AnnouncementAnnouncement

• Activity 2 due March 20Activity 2 due March 20• Exam II on 4/8 (after spring break)Exam II on 4/8 (after spring break)• Review sheet will be available before Review sheet will be available before

break-break-• Please start reviewing earlyPlease start reviewing early

ReviewReview

• Which composer wrote oratorios in English Which composer wrote oratorios in English (modeled on Handel)?(modeled on Handel)?

• What is opera seria? What topics did it deal What is opera seria? What topics did it deal with?with?

• What is opera buffa? What topics did it deal What is opera buffa? What topics did it deal with?with?

• What was Singspiel?What was Singspiel?• What kind of an opera is Mozart’s Marriage What kind of an opera is Mozart’s Marriage

of Figaro?of Figaro?

Classical Concerto vs. Classical Concerto vs. BaroqueBaroque

• emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) vs. emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) vs. orchestraorchestra

• more integration of orchestra and more integration of orchestra and solosolo

• Has three movements, fast-slow-Has three movements, fast-slow-fast fast

• featuring a CADENZA, a solo featuring a CADENZA, a solo passage near the end that was passage near the end that was often improvisedoften improvised

Mozart Piano Mozart Piano ConcertosConcertos

•most were written for himself or his sister Nannerl

•As a vehicle for self-promotion• 3 movements (rather than 4 of 3 movements (rather than 4 of

typical sonata-cycle)typical sonata-cycle)• Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt, Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt,

RondoRondo

RomanticismRomanticism

• The period of Art music c. 1820-1900The period of Art music c. 1820-1900• What is Romanticism?What is Romanticism?• Topics..Topics..• NatureNature• The supernatural (Faust, by Goethe)The supernatural (Faust, by Goethe)• Folk themesFolk themes• Long ago and far away (new interest in Long ago and far away (new interest in

Medieval history, far away places)Medieval history, far away places)

RomanticismRomanticism

• ExoticismExoticism• Looking inwardLooking inward• NationalismNationalism• Unity of the arts (more interest in Unity of the arts (more interest in

combining music and other arts (ie, poetry)combining music and other arts (ie, poetry)• In music, an interest in smaller forces that In music, an interest in smaller forces that

require fewer performers (solo song or require fewer performers (solo song or piano music)piano music)

Romantic paintingRomantic painting

• Caspar David FriedrichCaspar David Friedrich• Big images of nature…Big images of nature…• and sometimes small images of manand sometimes small images of man

19th c. ART SONG19th c. ART SONG

• Called LIEDCalled LIED• Piano and Voice Piano and Voice • Goal was depiction of textGoal was depiction of text

19th c. ART SONG19th c. ART SONG

• Possible forms…Possible forms…• Strophic-each stanza sung to same Strophic-each stanza sung to same

musicmusic• modified strophic (same as above modified strophic (same as above

with modificationswith modifications• through-composed (no regular through-composed (no regular

repetition scheme)repetition scheme)• We will study an example by Franz We will study an example by Franz

SchubertSchubert

Franz SchubertFranz Schubert

• Austrian composer (from Vienna)Austrian composer (from Vienna)• Lived 1797-1828Lived 1797-1828• Known for…Known for…• SongsSongs• SymphoniesSymphonies• Chamber musicChamber music

Schubert’s ErlkönigSchubert’s Erlkönig

• Erlkönig menas “Elfking”Erlkönig menas “Elfking”• Listening guide 37Listening guide 37• Through-composed songThrough-composed song• Text by Goethe, a leading Romantic Text by Goethe, a leading Romantic

poetpoet

ElfkingElfking

• story of a boy, his father, and story of a boy, his father, and the king of the elvesthe king of the elves

• the boy is threatened by the the boy is threatened by the Elfking who tries to trap himElfking who tries to trap him

• Look at textLook at text

Listening to ElfkingListening to Elfking

• 3 times- each time more 3 times- each time more intensely the boy calls …intensely the boy calls …

• Mein Vater (my father) -- for helpMein Vater (my father) -- for help• each time at a higher pitch level

• but the father is not able to help but the father is not able to help himhim

• How does this story tie into How does this story tie into Romanticism?Romanticism?

Listening to ElfkingListening to Elfking

• How would you describe the How would you describe the different parts for each different parts for each character?character?

• How are the three different How are the three different characters distinguished? characters distinguished? (Even though they are all sung (Even though they are all sung by one person)by one person)

Listening to ElfkingListening to Elfking

• Father: low, minor keyFather: low, minor key• Son: high, minor key, urgentSon: high, minor key, urgent• Elfking: high, major key, Elfking: high, major key,

seductiveseductive

PIANO of 19th PIANO of 19th centurycentury

• the most popular instrument the most popular instrument (melody and harmony)(melody and harmony)

• bigger and stronger instruments bigger and stronger instruments were built at this timewere built at this time

• piano teachers/builders/salesmen piano teachers/builders/salesmen often combined in the same often combined in the same personperson

PIANO of 19th PIANO of 19th centurycentury

• SOCIAL HistorySOCIAL History• new middle-class consumer base for new middle-class consumer base for

music had new needsmusic had new needs• entertainment of traveling virtuosos entertainment of traveling virtuosos

(emergence of superstar culture)(emergence of superstar culture)• on the one hand, and

• simple music for the home simple music for the home • on the other hand (here especially

played by women)

Famous Famous performer/composersperformer/composers

• Frederick Chopin (1810-1849)Frederick Chopin (1810-1849)• Polish-born• favorite of Parisian salons

• Clara Schumann (1819-1896)Clara Schumann (1819-1896)• acclaimed performer and teacher• co-founder of Leipzig conservatory• wife to Robert Schumann, close

friend of Johannes Brahms

Piano musicPiano music

• Forms...Forms...• Simple forms (ABA, etc., or Simple forms (ABA, etc., or

Rondo)Rondo)• lyricism -- to make the piano lyricism -- to make the piano

singsing

ChopinChopin

• Born in Poland and thought of as a Born in Poland and thought of as a national hero (even though he national hero (even though he moved away)moved away)

• Wrote many short piano pieces Wrote many short piano pieces such as…such as…

• Noctures (intended to evoke night)Noctures (intended to evoke night)• Polonaises (based on a Polish Polonaises (based on a Polish

dance, nationalistic)dance, nationalistic)

Chopin’s PolonaiseChopin’s Polonaise

• LG 40LG 40• Form ABAForm ABA• How do the A and B sections How do the A and B sections

contrast?contrast?• Performance technique: Tempo Performance technique: Tempo

rubato (robbing time)rubato (robbing time)• Also listening for the typical Also listening for the typical

Polonaise rhythm long-short-short-Polonaise rhythm long-short-short-long-long long-long(in duple meter)long-long long-long(in duple meter)

Another piano virtuosoAnother piano virtuoso

• Franz LisztFranz Liszt• Rise of star performer/composerRise of star performer/composer• Many affairs with many womenMany affairs with many women• The Little Bell (not on assigned The Little Bell (not on assigned

listening)listening)