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An Ontology to aid the Goal-orientedRequirements Elicitation and Specification for
Self-Adaptive Systems
Monique Conceição Soares
Ph.D. Thesis
Jaelson Castro (Advisor)Carla Silva (Co-Advisor)
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 1 / 81
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Analysis of the State of the Art
4 Onto4SASGORE Ontology
5 Onto4SASGORE Process
6 Evaluation
7 Conclusion
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 2 / 81
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Analysis of the State of the Art
4 Onto4SASGORE Ontology
5 Onto4SASGORE Process
6 Evaluation
7 Conclusion
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 3 / 81
Introduction
Context- Self-adaptive Systems
Self-adaptivity is the ability of the system to adjust its ownbehavior in response to the environment. (BRUN et al., 2009).
- Requirements EngineeringElicitation;Identification;Documentation.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 4 / 81
Introduction
Context- Requirements Engineering for SAS
Different from traditional approaches, RE for SASs focusesmore on defining adaptation logic.During RE for SASs, engineers must address what changes inthe environment and in the system to be monitored, what toadapt, when to adapt and how to adapt (YANG et al., 2014).
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 5 / 81
Introduction
Motivation
The goal-oriented modeling languages such as Tropos4AS(MORANDINI et al., 2008), AdaptiveRML (QURESHI et al., 2012) and DesignGoal Model (PIMENTEL et al., 2014) allow the goal-orientedspecification of the requirements for SAS, but they do notpresent any guide to elicit these requirements.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 6 / 81
Introduction
Motivation
These languages were specifically created to model GORErequirements for SAS;They do not allow the specification of some key concepts forSAS:
modeling dimensions (ANDERSSON et al., 2009)
adaptation cycle (KEPHART et al., 2003);It can generate an insufficient specification.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 7 / 81
Introduction
MotivationOntologies can be used on RE processes to reduce the negativeeffects of (CASTAÑEDA et al., 2010):
Insufficient specifications;Requirements not completely defined;The dynamic and changing requirements.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 8 / 81
Introduction
Ontology is a standard way to represent concepts andrelationships on a specific domain (SOUAG, 2015).An ontology can be used and shared within a specific domainand it has been used to support requirements engineeringactivities (DERMEVAL, 2015).
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 9 / 81
Introduction
Motivation
The work presented by Qureshi et al. (2011) proposes a coreontology for SAS.It presents the context and resource concepts but it does notpresent all the key concepts related to the requirementsspecification for SAS.
modeling dimensions proposed by Andersson et al. (2009);an adaptation cycle (KEPHART et al., 2003).
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 10 / 81
Introduction
Core ontologyis a mid-term ontology that is not as specific as a domainontology but also not so domain-independent as a foundationalontology (DUARTE et al., 2016).
Foundational ontologyis a meta-ontology describing a set of real-world categoriesallowing to be used to talk about reality (GUIZZARDI, 2007).
Domain ontologiesare developed based on foundational ontologies. Referenceand Operational ontologies are domain ontologies (FALBO, 2014).
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 11 / 81
Introduction
Problem Statement
There is a need for a more complete ontology for SAS.It is necessary to define a domain ontology with concepts:
modeling dimensionsadaptation cycle
It is necessary to propose a domain ontology with all conceptsto represent:
contextmodeling dimensionsadaptation cycle
To specify more complete GORE requirements for SAS.It also is necessary propose a process to use the ontology.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 12 / 81
Introduction
Objectives
Research objectiveDefine an ontology to support the requirements elicitation andspecification activities for SAS.
Research questionWhat are the essential concepts and relationships required tospecify GORE requirements for self-adaptive systems?
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 13 / 81
Introduction
Objectives
Research objectiveDefine an ontology to support the requirements elicitation andspecification activities for SAS.
Research questionWhat are the essential concepts and relationships required tospecify GORE requirements for self-adaptive systems?
