black Sea Fleet.[26] Putin cited "the accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol into Russia" andresulting "practical end of renting relationships" as his reason for the denunciation.[27] On the same day, he signed adecree formally rehabilitating the Crimean Tatars, who were ousted from their lands in 1944, and the Armenian,German, Greek, and Bulgarian minority communities in the region that Stalin also ordered removed in the 1940s.On 11 April, the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea and City Charter of Sevastopol were adopted, and on sameday, the new federal subjects were enumerated in a newly published revision of the Russian Constitution.


Federal Law On Ratifying the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on Admittingto the Russian Federation the Republic of Crimea and Establishing within the Russian Federation New ConstituentEntities.

Federal Constitutional Law On Admitting to the Russian Federation the Republic of Crimea and Establishing withinthe Russian Federation the New Constituent Entities of the Republic of Crimea and the City of Federal ImportanceSevastopol.

Transition and aftermathThe number of tourists visiting Crimea in the 2014 season is expected to be lower than in the previous years due toworries about the political situation. The Crimean government members hope that Russian tourists will flow in. TheRussian government is planning to promote Crimea as a resort and provide subsidized holidays to the peninsula forchildren and state workers.The Sofia news agency Novinite claims that according to the German newspaper Die Welt, the annexation of Crimeais economically disadvantageous for the Russian Federation. Russia will have to spend billions of euros a year to paysalaries and pensions. Moreover, Russia will have to undertake costly projects to connect Crimea to the Russianwater supply and power system because Crimea has no land connection to Russia and at present gets water, gas andelectricity from mainland Ukraine. This will require building a bridge and a pipeline across the Kerch Strait. Also,Novinite claims that a Ukrainian expert told Die Welt that Crimea "will not be able to attract tourists".The Russian business newspaper Kommersant expresses an opinion that Russia will not acquire anything economically from "accessing" Crimea, which is not very developed industrially, having just a few big factories, and whose yearly gross product is only $4 billion. The newspaper also says that everything from Russia will have to be delivered by sea, higher costs of transportation will result in higher prices for everything, and in order to avoid a


decline in living standards Russia will have to subsidize Crimean people for a few months. In total, Kommersantestimates the costs of integrating Crimea into Russia in $30 billion over the next decade, i.e. $3 billion per year.On the other hand western oil experts estimate that Russia's seizing of Crimea, and the associated control of an areaof Black Sea more than three times its land area gives it access to oil and gas reserves potentially worth trillions ofdollars. It also deprives Ukraine of its chances of energy independence. Most immediately however, analysts say,Moscow's acquisition may alter the route along which the South Stream pipeline would be built, saving Russiamoney, time and engineering challenges. It would also allow Russia to avoid building in Turkish territorial waters,which was necessary in the original route in order to avoid Ukrainian territory.[28]

Russian/Chechen businessman Ruslan Baisarov announced he is ready to invest 12 billion rubles into theconstruction of a modern sea resort in Crimea, which is expected to create about 1,300 jobs. Ramzan Kadyrov, theHead of Chechnya, said that other Chechen businessmen are planning to invest into Crimea as well.The Russian Federal Service for Communications (Roskomnadzor) warned about a transition period as Russianoperators have to change the numbering capacity and subscribers. Country code will be replaced from the Ukrainian+380 to Russian +7. Codes in Crimea start with 65, but in the area of "7" the 6 is given to Kazakhstan which sharesformer Soviet Union +7 with Russia, so city codes have to change. The regulator assigned 869 dialing code toSevastopol and the rest of the peninsula received a 365 code. At the time of the unification with Russia, telephoneoperators and Internet service providers in Crimea and Sevastopol are connected to the outside world through theterritory of Ukraine. Minister of Communications of Russia, Nikolai Nikiforov announced on his Twitter accountthat postal codes in Crimea will now have six-figures: to the existing five-digit number the number two will be addedat the beginning. For example, the Simferopol postal code 95000 will become 295000.Regarding Crimea's borders, the head of Russian Federal Agency for the Development of the State Border Facilities(Rosgranitsa) Konstantin Busygin, who was speaking at a meeting led by Russian Deputy Prime Minister DmitryRogozin in Simferopol, the capital of Crimea said the Russian state border in the north of Crimea which, accordingto his claims, now forms part of the Russian-Ukrainian border, will be fully equipped with necessary facilities. In thearea that now forms the border between Crimea and Ukraine mining the salt lake inlets from the sea that constitutethe natural borders, and in the spit of land left over stretches of no-mans-land with wire on either side was created.On early June that year Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev signed a Government resolution 961[29] dated 5 June2014 establishing air, sea, road and railway checkpoints. The adopted decisions create a legal basis for thefunctioning of a checkpoint system at the Russian state border in the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.

