Works Cited

Primary Sources

Everett City Dock 1916, site of the Everett Massacre. N.d. Everett Public Library. Web. 12 Feb.

2013. <http://historylink.org/db_images/iww2.JPG>. This image is from Historylink.org,

a reliable website based on Washington state history. This image shows the sight of the

Everett City dock in 1916, and what the Everett Massacre looked like.

Everett Clough Hartley Mill 1915. N.d. Everett Public Library. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. This image

is originally from the Everett Public Library, but was recieved and used from

Historylink.org, a reliable website based on Washington state history. This image shows

an Everett shingle mill owned by Clough Hartley.

Everett Massacre Headline. N.d. Snohomish County Labor Council. Web. 16 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.snolabor.org/pages/history.htm>. This website, Snolabor.org, is a website

created by the Snohomish County Labor Council. This organization created this website

which has a picture of the headline from The Everett Daily Harold caused by the Everett

Massacre. This image shows the headline on the newspaper.

Everett Outrages Revealed! Witness testifies no arms on Verona. University of Washington

Digital Collection. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.

<http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/

pnwlabor&CISOPTR=38&CISOBOX=1&REC=9>. This important newsletter talks

about Louis Skaroff, a young Russian boy who spoke ob the Everett city dock after the

Massacre took place, who was arrested and beaten by Mayor Merrill, the mayor of

Everett. This newsletter, by Anna Louise Strong, also speaks of a witness of the Massacre

who states that the first shot sounded like it came from Sheriff McRae's direction. This

primary source contains very important information on the case of the Everett Massacre

and what happened after it.

Everett's City Dock, 1916. N.d. Courtesy Everett Public Library, Oscar Carlson Exhibit. Web.

15 Dec. 2012. <http://historylink.org/db_images/Everett_City_Dock_1916-1917.jpg>.

This photograph shows Everett's city dock in 1916. This photograph shows the dock that

the Everett Massacre took place on, where 7 people died, some went missing, and many

were injured.

Everett Seaside Shingle Mill. N.d. Everett Public Library. Web. 30 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.historylink.org/db_images/Everett_Seaside-Shingle_Mill_1907.jpg>. This

image is from Historylink.org, a reliable site based on Washington state history. This

image is originally from Everett Public Library. This image shows Shingle Mill workers

working in a lumber mill.

Hewitt Avenue, Everett 1900. N.d. Everett Public Library. Web. 30 Jan. 2013.

<http://historylink.org/db_images/Everett_Hewitt-Ave_1900.jpg>. This image was first

received from historylink.org, but is traced back to the Everett Public Library. This image

is of Hewitt Avenue, Everett, in 1900.

Horror and Madness Follow Everett Massacre, Who Killed Lieut. Curtiss on Bloody Sunday?

Print. This newsletter was written by Anna Louise Strong, an American journalist and

activist. She is knowledgeable of the topic of the Everett Massacre, as she has written a

few articles based on it. She also wrote "Everett's Bloody Sunday", a different article

more explaining the Massacre itself, while this article is more focused on the tragedies

that followed. This article is a great source for information on the effects of the Everett

Massacre.

I.W.W. "One Big Union" Graphic. N.d. Everett Public Library. Web. 30 Jan. 2013.

<http://historylink.org/db_images/Graphic_IWW_Wobbly.jpg>. This image was received

from historylink.org, but its original source is Everett Public Library. This image was

created by the Wobblies, and indeed makes them look very powerful and is basically

advertising to join the I.W.W.

Jack Miller, one of the 74 Wobblies arrested in November 1916. N.d. PNLHA. Web. 12 Feb.

2013. <http://historylink.org/db_images/labor3.JPG>. This image is a mugshot of Jack

Miller, one of the 74 Wobblies arrested from the Everett Massacre. This image is

originally from the database PNLHA, but was retrieved and used from Historylink.org, a

very reliable and informational website based on Washington state history.

J.F. Billings, Wobbly beaten on October 30. N.d. Everett Public Library. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.

<http://historylink.org/db_images/Everett_FBillings_1916.JPG>. This image is originally

from Everett Public Library, but was retrieved and used from Historylink.org, a reliable

site based on the history of Washington state. This image is a mugshot of J.F. Billings, a

cook and I.W.W. member beaten on October 30, 1916, by Sheriff G. McRae's deputies.

A mugshot of John Downs, a Wobblt beaten on October 30, 1916. N.d. Everett Public Library.

Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://historylink.org/db_images/Everett_RedDowns_1916.JPG>.

This image is originally from Everett Public Library, but was retrieved and used from

Historylink.org, a reliable site based on the history of Washington state. This image is a

mugshot taken of John Downs, an I.W.W. member beaten on October 30, 1916, by

Sheriff G. McRae's deputies.

Mugshot of Thomas H. Tracy. N.d. Everett Public Library. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.

