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Announcements
• Vocabulary Quiz Tomorrow or Content Quiz Monday?
• Exam Next Thursday
Agenda
• Exams
• IQ # 1
• 9.1a Lecture
Grade Distribution
Scale Grade # of people
41- 46+ - A - 15 people
37- 40 - B - 8 people
32 – 36 - C - 6 people
28 - 31 - D - 6 people
0 - 28 - F - 1 people
IQ # 1• What is a Calorie? How many Calories are released
when 1 gram of glucose is burned?(p. 221)
• What is Glycolysis? Does it release a lot of energy?(p. 221, 223)
• What is Cellular Respiration? What is the chemical formula? How is this similar to photosynthesis?
• Draw the Mitochondria, label all parts. (p. 221, fig 9.1)
CHAPTER 9
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CHAPTER 9: CELLULAR RESPIRATION9-1 Chemical Pathways A. Chemical Energy and Food
Food serves as a source for _________. 1g of glucose (C6H12O6) releases _______ calories.
calorie=
We gradually release the energy of glucose and other compounds (fats, proteins, and carbohydrates). The process begins with a pathway called__________.
If oxygen is present,
If oxygen is not present,
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1°C.
3,811
glycolysis.
energy
glycolysis leads to fermentation. (process = anaerobic)
glycolysis leads to cellular respiration (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain). (process = aerobic)
Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electrontransport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
1. Alcohol
or
2. Lactic acid
Chemical PathwaysSection 9-1
B. Overview of Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration=
Remember: the ____________ is the organelle known as the “powerhouse”- the site where energy is produced.
Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
The equation for cellular respiration=
the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
mitochondria
6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy 6O2 + C6H12O6
________ stores large amounts of energy. The cell can’t release all the energy at one time. It is too much for the cell to handle.
3 main stages of cellular respiration: 1.
2.
3.
Glucose
Glycolysis (glycol= sugar; lysis=break apart)
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
FlowchartSection 9-2
Glucose(C6H1206)
+Oxygen
(02)
GlycolysisKrebsCycle
ElectronTransport
Chain
Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)+
Water(H2O)
Cellular Respiration
GlucoseGlycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in
NADH and FADH2 Electron
Transport Chain
Mitochondrion
Respiration: An Overview
Mitochondrion
Section 9-1
2 2 34
http://scholar.hw.ac.uk/site/biology/activity3.asp
Glucose
To the electron transport chain
Section 9-1
2 Pyruvic acid
C. Glycolysis=
This pathway does
the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.
not require oxygenProkaryotes depend on this process alone for ATP.
PGAL(Phosphoglyceraldehyde)
1. ATP Production Use__ ATP Makes __ ATP Net gain is __ ATP
2. NADH Production NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an
_____________.
NAD+ accepts electrons to make ______ (an electron carrier).
In glycolysis, ________ are produced.
NADH will carry its’ electrons to
24
2
Electron carrier
NADH
2 NADH
the electron transport chain.
3. Overall, Glycolysis produces
2 ATP “Net” (energy molecules)
2 NADH (electron carriers)
2 Pyruvic Acid (3-C sugars)
9-1 [continued...] Fermentation What happens when oxygen is not present?
Fermentation=
The pyruvic acid can go through one of two types of fermentation:
1. __________ FermentationOccurs in Pyruvic acid + NADH → Important to ____ released causes bread to rise
release of energy from food molecules by producing ATPin the absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic process
Glycolysis still occurs in the cytoplasm producing pyruvic acid.
Alcoholic
yeast cells and other microorganisms.alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
bakers and brewers.CO2
2. ___________ Fermention
Produced in our Build up of _________ causes the ______ is Prokaryotes are used to make food because they do produce lactic acid. Some examples:
-cheese -kimchi -sour cream -yogurt -sauerkraut -buttermilk -pickles
Glucose Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Section 9-1
Lactic Acid
muscle cells when oxygen levels are too low Lactic Acid burning feeling.
NAD+ regenerated to keep running glycolysis.
Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electrontransport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
Chemical PathwaysSection 9-1
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/BiologicalSciences/Faculty/DMeyer/respiration.html
Lactic Acid Alcoholic Cellular respirationglucose
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
lactic acid
2 ATP
glucose glucose
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
carbon dioxide
alcohol
2 ATP 38 ATP (net 34)
water
carbon dioxide
COMPARISON OF FERMENTATION TO CELLULAR REPIRATION
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport A. The Krebs Cycle (aka: Citric Acid Cycle)
1. Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) oxidation
2. Energy Extraction
Named after __________.
Occurs in the Mitochondria (therefore this process only occurs in __________)
Krebs cycle=
Krebs cycle begins
Hans Krebs
Eukaryotes
process where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.
when pyruvic acid enters mitochondria.
1. Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Oxidation
In this process, it produces the following for glucose: - - -
2 acetyl-CoA (2-C sugar) 2 NADH (electron carriers) 2 Carbon dioxide (waste product)
2. Energy Extraction
Acetyl CoA ( ) binds with a Oxaloacetic acid ( ) molecule to form Citric Acid ( )...Hence, the name Citric Acid Cycle.
Citric Acid is oxidized (by NAD+ and FAD) through a series of reactions that finally produces Oxaloacetic Acid again.
The Krebs Cycle runs __ times per Glucose molecule. (Once per pyruvic acid.)
This process produces (per glucose molecule):- ___ NADH (electron carriers-go to ETC)- ___ FADH2 (electron carriers-go to ETC)
- ___ ATP (energy-used by cell to do work)- ___ CO2 (waste product- gets exhaled)
2-C 4-C
2
6 224
6-C
B. Electron Transport (ETC) The Electron Transport Chain=
Section 9-2
Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement
ATP Production
ATP synthase
Channel
Inner Membrane
Matrix
Intermembrane Space
Mitochondrion
process that uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.