Human rights situationOn 9 May 2014 the new "anti-extremist" amendment to the Criminal Code of Russia, passed in December 2013,came into force. Article 280.1 designated incitement of violation of territorial integrity of the Russian Federation[30]

(incl. calls for secession of Crimea from Russia) as a criminal offence in Russia, punishable by a fine of 300thousand roubles or imprisonment up to 3 years. If such statements are made in public media or the internet, thepunishment could be obligatory works up to 480 hours or imprisonment up to five years.Following the annexation of Crimea, according to report released on the Russian government run President ofRussias Council on Civil Society and Human Rights website, Tatars who were opposed to Russian rule have beenpersecuted, Russian law restricting freedom of speech has been imposed, and the new pro-Russian authorities"liquidated" the Kiev Patriarchate Orthodox church on the peninsula.After the annexation, on May 16 the new Russian authorities of Crimea issued a ban on the annual commemorations of the anniversary of the Deportation of the Crimean Tatars by Stalin in 1944, citing "possibility of provocation by extremists" as a reason.[31] Previously, when Crimea was controlled by Ukraine, these commemorations had taken place every year.The pro-Russian Crimean authorities also banned Mustafa Jemilev, a human rights activist, Soviet dissent, member of the Ukrainian parliament, and former Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatars from entering Crimea. Additionally, Mejlis reported, that officers of Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) raided Tatar


homes in the same week, on the pretense of "suspicion of terrorist activity". The Tatar community eventually didhold commemorative rallies in defiance of the ban. In response Russian authorities flew helicopters over the ralliesin an attempt to disrupt them.

Ukrainian responseImmediately after the treaty of accession was signed in March, the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs summonedthe Provisional Principal of Russia in Ukraine to present note verbale of protest against Russia's recognition of theRepublic of Crimea and its subsequent annexation. Two days later, the Verkhovna Rada condemned the treaty andcalled Russia's actions "a gross violation of international law". The Rada called on the international community toavoid recognition of the "so-called Republic of Crimea" or the annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol to Russia asnew federal subjects.On 15 April 2014, the Verkhovna Rada declared the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol to be under"provisional occupation" by the Russian military. The territories were also deemed "inalienable parts of Ukraine"subject to Ukrainian law. Among other things, the special law approved by the Rada restricted foreign citizens'movements to and from the Crimean Peninsula and forbade certain types of entrepreneurship. The law also forbadeactivity of government bodies formed in violation of Ukrainian law and designated their acts as null and void. Thevoting rights of Crimea in national Ukrainian elections were also suspended. The law had little to no actual effect inCrimea itself due to the mutual non-recognition between Kiev and Simferopol.

International responseFurther information: Political status of Crimea, International reactions to the 2014 Crimean crisis and United NationsGeneral Assembly Resolution 68/262

United Nations Resolutions

UN Security Council vote on a draft resolution condemning the 2014 Crimean referendum.Voted in favor of the resolutionAbstainedVetoed the resolution

UN General Assembly vote on the resolution condemning the 2014 Crimean referendum.