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 13 / 81
Introduction
Specific Objectives:
1 Analyze the existing ontologies for SAS;2 Analyze the existing ontologies for context-awareness systems;3 Systematically organize the knowledge of SAS by analyzing
some GORE requirements languages proposed to specify SAS;4 Define a core ontology by extending the core ontology for SAS
(QURESHI et al., 2011), adding the change, mechanism, effect andadaptation cycle concepts and expanding the context concept;
5 Define a domain ontology for SAS, with concepts,relationships, axioms and competence questions;
6 Define a process to use the ontology with a GORE elicitationguide and a specification template;
7 Evaluate the ontology and the process.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 14 / 81
Introduction
Research Methodology
Step 1: Analyzing the existing goal modeling languages forself-adaptive systems;Step 2: Performing a systematic literature review aboutontologies and SAS.Step 3: Performing a systematic literature review aboutontologies and Context-Aware Systems (CAS).Step 4: Building the core ontology.Step 5: Building a domain ontology.Step 6: Defining a process.Step 7: Evaluation. We used seven criteria to evaluate ourwork: completeness, verification, validation, usability,usefulness, ease of use and correctness.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 15 / 81
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Analysis of the State of the Art
4 Onto4SASGORE Ontology
5 Onto4SASGORE Process
6 Evaluation
7 Conclusion
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 16 / 81
Background
Self-adaptive SystemsOntology for context by Jeong-Dong et al., 2012.
Action, Goal, Rule, Time, Location, Status.MAPE-K from Kephart et al., 2003.
Monitor, Analyze, Plan, Execute, Sensor, Effector.Modeling Dimensions by Andersson et al, 2009.
Goal, Change, Mechanisms, Effects.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 17 / 81
Background
OntologyMethodologies to create ontologies:
METHONTOLOGY (FERNANDEZ-LOPEZ, 1997).Uschold and Gruninger, 1996.SABiO (FALBO, 2014).
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 18 / 81
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Analysis of the State of the Art
4 Onto4SASGORE Ontology
5 Onto4SASGORE Process
6 Evaluation
7 Conclusion
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 19 / 81
Analysis of the State of the Art
Ontology for Self-adaptive Systems: A SLR
We have performed two SLR;For the SAS domain we selected 13 works;For the CAS domain we selected 10 works;Totalizing 23 works analyzed as related works.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 20 / 81
Analysis of the State of the ArtOntology for Self-adaptive Systems: A SLRThe SLR answered the following questions:
RQ01: Which groups and organizations are most active inontology for SAS research?RQ02: Which languages are used to describe the ontology?RQ03: Which research problems are addressed by theontology?RQ04: Which requirements engineering activities areconsidered by the ontology?RQ05: Which application domains are involved?RQ06: Does the analyzed ontology present just core concepts?RQ07: Does the ontology have a tool to support REactivities?RQ08: Which concepts are presented in the ontology?
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 21 / 81
Analysis of the State of the Art
Ontology for Self-adaptive Systems: A SLRRQ08: Which concepts are presented in the ontology?
Concept Cited byContext S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S12Goal S1, S4, S6, S12Task S1, S5, S6, S12Agent S2, S3, S5, S8Change S9, S12, S13Sensor S7, S9, S11User S1, S7Actuator S7, S11
Some studies do not have concepts that clearly expresschange or adaptation, such as S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 studies.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 22 / 81
Analysis of the State of the Art
Ontologies for Context-Aware Systems: A SLRThe SLR answered the following questions:
RQ01: Which concepts are presented in the ontology?RQ02: Which languages are used to describe the ontology?RQ03: What application domains are involved in the paper?
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 23 / 81
Analysis of the State of the ArtOntologies for Context-Aware Systems: A SLRRQ01: Which concepts are presented in the ontology?The ten most cited concepts.
Concept Cited byLocation S14, S15, S16, S17, S18, S21, S22, S23Time S14, S16, S18, S19, S21, S22, S23Activity S17, S18, S19, S20, S21Role S18, S20, S21, S22, S23Environment S14, S18, S19, S21Network S14, S16, S17, S18Person S15, S17, S19, S20User S14, S15, S18, S21Agent S15, S17, S22Task S20, S21, S22
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 24 / 81
Analysis of the State of the ArtDiscussion of the SLRs
There are few works concerning ontologies for SAS.The limitation of these works in representing concepts for aSAS motivated the creation of a more complete ontology.The core ontology by Qureshi et al. (2011) is the S6 study.
Figure: Core Ontology for SAS by Qureshi et al. (2011).
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 25 / 81
Analysis of the State of the Art
Analysis of Requirements Modeling Languages for SASA self-adaptive news service example was modeled by:
Tropos4AS (MORANDINI, 2008);The Adaptive RML (QURESHI, 2012);The Design Goal Model (PIMENTEL, 2015).
