MAY 31, 1940 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

Announcing!THE SCIENCES

A SURVEY COURSE FOR COLLEGESEdited by Gerald Wendt, Ph.D.

0

This series of six brief volumes has been planned to present a concise survey of the sciences-not too detailed nor technical, yet comprehensive in coverage. They afford a view ofbasic principles, concepts and methods of research, without probing into details which onlythe specialist need know. The books may be studied in any order, depending upon the cur-riculum of the college using them.

PHYSICS. By W. F. G. Swann. A new approach to the study of physics. It proposes the broad fun-damental laws and concepts underlying all of the various "facts" of physics, without the technicalities.Basic principles of motion, heat, etc., are first established, then their applications in many diverse fields areshown. Ready in September. Approximately 220 pages; Probable price, $1.75.

CHEMISTRY. By Gerald Wendt. A careful selection of major concepts and their practical applica-tion is given. The book covers concisely atoms and molecules, elements and compounds, the basis of chem-ical reactions, the structure of the atom, atomic number, valence electrons, the periodic system, the formationof compounds, reactions, oxidation and reduction, acids and bases, formulas and equations, physical, organicand biological chemistry, and the future of chemical research. Ready in September. Approximately 212pages; Probable price, $1.75.

EARTH SCIENCES. By J Harlen Bretz. Under the major headings of earth, water and air, thisanalysis forms a sound and practical survey of geology, oceanography and meteorology, as well as of physi-cal geography. The style is smooth, yet challenging. The illustrations in this volume are profuse, beautifuland cogent. Ready in September. Approximately 252 pages; Probable price, $1.75.

ASTRONOMY. By Clyde Fisher and Marian Lockwood. A short, informative survey of the Earthas an astronomical body, of the solar system and the relations of its members to each other, and their placein the universe. The Moon, Sun, planets, comets, meteors, stars and galaxies are all treated in easy, informalstyle, together with their motions and celestial events. Published May 1940. 305 pages; $1.75.

BIOLOGY. By Howard M. Parshley. The structural organization and chemical composition of livingthings form the entering wedge in this survey. Reproduction and development receive due attention. In-heritance of characteristics likewise has its place in the discussion. Environment, and the adaptation ofthe individual organism to it, is described. Evolution and variation are the concluding subjects of the book.Published May 1940. 232 pages; $1.75.

THE BODY FUNCTIONS. By Ralph W. Gerard. This volume on the human body and on humanbiology is organized upon the basic concepts of function and its emphasis is chemical rather than anatomical.It is a sound, thorough, though compact survey of physiology as the basis of the medical sciences. Respira-tion, nutrition, reproduction are analyzed into their simple component processes and are themselves estab-lished as the basis of health. Ready in September. Approximately 318 pages; Probable price, $1.75.

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7

SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENTV

SCIENCE NEWSScience Service, Washington, D. C.

EARTHQUAKE IN THE IMPERIAL VALLEYTHV earthquake in the Imperial Valley, with damage

estimated at $2,500,000, rates as sixth in property destruc-tion among recorded American earthquakes, according toseismologists of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.Serious as it was, it is dwarfed by such catastrophes asthe San Francisco shock of 1906 and the Long Beachearthquake of 1933. The San Francisco disaster ac-counted for $24,000,000 loss from direct effect of theearthquake and $400,000,000 that went up in the fire.The Long Beach quake smashed down property worth$41,000,000.

Other costly earthquakes in this country have included:Santa Barbara, Calif., 1925, $6,250,000; Charleston, S. C.,1886, $5,500,000; Helena, Mont., 1935, $3,500,000. Therehave been several quakes of far greater intensity than anyof these, for sheer power of earth movement, but they hap-pened in desert or sparsely settled regions and so causedlittle or no loss of life or damage to property.The Imperial Valley earthquake apparently resulted

from a shift in deeply buried rock fissures that are asouthward continuation of the San Andreas fault, whichwas responsible for San Francisco 's ruin a generation ago.This is one of the most actively seismic faults in thiscountry and has been responsible for literally hundredsof earthquakes, some of them quite serious. The exactlocation of the fault as it runs under the Imperial Valleyis not known because it is covered deeply by loose earth.and gravel. This unconsolidated material transmits theearthquake movement from the rocks beneath in a waythat is extremely destructive to weak buildings, but lessdamaging to good steel frame and sound reinforced con-

crete structures.The last severe earthquake in the Imperial Valley region

occurred in 1934 and was centered south of the Mexicanborder near the head of the Gulf of California. In 1937an earthquake was felt in the valley, but it originated inthe mountains outside, and caused little disturbance. Aheavy quake occurred in the valley on January 1, 1927,and was followed by hundreds of after-shocks during theyear.