In favor of considering the referendum illegalAgainst adopting the resolutionAbstainedAbsent when the vote took place

Countries recognizing Crimea as a part of Russia.Crimea

Security Council Resolution

On 15 March 2014 a U.S.-sponsored resolution was put forward to vote in the UN Security Council to reaffirmcouncil's commitment to Ukraine's "sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity." A total of 13 councilmembers voted in favour of the resolution, China abstained, while Russia vetoed the U.N. resolution declaringCrimean referendum, 2014, on the future of Crimean Peninsula, as illegal. The Russian veto to the UN SecurityCouncil resolution was followed by a successful referendum was held on 16 March 2014, by the legislature ofCrimea as well as by the local government of Sevastopol. After the referendum, the Republic of Crimea declared itsindependence from Ukraine the next day, started seeking UN recognition, and requested to join the RussianFederation.[32] On the same day, Russia recognized Crimea as a sovereign state.[33]

General Assembly Resolution

On 27 March 2014, The UN General Assembly approved a resolution describing the referendum leading toannexation of Crimea by Russia as illegal. The draft resolution, which was titled 'Territorial integrity of Ukraine' wasco-sponsored by Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine and the US. It affirmed council'scommitment to the "sovereignty, political independence, unity and territorial integrity of Ukraine within itsinternationally recognised borders." The resolution tried to underscore that the March 16 referendum held in Crimeaand the city of Sevastopol has no validity and cannot form the basis for any alteration of the status of theAutonomous Republic of Crimea or of the city of Sevastopol. The resolution got 100 votes in its favor, while 11nations voted against and 58 countries abstained from the vote. The resolution was non-binding and the vote waslargely symbolic.

RecognitionThe vast majority of the international community has not recognized the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol as part of Russia. Most nations located in North America, Central America, Europe, Oceania, Africa, as well as non-former-Soviet-Union Asia have openly rejected the referendum and the accession, and instead consider Crimea and Sevastopol to be administrative divisions of Ukraine. It is important to note, however, a number of nations from all the aforementioned regions have recognized the referendum. The remainder have largely remained neutral. The vote on United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262 (supporting the position that Crimea and Sevastopol remain part of Ukraine) was 100 to 11 in favor, with 58 states abstaining and a further 24 of the 193 member states not voting through being absent when the vote took place. The 100 states voting in favor represented about 34% of


the world's population, the 11 against represented about 4.5%, the 58 abstentions represented about 58%, and the 24absents represented about 3.5%.Several members of the United Nations have made statements about their recognition of the Republic of Crimea andSevastopol as federal subjects of Russia: Afghanistan Cuba[34]

Nicaragua Russia[35]

Syria VenezuelaPosition of Belarus is vague: it includes "Ukraine should remain an integral, indivisible, non-aligned state" and "Asfor Crimea, I do not like it when the integrity and independence of a country are broken", on the one hand, and"Today Crimea is part of the Russian Federation. No matter whether you recognize it or not, the fact remains." and"Whether Crimea will be recognized as a region of the Russian Federation de-jure does not really matter", on theother hand.[36]

Three non-UN member states recognized the results of the referendum: Abkhazia, South Ossetia, andNagorno-Karabakh. A fourth, Transnistria, sent a request on 18 March to join the Russian Federation following theCrimean example and in compliance with the Admission Law provisions. On 16 April Transnistria urged Russia andthe United Nations to recognize its independence. Putin is aware of Transnistria's recognition request, according toDmitry Peskov.The following states have recognized the 2014 Crimean referendum.Wikipedia:Verifiability

State UN member Date References

Russia Yes 17 March 2014 [37]

Venezuela Yes 17 March 2014

South Ossetia No 17 March 2014

Abkhazia No 17 March 2014

Kazakhstan Yes 18 March 2014 [38]

Armenia Yes 19 March 2014 [][39]

Nagorno-Karabakh No 19 March 2014 [40]