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 26 / 81
Analysis of the State of the Art
Analysis of Requirements Modeling Languages for SAS
We noticed that these languages have several interestingconcepts, like Failure and Error (Tropos4AS), but they do notcover all the concepts necessary to specify the requirements ofSAS (SOARES et al., 2016) like the Mechanism concept.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 27 / 81
Analysis of the State of the Art
GORE Languages versus Modeling DimensionsThe three languages present:
Goal, Softgoal, Plan, Task, Quality Constraint, DomainAssumption, Actor, Resource, Context, Failure, Error, Conflictand Condition concepts.
We note that the Condition concept can be interpreted as aQuality Constraint.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 28 / 81
Analysis of the State of the Art
GORE Languages versus the Core Ontology for SAS
Each of the three modeling languages analyzed presentsdifferent elements from each other but they are unable tocapture some important characteristics of SAS.The core ontology for SAS (QURESHI et al., 2012) cannot represent allthe modeling dimensions neither the MAPE-K cycle or thecontext.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 29 / 81
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Analysis of the State of the Art
4 Onto4SASGORE Ontology
5 Onto4SASGORE Process
6 Evaluation
7 Conclusion
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 30 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Onto4SASGORE organizes the knowledge of SAS andfacilitate the goal-oriented requirements elicitation andspecification.The Onto4SASGORE was built following three methodologies:
METHONTOLOGY (FERNANDEZ-LOPEZ et al., 1997);Uschold and Gruninger (1996);SABiO (FALBO, 2014).
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 31 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
We use the best practices of the three methodologies tocreate our ontology. The phases performed are:
Ontology Purpose Identification and Requirements Elicitation;knowledge acquisition;Conceptualization;Formalization;Implementation;Evaluation.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 32 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Purpose Identification and Requirements Elicitation:Objective;Scope;Motivating Scenarios;Informal Competence Questions;
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 33 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
knowledge acquisition:The roadmap papers presented in Cheng et al. (2009b) and inLemos et al. (2011);The modeling dimensions (ANDERSSON et al., 2009);The MAPE-K adaptation cycle (COMPUTING et al., 2006);The core ontology to performing RE for SAS (QURESHI et al., 2011);The CA5W1HOnto context ontology (JEONG-DONG et al., 2012);The three GORE modeling languages (Tropos4AS, AdaptiveRML and Design
Goal Model).The SLR’s results.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 34 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Conceptualization:Concepts, relations, properties and an OntoUML model;the CORE (JURETA et al., 2008), DOLCE and the UFO (GUIZZARDI, 2007)
as foundational ontologies;OntoUML and Menthor to create a graphical model.;
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 35 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Figure: Core Onto4SASGORE in OntoUMLMonique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 36 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Figure: Goal elements of the Core Onto4SASGOREMonique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 37 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Figure: Context elements of the Core Onto4SASGOREMonique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 38 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Figure: Modeling Dimensions elements of the Core Onto4SASGOREMonique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 39 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Figure: MAPE elements of the Core Onto4SASGOREMonique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 40 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Formalization:Create the axioms and formalize the competence questions andthe axioms;Competence Questions -> SQWRL;Axioms -> Description Logic.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 41 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Formalization:ID CQ01NL: What are the sensors in the scope of the system?FL: Sensor(?sen)->sqwrl:select(?sen)
ID CQ80NL: How many mechanisms are there in Change X?FL: hasMechanism(ChangeX, ?mec)->sqwrl:select(ChangeX) ∧ sqwrl: count(?mec)
ID CQ92NL: How does the system achieve the goals?FL: Goal(?goa) ∧ hasAction(?goa,?aci) ∧ makeSet (?s1, ?goa) ∧ makeSet (?s1,?aci) ∧
sqwrl:union(?s3, ?s1, ?s2) ∧ sqwrl:groupBy(?s3,?goa)->sqwrl:select (?s3)
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 42 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Formalization:Formal axioms are assertions accepted as true aboutabstractions of a field (SOUAG et al., 2015).