Sunday's shock was recorded on many seismographs allover the United States and Canada. Among them wereinstruments designed for use at Boulder Dam, now set upfor testing in the laboratories of the Coast and GeodeticSurvey. The shock was also recorded by instruments ofthe magnetic observatory at Cheltenham, Md., which are

not intended for earthquake study at all.Two investigators from the San Francisco office of the

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Frank T. Ulrich andMarion Gilmore, arrived in the stricken region early on

Monday. Examination of the records of a strong-motioninstrument, which had been set up at El Centro, indicateda disturbance of considerable intensity. The automaticpen was thrown off the paper in both directions. Inten-sity was apparently of violence 9-plus, on a scale of 12grades of intensity. Records wired to Science Serviceand interpreted by Coast and Geodetic Survey seismolo-gists indicate that the epicenter was not far from Brawley.

FURTHER PAPERS PRESENTED TO THEAMERICAN SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS

DzsTRucZrvE land uses, like over-grazing and tolerationof soil erosion, reach into rivers and lakes to the ruin offish life. Any plans made for land improvement must in-elude consideration of their possible effects on the nation 'sfish resources, valued alike for recreational and commercialuses, declared Elmer Higgins, chief of the division of sci-entific inquiry, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, speaking re-cently before the Eighth American Scientific Congress.Exposure of land to rapid erosion, through over-cuttingof timber, over-cultivation of sloping areas, over-grazingof pastures, changes rivers from clear to turbid, from coolto warm, and brings on silting-up of lakes. These changesmake the waters less fit for habitation by desirable fishlike trout and bass and reduce them to the level of " waterslums" inhabited only by such fish as carp and mud-cat.Industrial abuses of the waters, especially the discharge offactory wastes and the acid-water outpourings of mines,have made many rivers in this country unable to supporteven carp. They are not even water slums; they areaquatic deserts. Other misuses of water resources men-tioned by Mr. Higgins include neglect to screen irrigationditch outlets, excessive canalization of rivers, constructionof dams with no provision for the passage of fish, drain-age of swamps and shallow lakes that afterwards turn outto be unsuited to agriculture, and too-rapid changes inlevel of lakes backed up by irrigation and power dams. Hesuggested a program of correction that would permit rea-sonable use of waters without killing off the fish.

CORN, America's greatest single contribution to worldagriculture, has been a botanical riddle ever since its firstdiscovery by Columbus. Its origin is shrouded in mystery;nobody has ever seen a plant that might be its wild an-cestor. A widely held hypothesis, that corn is the hybridoffspring between two corn-like grasses, teosinte and gamagrass, was disputed before the congress by Professor P.C. Mangelsdorf, of the Texas Agricultural ExperimentStation. Teosinte could not be the ancestor of corn, hesaid, because corn was more probably one of the ancestorsof teosinte. In a study of the chromosomes of all threeplants he has discovered strong evidence that a primitivetype of corn and gama grass formed a natural hybrid,which is teosinte. Distribution of the "wild" teosintesuggests that this happened where the cultivated rangeof corn came into contact with the natural range of thewild gama grass. The original corn plant, whatever itwas, almost certainly grew in the Andean region, in theTexas geneticist's opinion. Indians found it good forfood in its wild state, better after they had cultivated andimproved it. From the South American highlands itspread from tribe to tribe, until it was grown in practi-cally all parts of the Western Hemisphere where soil andclimate would support it.

SOUTH and Central America, original homes of the po-tato, have lately been combed for new varieties to be bredwith European and American stocks already in use, for the

8 VOL. 91, No. 2370

MAY 31, 1940 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9

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10 SCIENCE-0

production of better-quality hybrids, according to EdwardK. Balls, leader of an expedition sent out under the aus-

pices of the Imperial Agricultural Bureau of London. Thework of the expedition was confined mainly to the westernslopes of the Andes, through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bo-livia and northern Argentina. Best hunting was foundaround Lake Titicaca in southern Peru and northern Bo-livia, where about 200 forms were obtained, many of whichwere known to Indians long before the coming of whitemen. In all, planting material representing about 500different species, forms and varieties was brought out bythe expedition.