<http://historylink.org/db_images/Tracy_Thomas_H_mugshot.jpg>. This image is

originally from Everett Public Library, but the image used was from Historylink.org, a

reliable site about Washington state history. This image shows a mugshot of Thomas H.

Tracy, a local leader in the I.W.W., in November 1916 after the Everett Massacre.

Pass, Morris. A poster remembering the deaths of the Wobblies on November 5, 1916. N.d.

Everett Public Library. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. This image shows a poster created by Morris

Pass. This poster commemorates the I.W.W. members who died on November 5, 1916.

This image is originally from Everett Public Library but was received and used from

Historylink.org, a reliable website based on Washington state history.

Seattle funeral for Wobblies Hugo Gerlot, John Looney and Felix Baran. N.d. The Everett

Massacre. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.

<http://historylink.org/db_images/Seattle_funeral_Gerlot_Looney_Baran_Nov25-

1916.jpg>. This image was obtained from Historylink.org, a reliable website based on

Washington state history. This image shows a Seattle funeral for Wobblies Hugo Gerlot,

John Looney and Felix Baran.

Spokane, 1900s. N.d. Historylink.org. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.

<http://historylink.org/db_images/spokane_11thst.jpg>. This image is from

Historylink.org, a reliable site based on Washington state history. This image shows

Spokane in the 1900s on a postcard.

Strong, Anna Louise. Everett's Bloody Sunday. N.p.: n.p., n.d. University of Washington Digital

Collections. Web. 14 Dec. 2012.

<http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/pnwlabor&CISOP

TR=10&CISOSHOW=195>. This pamphlet is a news report written by Anna Louise

Strong, an American journalist and activist. This primary source provides a very useful

range of basic information concerning the Everett Massacre, and mainly talks about what

happened, the cause, and what was to come. This source also provides very useful

information about the area and its people, and also provides information of why the

effects from the Everett Massacre were negative especially in this area. Anna Louise

Strong was especially knowledgeable of the topic, as she had done a few articles relevant

to the Massacre. This source has a very wide range of different kinds of information on

the topic and is a good source.

This is the railroad cattleguard where Wobblies were beaten by Snohomish deputies in Beverly

Park on October 30, 1916. N.d. University of Washington Digital Collections. Web. 15

Dec. 2012.

<http://www.historylink.org/db_images/Beverly_Park_Cattleguard_Wobblies_1916.jpg>

. This image shows a railroad cattleguard in Beverly Park. In this spot, Wobblies were

beaten by Snohomish deputies on October 30, 2012.

Verona, Everett City Dock. N.d. Everett Public Library. Web. 30 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.historylink.org/db_images/Everett_SS_Verona_1916-1917.jpg>.

 

Secondary Sources

Clark, Norman H. "The Iron Hand." Mill Town: A Social History of Everett, Washington, from

Its Earliest Beginnings on the Shores of Puget Sound to the Tragic and Infamous Event

Known as the Everett Massacre. Washington pbk. ed. Seattle: U of Washington P, 1972.

198-214. Print. This extremely specific secondary source is based on the vast diversity of

knowledge held by Norman H. Clark of the social history of Everett and its largest

events. This source was mainly used for information based on the Everett Massacre. This

book contains basic and specific information on the history of the Pacific Northwest, and

many large events that had took place, including the Massacre. Norman H. Clark is a

noted historian and an author of many articles and books, including this greatly written

book consisting of almost all needed information of the IWW and Everett Massacre, and

even some questions of the event that we may never know the answer to. This is an

extremely great source of the history of the Pacific Northwest.

Copeland, Tom. "Timber Beasts and Soldiers." The Centralia Tragedy of 1919: Elmer Smith and

the Wobblies. Seattle: U of Washington P, 1993. 24. Print. This book's information is a

great source, even though its information is mostly not focused on the Everett Massacre

itself, but on the events that occurred in Centralia, Washington that were caused by the

Wobblies, the same people that caused the Massacre. This source was used to collect

information on the Everett Washington free speech fight and the beatings that came after

it, leading to the Everett Massacre. Its author, Tom Copeland, has written more books

than just this book concerning the IWW, and is knowledgeable of the topic. This is a

great book to use as a source.

Epls.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. <http://www.epls.org/nw/dig_emassacre.asp>. This web

site primarily talks about what happened at the time of the Everett Massacre and its

effects, but not very much else. It does not discuss the history of the IWW, but it shows

part of what lead to the Massacre happening. This web site is a very good source for the

history of Everett, and provides all the basic information consisting of the Everett

Massacre.

Historylink.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://historylink.org/index.cfm?

DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9981>. This article was created by Margaret Riddle on

December 18, 2011. This article was published at Historylink.org, a website based on the

history of Washington state. Margaret Riddle is a contributor to Historylink.org, and is

knowledgeable of the topic of the Everett Massacre. The article is very beneficial to

research as a secondary source, containing much basic information, links to many great

sources in the works cited and pictures that are primary sources. This also includes audios

that are primary sources that can greatly help research. Historylink.org is a very great

website for sources of Washington state history.

Historylink.org. N.p., 1 Mar. 2003. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://historylink.org/index.cfm?

DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=5326>. This article by Walt Crowley, published on

March 1, 2003, was published on Historylink.org, a website containing an extremely vast

diversity of the history of Washington state. This source is secondary and is very direct,

but is a precise and accurate summary of the main and basic information on the main

events that occurred in the Everett Massacre. This summary also has other links to

primary sources, making this a good path to take for basic information and to primary

sources and even an interview of Jack Miller, an IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)

member who witnessed the Massacre on board the Verona, the ship the Wobblies were

on when many people escaped and 5 people died. This source is primarily focused on the

trial of the Wobblies after the Everett Massacre took place, and of the deaths and injuries

that had came inside of the Massacre.

Historylink.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. <http://historylink.org/index.cfm?

DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=7887>. This article was published on the website

Historylink.org, a web site specialized on Washington state history. This article was

created by Margaret Riddle, who has created a few other articles concerning the I.W.W.,

so she is knowledgeable of the topic. This specific article talks about a beating on the

Wobblies by citizen deputies on October 30, 1916 and how it helped lead to the Everett

Massacre itself. This is a great source for this part of the Everett Massacre.

Historylink.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://historylink.org/index.cfm?

DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=7313>. This article was published on Historylink.org,

a reliable website based on Washington state history, on May 8th, 2005. This article was

created by Ross Reider and the staff of Historylink.org. This article is about a prohibition

in Spokane 1909 that interfered in the I.W.W.'s right of free speech and was eventually

repealed after Wobblies ignored the prohibition and protested their right to free speech.

McClelland, John M. "The Militant Mobs." Wobbly War: The Centralia Story. Tacoma:

Washington State Historical Society, 1987. 11-12. Print. This book was mainly used for

basic information of the Everett Massacre, but more of specific information on what

actually happened rather than its effects on the area. This source is very eloquently and

understandably written, uses primary sources to prove its claims in the reading, and is

historically accurate. Its author, John H. McClelland Jr., was a journalist who has always

been concerned about Northwest history. This is a great source for information

concerning the Wobbly war.

radsearem.wordpress.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2012.

<http://radsearem.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/november-24-1885-anna-louise-strong/>.

This article was published on Radsearem.wordpress.com, a blog about the history of

Seattle. This specific article talks about Anna Louise Strong, a journalist and activist who

published many articles on the Everett Massacre and its impacts, making her

knowledgeable of the topic. This is useful information because there are many primary

sources she has created on the impact of the Wobblies in the Pacific Northwest.

Radsearem.wordpress.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.

<http://radsearem.wordpress.com/2010/03/05/march-5-1917-the-wobblies-on-trial/>.

This article was published on Radsearem.wordpress.com, a blog about the history of

Seattle. In this article, it talks about what happened in the Everett Massacre and the trial

that happened shortly after. This article is very specific and accurate on what happened,

so this is a great source for research on the trial of the Wobblies.

Smith, Walker C. "Bloody Sunday." The Everett Massacre: A History of the Class Struggle in

the Lumber Industry. Seattle: Shorey Book Store, 1965. 84-115. Print. This book is a

specific, descriptive, and greatly written source. Walker C. Smith, its author, has written

several books about the I.W.W., and is very knowledgeable of the topic as he has had

very much research. This source has a very wide range of information, including the

troubles of the IWW, the lumber industry of the northwest, and other things. This is a

great source for Pacific Northwest history in general.

Stfrancis.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.stfrancis.edu/content/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/Everett.htm>. This

article was published on the website Stfrancis.edu. This is the website for the University

of St. Francis. This specific article of the Everett Massacre, by Julie Christensen, is a very

detailed and accurate source. This article talks about the Everett Massacre itself, why it

happened, and of the I.W.W. This article also talks about the outcome of the Everett

Massacre and its effects. This is a great source for basic information of what happened in

the Everett Massacre.

Wilson, Scott. 70 Years Later: The Everett Massacre. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This booklet, written

by Scott Wilson, is a very historically accurate, descriptive, and greatly written secondary

source. This source provides the information concerning the main event of the Everett

Massacre, the history of the IWW, and the aftermath and effects of the event. This

booklet is so information-filled and specific with its writing, it's easy to take pages of

notes just off a small section. This booklet also describes why the Wobblies had made

this event take place and their hostile reasoning of the event. This source is a very

informational booklet with not only the basic information of the Massacre and the

Wobblies, but also more uncommon knowledge of the event and why the Everett

Massacre had happened.