Figure: Part of the axioms of Onto4SASGORE
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 43 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Implementation:Protegé;SWRL;SQWRL;Manchester;Hermit.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 44 / 81
Onto4SASGORE: An Ontology for Self-adaptive SystemsGoal-Oriented REquirements
Implementation:
Figure: Onto4SASGORE Metrics
Figure: Monitor ClassMonique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 45 / 81
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Analysis of the State of the Art
4 Onto4SASGORE Ontology
5 Onto4SASGORE Process
6 Evaluation
7 Conclusion
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 46 / 81
Onto4SASGORE Process
How to use the ontology;Instance of the requirements elicitation and analysis processby Sommerville (2010);
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 47 / 81
Onto4SASGORE Process
Figure: Onto4SASGORE Process
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 48 / 81
Onto4SASGORE ProcessGoal-oriented Requirements Discovery Sub-process
Figure: Goal-oriented Requirements Discovery Sub-process
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 49 / 81
Onto4SASGORE Process
Goal-oriented Requirements Classification and Organization;Goal-oriented Requirements Prioritization and Negotiation;Goal-oriented Requirements Specification.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 50 / 81
Onto4SASGORE ProcessGoal-oriented Requirements Specification
Figure: Onto4SASGORE Process
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 51 / 81
Onto4SASGORE Process
Goal-oriented Requirements SpecificationAction – <instance>Actor - <instance>Communicated Information - <instance>Goal - <instance>Context - <instance>Change - <instance>Effect - <instance>Mechanism - <instance>Resource - <instance>Sensor* - <instance>
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 52 / 81
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Analysis of the State of the Art
4 Onto4SASGORE Ontology
5 Onto4SASGORE Process
6 Evaluation
7 Conclusion
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 53 / 81
Evaluation
Seven criteria:Completeness - by checking whether it presents the conceptsof the works selected the SLRs;Verification - The Onto4SASGORE can provide reliableanswers to competence questions using its terminology;Validity - it can be instantiated by some real world systems;Usability - we perform a case study with eight requirementsengineers, in which they use the Onto4SASGORE process;Usefulness and easiness of use - we performed a surveycreated through the TAM method;Correctness - Survey with specialists in SAS.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 54 / 81
Completeness
With this criterion, we intend to prove that Onto4SASGORE ismore complete than the works selected in our SLRs.
Base of knowledge: Qureshi et al. (2011); the CA5W1HOnto(JEONG-DONG et al., 2012) ontology for context; the modelingdimensions for SAS (ANDERSSON, 2009) and the MAPE-K (KEPHART et
al., 2003) adaptation cycle.The S6 study is the ontology by Qureshi et al. (2011).the Onto4SASGORE is complete, considering that it canrepresent through its concepts all concepts of those works.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 55 / 81
Verification
We answered the competence questions using theOnto4SASGORE elements;CQ01: What are the sensors in the scope of the system?SQWRL: Sensor(?sen)->sqwrl:select(?sen)
Answer: A55.CQ80: How many mechanisms are there in the Change X?SQWRL: hasMechanism(ChangeX, ?mec)->sqwrl:select(ChangeX) ∧ sqwrl:count(?mec)
Answer: Change. hasMechanism.CQ92: How does the system achieve the goals?SQWRL: Goal(?goa)∧ hasAction(?goa,?aci)∧ sqwrl: makeSet (?s1, ?goa)∧ sqwrl: makeSet
(?s1,?aci)∧ sqwrl:union(?s3, ?s1, ?s2)∧ sqwrl:groupBy(?s3,?goa)->sqwrl:select(?s3)
Answer: A13.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 56 / 81
Validation
We instantiate the ontology with individuals extracted fromthe cleaner robot example;Protegé;Inferences through the Hermit reasoner.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 57 / 81
Validation
Concept Instance from the Cleaner RobotActor Cleaner_robotChange Clean_at_programed_time
(hasSource: External;hasAnticipation: Foreseen;hasMechanism: Time_clock;hasChangeType: FunctionalType;hasFrequency: Rare;hasEffect: Clean_environment.)
NonFunctional_Goal Ensure_full_cleaning_coverage(hasFlexibility: Constrained)
Monitor Find_dock(hasOutput: Dock_location;before: Dock);Find_infrared_signal(hasOutput: Base_location;before: Way_to_base).
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 58 / 81
Validation
Concept InferenceActor The Cleaner_robot is also a SW_Agent.Change The Clean_at_programmed_time has duration
(hasDuration)Temporary and has evolution(hasEvolution) Dynamic.
NonFunctional_Goal The Ensure_full_cleaning_coverage is also aQuality_Constraint.