DL. HNiRY K. SVENSON, of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-den, stated that plants of the Galapagos Islands are

mainly of South American mainland origin, despite earlierbeliefs that they were endemic, or as peculiar to the islandsas the giant tortoises and sea-going lizards that fasci-nated Darwin a century ago. The islands have onlya single genus, a woody relative of the daisies andsunflowers, that is not found in any other part of theworld. All the rest of the plants have kindred elsewhere.Three modes of transportation have been used by plantsin clothing the islands, which are geologically relativelynew, with vegetation. Some may have drifted in by sea,

borne on the Humboldt current which sweeps over fromthe western shore of South America. Spores of ferns andmosses, and the lighter kinds of seeds, could come in byair. Finally, of very late date, came the introduction ofplants by human agency, either of cultivated plants thathave escaped and run wild or of weeds brought in uninten-tionally.-FANx THONE and JANE STAFORD.

VITAMINSVITAMIN K, which is saving desperately sick adults and

new-born babies from bleeding to death, may go in thenext "U. S3. Pharmacopoeia." This book is sometimescalled the druggists' Bible. It is the legal standard fordrugs in the United States. If a drug or a vitamin or a

hormone is labeled U.S.P., it must conform to the stand-ards of preparation, purity and strength set by thePharmacopoeia. Preparations for the twelfth "U. S.

Pharmacopoeia" (they are issued every 10 years), are

being made.Riboflavin, a member of the large family of B vitamins

and recently reported effeetive in treating the sometimesblinding eye disease, keratitis, may also be included in thenext edition. Some of the new sex hormones also are

likely to be included. A strong note of international co-

operation was sounded as the convention got under way

in the midst of renewed war activity in Europe. Dr. E.Fullerton Cook, chairman of the Revision Committee forthe decade 1930-1940, pointed out that the "Pharmaco-poeia" must be planned to meet the needs of people in allparts of the world. This has been done to some extentalready, as in the ease of chaulmoogra oil, used in treatingepilepsy, which was introduced into the " Pharmacopoeia "to meet the needs of the Philippines and other Orientalcountries. Other nations have their own pharmacopoeiasand a dozen or so of these were on display, including theGerman, the Dutch, the Finnish, the Russian and one

from far-ofT Thailand.

PPLEMENT VOL. 91, No. 2370

The care and the work involved in determining stand-ards for U.S.P. products appeared in the story of thestandardization of cod-liver oil. The work began withone of the scientists personally selecting the fish liversfrom the cod fish catch to be used in preparing the oil.Here is a new phrase picked up at the convention forthose addicted to talking about their operation: "ChordaChirurgicalis U.S.P." Translation is "surgical gut" or"surgical catgut." This means that for the first timethe surgeon can sew up wounds with a U.S.P. product,because standards for surgical sutures have now been in-eluded in the "Pharmacopoeia."-JANE STAFFORD.

PARKINSON'S DISEASE(Copyright, 1940, by Science Service)

REMARKABLE changes in patients suffering from Parkin-son's disease treated with Vitamin B., administered intra-venously, effective within a few minutes after the treat-ment, were reported by Dr. Tom D. Spies, of HillmanHospital, Birmingham, Ala., at the 100th annual meetingof the Illinois State Medical Society.

Parkinson's disease, called also paralysis agitans, is ashaking palsy, marked by muscular weakness, stiffnessand pain. Its treatment has hitherto been consideredmore or less hopeless. Dr. Spies and his colleague, Dr.William B. Bean, treated 11 cases of at least four years'duration, eight of which were arteriosclerotic and threeof which were post-encephalitic. Upon the cases follow-ing encephalitis vitamin B. produced the most remarkableresults. A few minutes after the injection there wasmarked improvement. Tremor and rigidity decreased.The patients were able to walk without customary stiff-ness. Two of the arteriosclerotic patients showed definiteimprovement, five were unchanged and one was consider-ably worse.

Dr. Spies also reported that Dr. Norman Jolliffe, of theNew York University College of Medicine, in a personalcommunication has stated that he has obtained similarresults following administration of vitamin B. to patientswith Parkinson's disease.

Temporary relief of neuromuscular symptoms, roaringsensations in the ears, anorexia and insomnia in selectedpersons with malnutrition was obtained through use ofanother synthetic vitamin, alpha-tocopherol, or vitamin E,the so-called fertility vitamin, was also reported by Dr.Spies. These patients were badly nourished but gave no

evidence of pellagra, beriberi or riboflavin deficiencies.Last year Dr. Spies reported that vitamin B,, then newly

synthesized, produced dramatic, 24-hour recoveries of pa-tients with pellagra and beriberi that recurred when theylived on their old inadequate diets.