If oxygen is present:Cellular Respiration
If oxygen is not present:Fermentation
Lactic acid (or Alcohol & CO2 )
Pyruvic acid
To ETC
PGAL
Pyruvic acid
Cytoplasm
Cell Respiration Drawing Instructions
• Using template, draw in the steps of cell respiration– Glycolysis/fermentation(p.223 & 225)– Pyruvic Acid Oxidation/Citric Acid
production(p.227)– Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle(p.227)– Electron Transport Chain(p.228)
• Include the totals for each reaction(p.229)
The Process:
A.Electron Transport
1. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle deliver their ________ and _______ to the matrix of the mitochondria.
2. NADH and FADH2 donate their high energy electrons
to the ETC.
NADH → NAD+ + + FADH2→ FAD + + (recycled) (go to intermembrane space) (passed to ETC)
NADH
H+ e-
2H+ 2e-
FADH2
3. Electrons are passed from carrier to carrier in the inner membrane.
*(in prokaryotes )
4. At the end of the chain, ________ is the
5. Oxygen uses the electron to
the ETC is in the cell membrane
Oxygen
covalently bond with hydrogen forming water. (oxygen is reduced)
final electron acceptor.
http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/Common/respiration.html
Interactive link: Use ETS and Making ATP
IQ # 2 – 8.21. Summarize each of the steps in the Krebs
Cycle in your own words (p. 226-227)
2. Summarize each of the steps of the electron transport chain in your own words (p. 228-229)
3. What is the difference between short term and long term energy (p. 230-231)
Announcements
• Exam – Thursday
• Extra Credit – Wednesday (9.1 & 9.2)
• HOMEWORK: 9.2 Section Assessment
Agenda
• IQ # 2 (Check Homework: Flashcards and 9.1 section assessment)
• Lecture/Drawing Activity
• Time Permitting, finish remaining slides
Announcements
• Exam – Thursday
• Extra Credit – Wednesday
• Thursday –lunch answering questions
• Homework – Review Sheet
Agenda
• Finish Mitochondria Drawing
• Finish Lecture
• 5 minute video
• Review IQs
• Review Homeworks
B. Hydrogen Ion Movement 1. As the high energy electrons are transported down the chain,
2. It takes
3. The _____________ space becomes (+) positively charged.
4. The _______ becomes (-) negatively charged.
their energy is used to push H+ from the matrix, through the inner membrane, to theintermembrane space.
2e- to move 1H+
intermembrane
matrix
C. ATP Production 1. Hydrogen ions return to the matrix through the enzyme
2. As Hydrogen passes, the enzyme
D. This process produces: -
-
ATP synthase.
grabs a phosphate and attaches it to ADP to become ATP.
34 ATP
water
C. The Totals Per Glucose molecule ***note: each NADH produces __ ATP each FADH2 produces __ ATP
LOCATION ATP NADH FADH2
BYPRODUCTS
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE:Pyruvate oxidation →
Energy Extraction →
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
TOTALS (net)
32
0 Carbon dioxide
matrix 2 6 2 Carbon dioxide
Inner Membrane
(Cristae)34 0 0 water
36 10 2
0 ------
matrix 0 2
cytoplasm 2 2
-2 ATP (transport of pyruvic acid into mitochondria)
http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/electron_transport/electron_transport.htm
Click on ATP synthesis and play the first one only
D. Energy and Exercise (refer to activity sheet)E. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Equation
Energy Capture Energy Release
Chloroplasts Mitochondria
H2O and CO2 C6H12O6 and O2
C6H12O6 and O2 H2O and CO2
6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis Cellular RespirationFood synthesized Food broken down
Energy from sun stored in glucose Energy of glucose released
Carbon dioxide taken in Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen given off Oxygen taken in
Produces sugars from PGAL Produces CO2 and H2O
Requires light Does not require light
Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll
Occurs in all living cells
IQ # 1• What is a Calorie? How many Calories are released
when 1 gram of glucose is burned?(p. 221)
• What is Glycolysis? Does it release a lot of energy?(p. 221, 223)
• What is Cellular Respiration? What is the chemical formula? How is this similar to photosynthesis?
• Draw the Mitochondria, label all parts. (p. 221, fig 9.1)
IQ # 2 – 8.21. Summarize each of the steps in the Krebs
Cycle in your own words (p. 226-227)
2. Summarize each of the steps of the electron transport chain in your own words (p. 228-229)
3. What is the difference between short term and long term energy (p. 230-231)
California State StandardsCalifornia State Standards
1g. Students know the role of the 1g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.carbon dioxide.
1i* Students know how chemiosmotic 1i* Students know how chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplasts store energy for ATP chloroplasts store energy for ATP production.production.
Warm-up Section 9-1Warm-up Section 9-1
►What is cellular respiration? What is cellular respiration?
►Draw a picture of a cell and label Draw a picture of a cell and label where glycolysis, krebs cycle, and ETC where glycolysis, krebs cycle, and ETC occur.occur.
►What happens during the process of What happens during the process of glycolysis?glycolysis?
Warm up section 9-2Warm up section 9-2
►What happens during the Krebs cycle.What happens during the Krebs cycle.
►How are high energy electrons used by How are high energy electrons used by the electron transport chain?the electron transport chain?
►What pathways are taken by pyruvic What pathways are taken by pyruvic acid if oxygen is not available?acid if oxygen is not available?