Kyrgyzstan Yes 20 March 2014 [41]

Uganda Yes 21 March 2014 [42][43]

Afghanistan Yes 22 March 2014 [][44]

North Korea Yes 22 March 2014

Syria Yes 22 March 2014

Belarus Yes 23 March 2014 [45][46]

Cuba Yes 27 March 2014

Bolivia Yes 27 March 2014

Nicaragua Yes 27 March 2014

Sudan Yes 27 March 2014

Zimbabwe Yes 27 March 2014


CommentaryRussian opposition leader and chess Grandmaster Garry Kasparov, former US National Security Advisor ZbigniewBrzezinski, former US secretary of state Hillary Clinton, Ukrainian MP Lesya Orobets (Batkivshchyna), formerforeign minister of the Czech Republic, Karel Schwarzenberg, as well as the Foreign Affairs Minister of CanadaJohn Baird all compared Russia's actions to Nazi Germany's policy before the start of World War II, after the 1936Olympic Games in Berlin. German Federal Minister of Finance Wolfgang Schuble, Chancellor Angela Merkel andMinister of Foreign Affairs Frank-Walter Steinmeier all stated, that such comparisons are unacceptable.Former West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt called Russia's actions "perfectly understandable", and considerssanctions being imposed by the US and EU "foolish".[47]

U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham said the United States should aim to "drive the Russian economy into the ground."[48]

Czech President Milo Zeman said: "Even though I understand the interests of Crimeas Russian-speaking majority,which was annexed to Ukraine by Khrushchev, we have our experience with the 1968 Russian military invasion."[49]

SanctionsFurther information: List of individuals sanctioned during the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine

Putin is joking: "To be honest, they are those verysame polite people the ones in camouflage

gear, with semi-automatic rifles strapped to theirwaists. And their last names are a bit odd too. The

names you just mentioned, for example:Kovalchuk, Rotenberg, Timchenko all typicalmoskal names. I think Id be wise to keep my

distance from them."

Sanctions were imposed to prevent number of Russian and Crimeanofficials and politicians to travel to Canada, the United States, and theEuropean Union.Japan announced milder sanctions than the US and EU. These includesuspension of talks relating to military, space, investment, and visarequirements.Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskait praised the U.S.'s decision tosanction Russia, saying Obama had set an example.

In response to the sanctions introduced by the U.S. and EU, theRussian Duma unanimously passed a resolution asking for all membersof the Duma to be included on the sanctions list. Head of theopposition A Just Russia party Sergei Mironov said he was proud ofbeing included on the sanctions list, "It is with pride that I have foundmyself on the black list, this means they have noticed my stance onCrimea."

Three days after the lists were published, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a reciprocal sanctions list of UScitizens, which consisted of 10 names, including House of Representatives Speaker John Boehner, Senator JohnMcCain, and two advisers to President Obama.[50] Several of those sanctioned responded with pride at theirinclusion on the list, including John Boehner who, through his spokesperson Michael Steel, said, The Speaker isproud to be included on a list of those willing to stand against Putins aggression."; John McCain who tweeted, "I'mproud to be sanctioned by Putin - I'll never cease my efforts & dedication to freedom & independence of Ukraine,which includes Crimea."; Bob Menendez; Dan Coats; Mary Landrieu and Harry Reid.

According to the Financial Times on Friday, 21 March 2014, "As recently as the start of the week, some of Moscow's financial elite were blas about the prospect of sanctions. But Russia's businessmen were no longer smiling by [ the end of it] after expanded US sanctions rippled through financial markets hitting the business interests of some of the country's richest people." The Americans centered on the heart of Moscow's leadership, though the EU initial list shied from targeting Putin's inner circle. As ratings agencies Fitch and Standard & Poor's downgraded Russian credit outlook, Novatek, Russian second-largest gas producer, saw $2.5bn in market value


wiped out when its shares sank by nearly 10%, rendering Putin's close friend Gennady Timchenko, who has a 23%stake in the company, $575m poorer. "I do hope that there is some serious diplomatic activity going on behind thescenes," said one Russian banker quoted by the newspaper, though others were more sanguine on the question ofwhether the sanctions would have any enduring effect"What has been announced so far is really nothing. It'spurely cosmetic," said a French banker based in Moscowand Russians, top and bottom, seemed defiant. Theofficial Russian response was mixed.