SEVENTEEN-YEAR LOCUSTBILLONS of 17-year cicadas, longest-lived of all insects,

will be emerging from the earth soon over the greaterpart of the country between the Mississippi and the At-lantic coast, to fill the warm air with their shrillingsthroughout the month of June. They have lived under-ground for 17 years, sucking juices from the roots.Those emerging now will mate, produce their eggs anddie, and the tiny grubs that hatch from the eggs later in

U

SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT

the summer will dig into the earth to repeat the samestrange, hidden life cycle.The heaviest outbreaks this season are expected in the

Tennessee and upper Ohio valleys, with outlying groupsranging from northern Illinois to Cape Cod, and southalong the Appalachians into the northern counties ofGeorgia. This year's crop of 13-year cicadas, southerncousins of the 17-year species, probably will be exceedinglyscanty.

There are 17 broods of the 17-year cicada and 13 broodsof the 13-year kin-bug, so that every year there are someof them in one part or another of the country east of theGreat Plains area. Some of these broods are large andwidely distributed, as in the case this year; others arefew and scattered, as will be the case in 1941, 1942 and1943. '

The periodical cicada is an insect with a body about thesize of the end joint of your little finger, and large, thin,transparent, prominently-veined wings. Near the tip ofeach wing is a brilliantly orange-colored marking shapedlike the letter W, which local prophets always interpret asa sure sign of war. This year's broods come as rathertardy prophets.

Cicadas can neither sting nor bite, so that it is perfectlysafe to catch and handle them. The male insects (whichare the only ones that sing) will even oblige with a soloas you hold them: you can see the little tympani in thesides of their bodies vibrating rapidly.The insects are practically harmless to vegetation, since

their mouthparts are so feebly developed that they cannot feed. The adults live on food stored in their bodies,mostly in the form of fat, during their month or so ofabove-ground life.The only mischief they do is to the green twigs of trees,

mostly oaks, into which the females thrust their eggs inlong rows. Such twigs usually lose their leaves and die,but as a rule cause no permanent injury to the trees. Onlywhen wholesale egg deposition takes place in young or-chards or tree nurseries is there any real cause for com-

plaint.The first white man's observation of 17-year cicadas

was recorded in a book printed at Cambridge, Mass., 1669,describing an outbreak that occurred around Plymouth in1634, as "a numerous company of flies . . . they came

up out of little holes in the ground, and did eat up thegreen things, and made such a constant yelling noise asmade all the woods ring of them, and ready to deaf thehearers. "-FRANK THONE.

ITEMSTHE advent of low-cost "health" lamps emitting ultra-

violet light rays has spurred paint manufacturers to de-velop paint for walls of rooms which will reflect a largeamount of these beneficial radiations. Ordinary paintusually reflects less than ten per cent. of the ultra-violetlight which falls on it so that the walls of the ordinaryroom are merely "traps" for the ultra-violet light whichcomes from the new lamps. D. F. Wilcock, working in theBasic Science Laboratory of the University of Cincinnati,has developed white interior finishes which now reflect upto 72 per cent. of the ultra-violet light, making it possibleto have indirect health ray light for a room.

A SPECIAL ointment to protect the hands of hosiery millworkers without damaging the silk hose they work on wasdevised by a druggist called in consultation on this indus-trial health problem. Ordinary ointments or lotions pro-tected the skin of the girls' hands from the strong alkalinesolutions with which the raw silks were treated. The fatsor oils of these ointments, however, damaged the silk,causing serious losses. The pharmacist, called in con-sultation by a skin specialist, made up a protective oint-ment of the vanishing cream type, containing no oil, butwith enough acid to neutralize the strong alkaline baseused in treating the silk.

IMPROVED ways of dehydrating castor oil so that it canbe used as a carrier for paint pigments was reported byF. G. Bessler and J. C. Weaver, of the Sherwin-WilliamsCompany, Cleveland, Ohio, at the Cincinnati meeting ofthe American Chemical Society. Until recently it wasdifficult to change the sticky, non-drying castor oil intoa pale drying oil by removing part of the water. Drs.Bessler and Weaver reported success in using the dehy-drated castor oil to produce rapid drying, high qualityfinishes without the use of tung oil or perilla oil. Tungoil comes mainly from China and perilla from Manchuria.Excellent color durability is secured by research whichseeks to free the United States from the risks of import-ing much of its paint-drying oils obtained from distantlands now in war zones.

A RECORD of no diphtheria deaths during an entire yearhas been achieved by thirty-two cities in the UnitedStates, according to reports from the local health officersto the American Medical Association. These cities are:Akron, Albany, Canton, Des Moines, Duluth, Elizabeth,Erie, Fort Wayne, Grand Rapids, Kansas City, Kans.,Long Beach, Lowell, Lynn, Milwaukee, New Bedford, NewHaven, Paterson, Peoria, Portland, Rochester, Scranton,Somerville, South Bend, Springfield, St. Paul, Toledo,Trenton, Utica, Waterbury, Wichita, Yonkers, Youngs-town. Some of these cities have had no diphtheria deathsfor one or more previous years. Utica, N. Y., leads thehonor roll, with no deaths from this cause reported insix years. Decreases in the diphtheria deathrate from allsections of the country are reported and are said toreflect the intensive anti-diphtheria campaigns carried outby health officers with the cooperation of family physi-cians.