Monitor The Find_dock comes before To_Dock andCharge;The Find_infrared_signal comes before Get_on_baseand Return_to_base.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 59 / 81
Usability
Eight requirements engineering answered an online applicationand they use the Onto4SASGORE process;The self-adaptive system used was a dispatch ambulancesystem;The collect data method is a survey.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 60 / 81
Usefulness and Easy of Use
The survey was reasoned on Technology Acceptance Model(TAM) (DAVIS, 1989).Affirmatives about Usefulness.Affirmatives about Easy of Use.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 61 / 81
Usefulness and Easy of Use
About the Onto4SASGORE ontology perceived usefulnessAffirmative 1: The Onto4SASGORE ontology helps inelicitating requirements for SAS domain. (62.5%)Affirmative 2: The Onto4SASGORE is useful to guide therequirements elicitation for SAS. (75%)Affirmative 3: The Onto4SASGORE is useful in specifyingrequirements for SAS. (75%)Affirmative 4: I have difficulties in eliciting requirements forSAS. (50%)Affirmative 5: I have difficulties in specifying requirements forSAS. (50%)
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 62 / 81
Usefulness and Easy of Use
About the Onto4SASGORE process ease of useAffirmative 6: The Onto4SASGORE process provides clearand sufficient information for eliciting requirements for SAS.(37.5%)Affirmative 7: The Onto4SASGORE process provides clearand sufficient information for specifying requirements for SAS.(62.5%)Affirmative 8: The description of each activity of theOnto4SASGORE process is clear and easy to understand.(62.5%)Affirmative 9: Training is required to use the Onto4SASGOREprocess. (87.5%)Affirmative 10: The Onto4SASGORE process is easy to apply.requirements for SAS. (25%)
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 63 / 81
Usefulness and Easy of Use
The Onto4SASGORE is usefulness but the Onto4SASGOREprocess is not so easy of use.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 64 / 81
Correctness
Survey with SAS specialists;Authors of the twenty three papers found in the two SLR;Research group at UFPE;Five specialists answered the survey.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 65 / 81
Correctness
Questions:Question 01: Did you miss the representation of somehardware feature? What feature(s)?Question 02: Did you miss any adaptation information? Whatinformation(s)?Question 03: Did you miss the representation of somecontext-related information? What information(s)?Question 04: Did you miss any concept? What concept(s)?Question 05: Do you think the Onto4SASGORE ontology hasredundant elements? Which are them?Question 06: Do you disagree with the description of someconcept of the ontology? What concept(s)?
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 66 / 81
Correctness
Affirmatives:Affirmative 01: The Onto4SASGORE has the main conceptsfor SAS representation. (100%)Affirmative 02: The Onto4SASGORE ontology helps infinding new requirements. (80%)Affirmative 03: The Onto4SASGORE ontology helps inbuilding SAS systems. (80%)Affirmative 04: It is possible to elicit all the informationnecessary to specify a SAS by using the concepts presented inthis ontology. (100%)
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Correctness
Affirmatives:Affirmative 05: The Onto4SASGORE has concepts to captureall information about SAS hardware. (60%)Affirmative 06: The Onto4SASGORE has concepts to captureall context-related information. (100%)Affirmative 07: The Onto4SASGORE has concepts to captureall information related to adaptation. (100%)
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 68 / 81
Correctness
The ontology was modified from the specialists answers inopen questions.The new version is presented in this thesis.
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Analysis of the State of the Art
4 Onto4SASGORE Ontology
5 Onto4SASGORE Process
6 Evaluation
7 Conclusion
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 70 / 81
Conclusion
This thesis presents a work to define and create an ontologyto aid the GORE requirements elicitation and specificationactivities when developing self-adaptive systems.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 71 / 81
Conclusion
Three approaches proposed for modeling goal-orientedrequirements to SAS were analyzed.
Tropos4AS (MORANDINI; PENSERINI; PERINI, 2008);Design Goal Model ((PIMENTEL, 2015);AdaptiveRML ((QURESHI; JURETA; PERINI, 2012).
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 72 / 81
Conclusion
Two systematic literature reviews were also performed toknow the works in the literature related to ontologies forself-adaptive systems and context-aware systems.
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Conclusion
The Onto4SASGORE ontology has concepts related togoal-oriented requirements and SAS domains.Three methodologies to create ontologies were used:
Uschold and Gruninger (1996);SABiO (FALBO, 2014);METHONTOLOGY (FERNANDEZLOPEZ et al, 1997).
A process based on the requirements elicitation and analysisprocess by Sommerville (2010) was defined to guide its use.
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Conclusion
To evaluate the Onto4SASGORE ontology and the process,seven criteria (completeness, verification, validity, usefulness,ease of use, usability and correctness) were used.
