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Annotated Bibliography

Long Term Abduction and its Long Term Effects

Mia Pippin

Professor Malcolm Campbell

English 1103

March 10, 2015

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Annotated Bibliography

Kluger, Jeffrey. "The Mind of the Kidnap Victim: How They Endure and Recover | TIME.com."

Science Space The Mind of the Kidnap Victim How They Endure and Recover

Comments. TIME, 8 May 2013. Web. 10 Mar. 2015.

This article from TIME Magazine analyzes the mental stress and recovery process that

kidnap victims endure both while being held hostage and following their release/rescue.

With the focus of this article being the effects on the mind of someone who began to

experience trauma as a child, it attempts to expand on how these childrens brains are

shaped into such a way that commonly they dont take the risk of trying to escape even

when opportunity presents itself. This article strongly supports the ideology that there is

an evident change in the mind of kidnap victims. For example, the author states that it is

clear that something breaks the mind and will of anyone so stripped of autonomy.

However while looking at children exclusively the article provides evidence that the

minds of children are not changed but completely formed and shaped by the conditions

that exposed to and living in. The article suggests that one should not attempt to fully

comprehend the decisions and choices made by these kidnap victims because they are not

fully accountable for their state of mind. Some additional wisdom this article provides

about these kidnap victims is what has been found necessary to help them readapt to a

regular society. The author strongly believes that distance from the media is a must for

recently rescued/released victims. Through the use of an interview of Alan Hilfer, the

chief psychologist at Maimonides Medical Center in New York City, the author backs up

his claims extensively. By using this article I will be able to focus on my main interest

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when looking into this topic, how kidnap victims are able to readjust to a normal life

after dealing with such traumatic events.

Namnyak, M, N Tufton, R Szekely, M Toal, S Worboys, and E L. Sampson. "stockholm

Syndrome: Psychiatric Diagnosis or Urban Myth?" Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.

117.1 (2008): 4-11. Print.

This journal is an exclusive look at the history of Stockholm syndrome and why there is

some evidence that it can be dismissed as an Urban Myth. Stockholm syndrome was a

term used first to represent a failed bank robbery that had occurred in Stockholm,

Sweden. During this particular robbery attempt, the robber (escaped prisoner Janne

Olsson) took four bank clerks hostage and barricaded himself, his partner, and the

hostages in the banks vault. Much to everyones surprise, while Olsson was holding these

four hostages, they formed a strong bond with each other. The hostages did not want to

be rescued because the felt that they were connected with the robber and after he was

captured they protested that he not face any charges. In todays society Stockholm

syndrome is used to describe peoples state of mind in such events such as domestic

abuse and soldiers in combat but there are minimal studies on the actual frequency of

Stockholm syndrome in kidnap victims. The journal sites one of the most widely quoted

study on Stockholm by Graham in which there are believed to be four precursors that

may cause the development of Stockholm syndrome, these are as follows; 1) if there is a

perceived threat to survival and belief that the threat will be carried out 2) if the captives

perceive some small kindness from the captor in the context of terror 3) if the hostage

experiences isolation from perspectives other than those of the captor 4) if the hostage

has a perceived inability to escape. Even though Graham has a set of clearly put instances

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that can lead to Stockholm, there is not a lot of additional scholarly articles or studies on

Stockholm and this leads it to not hold much weight as an un-argumentative syndrome. I

will use this journal as a source because it looks at the point of view that Stockholm

syndrome may be something else entirely. Additionally this journal sites many different

articles, which are also dependable.

Hanbury, Raymond, and David Romano. "Adjusting to Life after Being Held Hostage or

Kidnapped." Http://www.apa.org. American Psychological Association, July 2013. Web.

10 Mar. 2015.

The American Psychological Association website is dedicated to helping the public look

into Psychological diseases and conditions from an educated standing. They even include

an entire section dedicated to psychological help for those seeking it for their self or a

loved one. While psychology as a whole can be studied to gain further insight on the

topic of my research, I found a very specific article on adjusting to life after being held

hostage or kidnapped. Such as the article from TIME magazine dealt with rehabilitating

ones self back into society, in a way this article reflects some of those same thoughts

only from a psychological standpoint. The article lists that most of the typical reactions to

being held hostage are those such as; impaired memory, denial, shock, anxiety, sense of

helplessness, a upon ones return they witness withdrawal and avoidance of their friends

and family. I will use this source because it is extremely dependable due to the fact that it

is a .org website so it is an actual organization which holds the information on this

website up to a higher standard than that from a random website that I might stumble

upon.

Dugard, Jaycee Lee. A Stolen Life: A Memoir. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011. Print.

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This autobiography by Jaycee Dugard is an in detail retelling of her 18 year abduction

that took place when she was 11 years old. This book is unique compared to my other

sources due to the fact that it is the only first hand account I have to use as a reference for

what truly occurs to someone when they have been kidnapped. Dugard was taken while

walking to a school bus stop on June 10, by registered sex offender Phillip Garrido and

his wife Nancy. Dugard uses a combination of flashback and journals that she kept while

in the Garridos captivity to tell her version of the story. I will use Dugards

autobiography as a reliable source because it is the only one I have that shows how a

person feels both while they are captured and after their release that is first hand. It will

show a viewpoint that cannot possibly be fabricated by anyone that has not personally

experienced what she has.