IF sulfanilamide treatment of gonorrhea does not showsigns of curing the patient within five days, this chem-ical remedy should be stopped and another method oftreatment started, Dr. P. S. Pelouze, of Philadelphia,declares in a report to the American Medical Association.Sulfanilamide alone "will bring about a prompt cure infrom 25 to 40 per cent. of dispensary patients, from 45to 55 per cent. of office patients and, perhaps, from 75 to85 per cent. of bed patients," Dr. Pelouze states in hisreport on treatment of gonorrhea in men. Even in casesit does not cure, sulfanilamide used early in the disease, hesaid, "almost invariably makes it a milder disease there-after and enormously reduces the likelihood of seriouscomplications."

MAY 31, 1940 11'

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 91, No. 2370

INSURANCEfor your STOPWATCHto save the cost of repairbills and replacements . .

*TOP-WATCH-MAN-the handy new stop-S watch support, offers inexpensive insuranceto every stopwatch user. This extra hand forthe busy lab worker holds the watch firmly, al-ways in position for easy reading and instantuse-removes the watch from wet, grimy'or oily

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AMERICAN INSTRUMENT COMPANY, SilverSpring, Md. Bulletin No. SC-2081.

BAUSCH AND LOMB OPTICAL COMPANY,Rochester. The Educational Focus, Spring, 1940.Pp. 22. Illustrated.

BURKE AND JAMES, INCORPORATED, CHI-CAGO. A Valuable Treatise on Enlarging. Pp.34. Illustrated. Price $0.25.

CHEMICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, INCOI-PORATED, New York. Important Technicaland Scientific Books; 1940 Catalog. Pp. 40.

GOLDSCHMIDT AND COMPANY, LIMITED,E. P., London. Catalogue No. 56; Old Scienceand Medicine. Pp. 48. Illustrated.

INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY, IN-CORPORATED, New York. Inco; Vol. 17, No.1. Pp. 36. Illustrated.

LEITZ, INCORPORATED, E. Leica InformationBulletin, April, 1940. Pp. 8. Illustrated.

QUARITCH, LIMITED, BERNARD, London.Catalogue No. 573; Books and Periodicals onAstronomy, Chemistry, Electricity, Engineering,Mathematics, Mining, Physics, etc. Pp. 36.

SPENCER LENS COMPANY, Buffalo. SpencerStereoscopic Microscopes. Pp. 16. Illustrated.

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BECKMAN QUINHYDRONE pH METERA rugged, compact, easily operated Quinhydrone Meterfor measurements up to pH 8 with compensation for

temperatures between 0° and 50 CAn unusually compact and rugged pH meter

recommended where conditions allow using thequinhydrone electrode. It is not recommendedfor solutions more alkaline than pH 8 nor in thepresence of oxidizing or reducing agents, or othermaterials which react with quinone or hydro-quinone. Where the quinhydrone electrode is notapplicable, the Beckman glass electrode instru-ments should be used.

The range of the meter is 0 to 9 pH with 0.1pH graduations. A multiple scale is provided in

five-degree steps for the temperature range 0 to50 deg. C. so that direct temperature-correctedpH readings may be made without the use oftables or calculations. A magnifying lens facili-tates reading the pH scale.

The instrument fits into a fabric-covered case11/2" x 4/2 x 7", with lock and carrying handle.The meter slides upon a ring-stand rod attachedto the carrying case, in such a position that noother support stand is required. If desired, theinstrument may be removed from the case fordirect immersion of the electrodes into vats, etc.

9690-QUINHYDRONE pH METEB-Beckman. Complete with gold electrode, calomel electrode, 30 ml.Pyrex beaker, metal-cased thermometer 0-50 deg. C., magnifying lens, 3 grams quinhydrone crystals,20 grams KC1 crystals, dropper bottle of KCl solution ............ ........................................... 75.00

For determinations over the complete pH range we recommend the Beckman pH meters as shown on pages488-489 of our Catalog 5. These instruments employ a heavy, rugged glass electrode, usable over the entirepH scale and unaffected by oxidizing and reducing substances, suspended matter, etc. and without contaminat-ing the test sample.

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14 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 91, No. 2370

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14 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 91, NO. 2370