Cartographic response National Geographic Society stated, that their policy is "to portray current reality" and "Crimea, if it is formally

annexed by Russia, would be shaded gray", but also further remarked that this step does not suggest recognizinglegitimacy of such annexation. As of April 2014 Crimea is still displayed as part of Ukraine.

Google Maps will paint Crimea as disputed territory for most of visitors. For Russian and Ukrainian versions ofwebsite Crimea will be marked as belonging to corresponding country (Russia or Ukraine respectively). Googlestated, that it "work with sources to get the best interpretation of the border or claim lines".

Yandex Maps displays Crimea according to official position of user's country. Users, visiting Yandex.ru fromRussia, will see Crimea displayed as Russian territory. Users, visiting Yandex.ua or Yandex.ru from Crimea, willsee peninsula as belonging to corresponding country (Ukraine or Russia). Users, visiting yandex.ua from Ukrainewill see Crimea as Ukrainian and all other users (from other countries) will see Crimea as Russian territory.According to official statement, the company works with users from different countries and "displays reality, thatsurrounds them".

Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap and HERE display Crimea as belonging to Ukraine. In particular, Open Street Maprequested its users to refrain from editing borders and administrative relations of subdivisions located inAutonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol until 31 May 2014. On 5 June 2014 OpenStreetMap switched toa territorial dispute option, displaying Crimea as a disputed territory belonging to both countries.

Mail.Ru maps display Crimea as part of Russia

References[1] Crimea Switches To Moscow Time, Finalizing Incorporation Into Russia (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ 2014/ 03/ 29/

crimea-moscow-time_n_5056293. html)[2] Russia takes Crimea back - English pravda.ru (http:/ / english. pravda. ru/ russia/ politics/ 18-03-2014/ 127129-russia_crimea_unite-0/ )[3] UN General Assembly adopts resolution affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity (http:/ / english. cntv. cn/ 2014/ 03/ 28/

ARTI1395947928472439. shtml), China Central Television (28 March 2014)[4][4] See, for example,[5] "The Crimean Tatars began repatriating on a massive scale beginning in the late 1980s and continuing into the early 1990s. The population of

Crimean Tatars in Crimea rapidly reached 250,000 and leveled off at 270,000 where it remains as of this writing [2001]. There are believed tobe between 30,000 and 100,000 remaining in places of former exile in Central Asia." Greta Lynn Uehling, The Crimean Tatars (Encyclopediaof the Minorities, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn) iccrimea.org (http:/ / www. iccrimea. org/ scholarly/ krimtatars. html)

[6] , . : , (http:/ / e-journal. spa. msu. ru/ uploads/ vestnik/ 2009/ vipusk__21. _dekabr_2009_g. / polunov. pdf). . 21. 2009 .

[7] ( ) . ; 21.09.1994 171/94- (http:/ / zakon1. rada. gov. ua/ laws/ show/ 171/ 94-)

[8] (http:/ / www. pravda. com. ua/ rus/ news/ 2013/ 11/27/ 7003199/ ) , 27 2013

[9] Rada removes Yanukovych from office, schedules new elections for May 25 (http:/ / en. interfax. com. ua/ news/ general/ 192030. html),Interfax-Ukraine (24 February 2014)

[10] http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2014/ 02/ 28/ world/ europe/ crimea-ukraine. html?_r=0[11] (http:/ / lenta. ru/ news/ 2014/ 02/ 27/ berkut/ )[12] "" "" - 27 2014 - "