The results of this evaluation have shown that the proposedontology is complete, useful, usable, correct as well as it isverified and valid.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 75 / 81
Conclusion
To evaluate the Onto4SASGORE ontology and the process,seven criteria (completeness, verification, validity, usefulness,ease of use, usability and correctness) were used.The results of this evaluation have shown that the proposedontology is complete, useful, usable, correct as well as it isverified and valid.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 75 / 81
Conclusion
Contributions
Two systematic literature reviews with results of 23 studiesabout ontologies for SAS and CAS domains.
The analysis of three GORE modeling languages for SAS.An ontology to aid a requirements engineer to elicit andspecify GORE requirements for SAS.
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Conclusion
Contributions
Two systematic literature reviews with results of 23 studiesabout ontologies for SAS and CAS domains.The analysis of three GORE modeling languages for SAS.
An ontology to aid a requirements engineer to elicit andspecify GORE requirements for SAS.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 76 / 81
Conclusion
Contributions
Two systematic literature reviews with results of 23 studiesabout ontologies for SAS and CAS domains.The analysis of three GORE modeling languages for SAS.An ontology to aid a requirements engineer to elicit andspecify GORE requirements for SAS.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 76 / 81
Conclusion
ContributionsThe competence questions
Identification of the concepts and relationships of the ontology;Evaluating of the verification and validation criteria.
The axioms were created to allow inferences in the ontology.The axioms were validated in Protegé.A process to help the requirements engineer to use theontology.The evaluation of the Onto4SASGORE through seven criteria.
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Conclusion
ContributionsThe competence questions
Identification of the concepts and relationships of the ontology;Evaluating of the verification and validation criteria.
The axioms were created to allow inferences in the ontology.The axioms were validated in Protegé.
A process to help the requirements engineer to use theontology.The evaluation of the Onto4SASGORE through seven criteria.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 77 / 81
Conclusion
ContributionsThe competence questions
Identification of the concepts and relationships of the ontology;Evaluating of the verification and validation criteria.
The axioms were created to allow inferences in the ontology.The axioms were validated in Protegé.A process to help the requirements engineer to use theontology.
The evaluation of the Onto4SASGORE through seven criteria.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 77 / 81
Conclusion
ContributionsThe competence questions
Identification of the concepts and relationships of the ontology;Evaluating of the verification and validation criteria.
The axioms were created to allow inferences in the ontology.The axioms were validated in Protegé.A process to help the requirements engineer to use theontology.The evaluation of the Onto4SASGORE through seven criteria.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 77 / 81
Conclusion
Limitations
Some relevant work could be out of the SLRs;
The focus just in GORE modeling languages can be aconstraint to the concepts found;The sample of the survey with specialists can represent alimitation, because few specialists answered the survey.
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Conclusion
Limitations
Some relevant work could be out of the SLRs;The focus just in GORE modeling languages can be aconstraint to the concepts found;
The sample of the survey with specialists can represent alimitation, because few specialists answered the survey.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 78 / 81
Conclusion
Limitations
Some relevant work could be out of the SLRs;The focus just in GORE modeling languages can be aconstraint to the concepts found;The sample of the survey with specialists can represent alimitation, because few specialists answered the survey.
Monique Conceição Soares CIn/UFPEAn Ontology to aid the Goal-oriented Requirements Elicitation and Specification for Self-Adaptive Systems 78 / 81
Conclusion
Limitations
Through the ease of use criteria of evaluation, we can realizethat the Onto4SAGORE is not so easy to use.
This work not contemplate the goal oriented requirementsprioritization and negotiation, though we know the importanceof this activity for a requirements process.
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Conclusion
Limitations
Through the ease of use criteria of evaluation, we can realizethat the Onto4SAGORE is not so easy to use.This work not contemplate the goal oriented requirementsprioritization and negotiation, though we know the importanceof this activity for a requirements process.
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Conclusion
Future Work
To facilitate the use, we plan to build a tool to support theontology use;Analyze the other modeling languages for SAS in order toknow the elements that theses languages can represent;Apply the ontology and the process in the specification ofother SAS;Perform case studies with more specialists;Contemplate the goal oriented requirements prioritizationactivity in the Onto4SASGORE process.
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An Ontology to aid the Goal-orientedRequirements Elicitation and Specification for
Self-Adaptive Systems
Monique Conceição Soares
Ph.D. Thesis
Jaelson Castro (Advisor)Carla Silva (Co-Advisor)
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