" (http:/ / vizit. ks. ua/ news/post_chongar_kontroliruet_krymskij_berkut_podchinennyj_janukovichu/ 2014-02-27-3148)


[13] (http:/ / news. allcrimea. net/ news/ 2014/ 2/ 27/na-chongarskom-perevale-dezhurit-berkut-i-nekie-grazhdanskie-litsa-6025/ )

[14] (http:/ / armyansk. info/ news/ news-archive/ 120-2014/4592-pod-armyansk-styanulis-siloviki-iz-berkuta)

[15] Lenta.ru: : : (http:/ / lenta. ru/ news/ 2014/ 02/ 28/blockpost/ )

[16] Joint Statement by the United States and Ukraine (http:/ / mfa. gov. ua/ en/ news-feeds/ foreign-offices-news/20572-spilyna-zajava-ukrajini-ta-spoluchenih-shtativ-ameriki). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine

[17] : , [[BBC (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ russian/ rolling_news/ 2014/ 05/140520_rn_medvedev_ukraine. shtml)]]

[18] Statement by [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia) (http:/ / mid. ru/ BDOMP/ Brp_4. nsf/ arh/B173CC77483EDEB944257CAF004E64C1?OpenDocument)]]

[19] "Putin's 'Human Rights Council' Accidentally Posts Real Crimean Election Results" (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ sites/ paulroderickgregory/2014/ 05/ 05/ putins-human-rights-council-accidentally-posts-real-crimean-election-results-only-15-voted-for-annexation/ )

[20] "Russian government agency reveals fraudulent nature of the Crimean referendum results." (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ news/volokh-conspiracy/ wp/ 2014/ 05/ 06/ russian-government-agency-reveals-fraudulent-nature-of-the-crimean-referendum-results/ )

[21] (http:/ / www. president-sovet. ru/ structure/ gruppa_po_migratsionnoy_politike/ materialy/problemy_zhiteley_kryma. php)

[22] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation&params=44_57_N_34_06_E_

[23] 17.03.2014 63- " " (http:/ / wayback. archive. org/ web/ 20140318095051/ http:/ / pravo. gov. ru:8080/ page. aspx?92062) at www.pravo.gov.ru

[24] Ukraine crisis: Putin signs Russia-Crimea treaty (http:/ / www. bbc. com/ news/ world-europe-26630062), BBC, 18 March 2014[25] (http:/ / kremlin. ru/ news/ 20625) kremlin.ru[26] , (http:/ / kremlin. ru/ acts/ 20673)

Kremlin.ru[27] See Presidential explainatory note to the denunciation bill (http:/ / asozd2. duma. gov. ru/ main. nsf/ (ViewDoc)?OpenAgent& work/ dz. nsf/

ByID& FB317FAF2E70539D43257CAA0031A71B)[28] Crimea: an EU-US-Exxon Screwup (http:/ / www. counterpunch. org/ 2014/ 05/ 23/ crimea-an-eu-us-exxon-screwup/ ). Counterpunch.org.

2325 May 2014.[29][29] [30] 28.12.2013 N 433- " " (http:/ / www.

consultant. ru/ document/ cons_doc_LAW_156577/ #p21)[31] 70- - .Ru | (http:/ / www.

gazeta. ru/ politics/ 2014/ 05/ 17_a_6037401. shtml)[32] Crimean parliament formally applies to join Russia (http:/ / www. bbc. com/ news/ world-europe-26609667), BBC, 17 March 2014[33] Putin Recognizes Crimea Secession, Defying the West (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2014/ 03/ 18/ world/ europe/

us-imposes-new-sanctions-on-russian-officials. html?hp& _r=0), New York Times, 17 March 2014[34] Visiting Russia, Fidel Castro's Son Scoffs at U.S. Sanctions Over Crimea (http:/ / www. themoscowtimes. com/ article. php?id=497144.

html)[35] Russian Federation Council ratifies treaty on Crimeas entry to Russia (http:/ / en. itar-tass. com/ russia/ 724749). itar-tass.com. 21 March

2014[36] President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko answers questions of mass media representatives on 23 March 2014 (http:/ /

president. gov. by/ en/ news_en/ view/president-of-the-republic-of-belarus-alexander-lukashenko-answers-questions-of-mass-media-representatives-on-8348/ ). president.gov.by. 23March 2014.

[37] (http:/ / russian. rt. com/ article/ 24484). Russian.rt.com. 17 March2014.

[38] Kazakhstan supported Russia on the Crimean question (http:/ / qha. com. ua/kazakhstan-supported-russia-on-the-crimean-question-130918en. html). qha.com.ua. 19 March 2014

[39] Sarkisian Backs Crimean Referendum in Phone Call with Putin (http:/ / asbarez. com/ 120847/sarkisian-backs-crimean-referendum-in-phone-call-with-putin/ ). asbarez.com. 19 March 2014

[40] Karabakh Foreign Ministry Issues Statement on Crimea (http:/ / asbarez. com/ 120687/karabakh-foreign-ministry-issues-statement-on-crimea/ ). Asbarez.com. Retrieved on 23 March 2014.

[41] Kyrgyzstan Recognizes Crimea Referendum Results (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ world/ 20140320/ 188606372/Kyrgyzstan-Recognizes-Crimea-Referendum-Results. html). ria.ru. 20 March 2014.

[42] : (http:/ / ria. ru/ world/ 20140320/ 1000310862. html).ria.ru. 20 March 2014


[43] // .- 35 (47/2965). 21 March 2014. p. 4[44] Karzai: Afghanistan Endorses Crimean Right to Decide Their Future (http:/ / www. tolonews. com/ en/ afghanistan/

14298-karzai-afghanistan-endorses-crimean-right-to-decide-their-future). tolonews.com. 23 March 2014[45] Belarusian president: Crimea is de-facto part of Russia (http:/ / rt. com/ news/ belarus-crimea-part-russia-657/ ). rt.com. 23 March 2014[46] Lukashenko: Crimea is part of Russia now (http:/ / en. itar-tass. com/ world/ 724950). itar-tass.com. 23 March 2014[47] Green party criticizes Helmut Schmidt for Putin statements (http:/ / www. spiegel. de/ politik/ ausland/

ukraine-krise-gruene-kritisieren-helmut-schmidt-fuer-putin-verstaendnis-a-960951. html) Der Spiegel Retrieved on March 27, 2014[48] " Senators press Obama to crank up Russia punishment, warn of Ukraine civil war (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ politics/ 2014/ 05/ 04/

us-lawmakers-warn-ukraine-civil-war/ )". Fox News. 4 May 2014.[49] " Cold War Ghosts Haunt East Europe in Moves for Crimea (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ news/ 2014-03-03/

cold-war-ghosts-haunt-east-europe-in-moves-for-crimea. html)". Bloomberg. 3 March 2014[50] Sanctions tit-for-tat: Moscow strikes back against US officials (http:/ / rt. com/ news/ foreign-ministry-russia-sanctions-133/ ) RT Retrieved

on 20 March 2014

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Annexation of Crimea.

A treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian Federation. Unofficial Englishtranslation with commentary (https:/ / www. academia. edu/ 6481091/A_treaty_of_accession_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea_and_Sebastopol_to_the_Russian_Federation._Unofficial_English_translation_with_little_commentary)

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Annexation of Crimea by the Russian FederationBackgroundEuromaidan and 2014 Ukrainian revolution Change of regional government and Russian intervention Legal obstacles to Russian annexation Crimean status referendum Breakaway republic Accession treaty and immediate aftermath Transition and aftermathHuman rights situation

Ukrainian response International responseUnited Nations Resolutions Security Council Resolution General Assembly Resolution

RecognitionCommentary Sanctions

Cartographic response ReferencesExternal links

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Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation