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ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR
Class 9 English Worksheet-12
Answer Key of Class 9 Worksheet 11(Sent as PPT) FORMAL LETTERS
Assignment 1.Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper expressing your concern over
the excessive use of mobile phones by the young generation.
Assignment 2.Write a letter to the Principal of your school, requesting him/ her to
extend the time for the games period from 40 minutes to one hour. Give reasons for your
request.
Assignment 1 ( Hints)
The body/content of the letter to the editor.
● Mention clearly about the problem or the menace you want to share with the
editor through your letter. For example, the subject should be -The menace of
excessive use of mobile phones by the young generation.
● Write about how mobile phones are misused.
● Wastage of precious time by getting addicted to phones.
● How the young generation gets lured to buy new and expensive smartphones.
● How these phones have become a prestige issue for the young generation.
● How mobile phones have widened the generation gap among family members.
● Give suggestions as to how the problem could be curbed.
● The role of parents and family in curbing this problem.
Assignment 2 (Hints)
The body/content of the letter to your Principal.
● Mention clearly the subject of your letter for example - Request for extension of
time for the games period.
● Mention what problems you face during the games period which urged you to
make this request. Example - You get less time to change your sports uniform,
shoes, etc, no time for refreshments, drinking water, etc, reaching late for the next
period.
● Give a valid reason why the Principal should pay heed to your request.
Note: You must strictly follow the format of a formal letter. Your letter should not
exceed more than 3 small paragraphs.
………………………………………………………………………….
Class 9 Hindi Worksheet-12
Class 9 Punjabi Worksheet-12
ਹੇਠ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਦਿਖਤ ਨ ੂੰ ਦਿਆਨ ਨ ਿ ਪੜ੍ਹ ੋਅਤ ੇਨੀਚ ੇਦ ਿੱਤ ੇਪਰਸ਼ਨ ਾਂ ੇਉੱਤਰ ਅਦਿਆਸ ਪਸੁਤਕ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਦਿਖ।ੋ
ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 1- ਕੌਰਾਂ -ਇੱਕ ਤ ੂੰ ਹੀ ਸਿਆਣਾ ਰਸਹ ਸਿਆ, ਖ਼ਬਰ ਹੈ ਮਨੈ ੂੰ ਤੇਰੀਆ ਹਰਕਤਾਂ ਦੀ
ਕੀ ਚੂੰਨ ਚ ੜ੍ ਹੈਂ। ਤਨੈ ੂੰ ਤ ਾਂ ਆਪਣੇ ਸ ਕ ਾਂ ੀ ੀ ਸ਼ਰਮ ਨਹੀਂ।
(੧) ਕੌਰਾਂ ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਕਕਸ ਨ ੂੰ , ਕਦੋਂ ਤ ੇਕਕਉਂ ਕਕਹ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ? ਉਸ ਦੇ ਕਿਰੋਧ ਦਾ ਕੀ ਕਾਰਨ ਸੀ?
(੨) ਨੈਣ ਕੌਰਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਮੇਲੋ ਲਈ ਲੱਭ ੇਮ ੂੰ ਡੇ ਬਾਰ ੇਕੀ ਦੱਸਦੀ ਹੈ?
(੩) ਸ ਹਾਗ ਇਕਾਂਗੀ ਦੇ ਪਾਤਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ ਕਲਖ?ੋ
(੪) ਕੌਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਸ ਭਾਅ ਬਾਰ ੇਕਲਖ?ੋ
ਪਰਸ਼ਨ 2- ਹਦੁਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰ - ੋਮੁੂੰਡ ੇਕ ੇਇਿੱਕ ਕੁੜ੍ੀ।
ਕਰੌ ਾਂ- ਇਹ ਤ ਾਂ ਕੁਝ ਨ ਹਇੋਆ, ਿੋਕੀ ਕੀ ਕਦਹਣਗ ੇਕੀ ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਕਈੋ ਕ ਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਦਮਦਿਆ, ਜ ੋ ੁਹ ਜ ੇਿੜ੍ ਿ ਤੀ।
(੧) ਹ ਕਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰਦ ਅਤੇ ਕੌਰਾਂ ਦਾ ਿਾਰਤਾਲਾਪ ਇਸ ਸੂੰਦਰਭ ਕਿੱਚ ਹੋਇਆ?
(੨) ਹ ਕਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰਦ ਕੌਰਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਜੂੰਡਪ ਰੇ ਦੇ ਕਰਸ਼ਤ ੇਬਾਰ ੇਕੀ ਦੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ?
(੩) ਕੌਰਾਂ ਕਜਹੜੀ ਮਲੋੇ ਦੇ ਕਿਆਹ ਦੇ ਕਿਰ ੱ ਧ ਸੀ, ਅਚਾਨਕ ਕਕਿੇਂ ਕਤਆਰ ਹੋ ਗਈ?
(੪) "ਸ ਹਾਗ" ਇਕਾਂਗੀ ਦਾ ਮ ੱ ਖ ਕਿਸ਼ਾ ਕੀ ਹੈ?
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Punjabi Answer key
Worksheet-12
ਪ੍ਾਠ-2 ਭੱਤਾ
ਉੱਤਰ-3 (੧) ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬ ਨ ਮੋ ੇ ਦਪਤ ਨੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਕਹੇ।ਜ ੋਂ ਨ ਮੋ ਅਤੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਰੋਟੀ ੇਣ ਆਉਂ ੀਆਾਂ ਹਨ ,ਤ ਾਂ ਹਰਨ ਮ ਦਸੂੰਘ ਉ ਸ ਹੋ
ਜ ਾਂ ਹੈ।ਦਕਉਂਦਕ ਉਸਨ ੂੰ ਆਪਣੀ ਨ ੀਂ ਦ ਆਹੀ ਹੁਟੀ ੀ ਉਡੀਕ ਸੀ।ਉਸ ਸਮੇਂ ਨ ਮੋ ਦਪਤ ਨ ਮੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਕਦਹੂੰ ਹੈ ਦਕ ਕਿ ਤੋਂ ਿਿੱਤ ਣੇ
ਆਪਣੀ ਿ ਬੀ ਨ ੂੰ ਹੀ ਿੇਜੀ। ਨ ਮੋ ਪੀਤੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਕਦਹੂੰ ੀ ਹੈ ਦਕ ਕਿੱਿ ਤੋਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਆਪਣੀਆਾਂ ਿ ਬੀਆ ਨ ਿ ਆ ਾਂਗੇ।ਇਸ ਗਿ ਤੇ ਨ ਮ ਉਹ ਦਪਤ
ਦ ਅੂੰਗ ਕਰ ਹੋਇਆ, ਉਪਰੋਕਤ ਸ਼ਬ ਕਦਹੂੰ ਹੈ। ਅਸਿ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਪੀਤੋ ਿਰ ਸ਼ਦਹਰ ਪੜ੍ਹ ਦਰਹ ਸੀ, ਖੇਤ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਕੂੰਮ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ
ਸੀ।ਪੀਤੋ ਦਪਤ ਮਜ਼ ਰ ਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਠੇਕੇ ਤੇ ਕੂੰਮ ਕਰ ਉਂ ਸੀ। ਦਪੂੰਡ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਘਰ ੀ ਨ ੂੰਹ ਸਹੁਰੇ ਅਤੇ ਮਜ਼ ਰ ਾਂ ਸ ਹਮਣੇ ਆਉਣ ਚੂੰਗ ਨਹੀਂ
ਮੂੰਨ ੇ। ਇਹ ਜ ਣ ੇ ਹੋਏ ੀ ਨ ਮੋ ੇ ਦਪਤ ਨੇ ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬ ਕਹੇ।
(੨) ਪੀਤੋ ੀ ਿ ਬੀ ਖੇਤ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਿਿੱਤ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਜ ਾਂ ੀ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ੇ ਦਪਿੱਛੇ ੋ ਕ ਰਨ ਸਨ। ਿੋਕ ਸੋਚ ੇਸੀ ਦਕ ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨ ੂੰ ਪੜ੍ਹ ੇ
ਦਿਖ ੇ ੀ ਪਤਨੀ ਸਮਝ ੀ ਹੈ। ਪਰ ਖਤੇ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਿਿੱਤ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਨ ਜ ਣ ਅਸਿ ਕ ਰਨ ਇਹ ਦਕ ਉਸ ਘਰ ਿ ਹ ਿੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ ਤੇ ਘਰ ੀ
ਨ ੂੰਹ ਸਹੁਰ ੇਅਤੇ ਮਜ਼ ਰ ਾਂ ਸ ਹਮਣੇ ਿਿੱਤ ਿੈ ਜ ਣ ਚੂੰਗ ਨਹੀਂ ਮੂੰਦਨਆ ਜ ਾਂ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਿਈ ਿਿੱਤ ਣੇ ਪੀਤੋ, ਉਸ ੀ ਮ ਾਂ ਜ ਾਂ ਦਪਤ ਹੀ
ਆਉਂ ੇ ਸੀ।
(੩) ਨ ਮੋ ਨੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਹ ਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਿਈ ਦਕ ਉਸ ੀ ਿ ਬੀ ਖੇਤ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਿਿੱਤ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਦਕਉਂ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਉਂ ੀ ,ਇਹ ਉਪ ਅ ਿੱਦਸਆ ਕੀ ਕਿੱਿ
ਿ ਬੀ ਨ ੂੰ ਿਿੱਤ ੇਣ ਨ ਿ ਚਿੱਿਣ ਿਈ ਪੁਿੱਛੀਂ ਤੇ ੇਖੀਂ ਕੀ ਉਹ ਕੀ ਜ ਬ ਦ ੂੰ ੀ ਹੈ।ਜੇ ਉਹ ਿਿੱਤ ੇਣ ਿਈ ਮੂੰਨ ੀ ਤ ਾਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਚ ਰੋ ਿਿੱਤ ੇਣ
ਆ ਾਂਗੇ ,ਤ ੂੰ ਤੇ ਤੇਰੀ ਿ ਬੀ ਮੈਂ ਤੇ ਮੇਰੀ ਿ ਬੀ। ਇਸ ਤੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਨੇ ਦਕਹ ਦਕ ਤੇਰੀ ਮ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਹੀ ਤੁਹ ਨ ੂੰ ੋ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਨਹੀਂ ਿੇਜਣ ।
(੪) ਨ ਮੋ ਨੇ ਪੀਤੋ ੇਖੇਤ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਜ ਕੇ ਇਹ ਮਦਹਸ ਸ ਕੀਤ ਕੀ ਪੀਤੋ ਦਪਤ ਤੇ ਕ ਮੇਂ ਹਿ ਛਿੱਡ ਕੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਨ ੂੰ ੇਖ ਕੇ ਖੁਸ਼ ਹੋ ਗਏ ਅਤੇ ਹ ਿ
ਚ ਿ ਪੁਿੱਛਣ ਿਗੇ। ਕੋਈ ਪੁਿੱਛਣ ਿਿੱਗ ਕੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਤ ੂੰ ਥਿੱਕ ਤ ਾਂ ਨਹੀ ਗਈ। ਨ ਮੋ ਨੇ ਮਦਹਸ ਸ ਕੀਤ ਦਕ ਪੀਤੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਸਿ ਦਪਆਰ ਕਰ ੇ ਹਨ, ਪਰ ਨ ਮੋ
ੀ ਕੋਈ ਪਰ ਹ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ , ਇਹ ਸੋਚ ਕੇ ਉਸ ਦ ਿ ਉ ਸ ਹੋ ਦਗਆ।
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ਉੱਤਰ-4 (੧) ਇਹ ਰਤ ਿ ਪ ਨ ਮੋ ਅਤੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਹੋਈ ਜ ੋਂ ਉਹ ੋ ੇਂ ਿਿੱਤ ੇ ਕੇ ਘਰ ਪਸ ਮੁੜ੍ ਰਹੀਆਾਂ ਸਨ।ਘਰ ਮੁੜ੍ ੇਹੋਏ ਉਹ
ੋ ੇਂ ਟ ਹਿੀ ੀ ਛ ੇਂ ਬੈਠ ਗਈਆਾਂ। ਤ ਨ ਮੋ ਨੇ ਪਰੀਤੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਦਕਹ ਦਕ ਮੇਰੀ ਿ ਬੀ ਨੇ ਬ ਗ਼ ਬਣ ਉਣ ਸੁ਼ਰ ਕਰਨ ਹੈ। ਤ ੂੰ ੀ ਸ ਡ ੇਘਰ ਆ
ਜ ਇਆ ਕਰੀਂ। ਤ ਪੀਤੋ ੇਨ ਮੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਸ ਫ਼ ਮਨ ਕਰ ਦ ਿੱਤ ਅਤੇ ਉਪਰਕੋਤ ਸ਼ਬ ਕਹੇ।
ਨ ਮੋ ੀ ਮ ਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਪੀਤੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਡਰ ਿਗ ਸੀ ਦਕਉਂਦਕ ਨ ਮੋ ੀ ਮ ਾਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਗੁਿੱਸੇ ਿੀ ਸੀ। ਉਹ ਗੁਿੱਸੇ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਬੋਿ ੀ ਤੇ ਗ ਲ ਾਂ ਕਿੱਢ ੀ, ਇਸ ਿਈ
ਪੀਤੋ ਉਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਡਰ ੀ ਸੀ।
(੨) ਨ ਮੋ ਪੀਤੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਘਰ ਬੁਿ ਉਣ ੀ ਗਿੱਿ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ,ਉਹ ਚ ਹੁੂੰ ੀ ਸੀ ਦਕ ਪੀਤੋ ੀ ਿ ਬੀ, ਪੀਤੋ,ਨ ਮੋ ਤੇ ਉਸ ੀ ਿ ਬੀ ਚ ਰੋ ਦਮਿ
ਕੇ ਬ ਗ਼ ਬਣ ਉਣ। ਪਰ ਪੀਤੋ ਨੇ ਉਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਸ ਫ਼ ਮਨ ਕਰ ਦ ਿੱਤ ,ਦਕਉਂਦਕ ਉਹ ਉਸ ੀ ਮ ਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਡਰ ੀ ਸੀ। ਪੀਤੋ ਨੇ ਨ ਮੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਘਰ
ਆਉਣ ਸਿੱ ਦ ਿੱਤ ਉਹ ੋ ੇਂ ਆਪਸ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਸਮ ਾਂ ਦਬਤ ਉਣ ਚ ਹੁੂੰ ੀਆਾਂ ਸਨ।
(੩) ਨ ਮੋ ਇਸ ਕਹ ਣੀ ੀ ਮੁਿੱਖ ਪ ਤਰ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਸਹ ਇਕ ਪ ਤਰ।ਉਹ ੋ ੇਂ ਖੇਤ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਿਿੱਤ ਣੇ ਜ ਾਂਦ ਆਾਂ ਹਨ।ਨ ਮੋ ੀ ਮ ਾਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਗੁਿੱਸੇ
ਿੀ ਹੈ। ਨ ਮੋ ੇਘਰ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਕੋਈ ਉਸ ੀ ਪਰ ਹ ਤੇ ਕ ਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ । ਪਰ ਨ ਮੋ ੇ ਪਦਰ ਰ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਹਰ ਕੋਈ ਨ ਮੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਦਪਆਰ ਕਰ
ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਇਿੱਕ ਜੇ ਨ ਿ ਦਜ਼ਆ ਤੋਂ ਦਜ਼ਆ ਸਮ ਾਂ ਦਬਤ ਉਣ ਚ ਹੁੂੰ ੀਆਾਂ ਹਨ। ਨ ਮੋ ਚ ਹੁੂੰ ੀ ਸੀ ਦਕ ਪੀਤੋ ਉਸ ੇ ਘਰ ਆਏ ,ਪਰ ਪੀਤੋ
ਮਨਹ ਕਰ ਦ ੂੰ ੀ ਹੈ। ਨ ਮੋ ਉ ਸ ਹੋ ਜ ਾਂ ੀ ਹੈ। ਨ ਮੋ ਤੁਰ ੇ ਹੋਏ ਦਬਿਕੁਿ ਥਕ ਟ ਮਦਹਸ ਸ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ ੀ। ਉਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਗੁਡੀਆਾਂ ਨ ਿ ਖਡੇਣ
ਬਹੁਤ ਸ਼ੋਂਕ ਹੈ। ਪੀਤੋ ਡਰਪੋਕ ਸੁਿ ਅ ੀ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਕਿੱਿੇ ਸੜ੍ਕ ਪ ਰ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਡਰ ਿਿੱਗ ਹੈ।
(੪) ਨ ਮੋ ਅਤੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਜਰਨੈਿੀ ਸੜ੍ਕ ਪ ਰ ਕਰ ੇ ਹੋਏ ਡਰ ਿਿੱਗ ਦਰਹ ਸੀ। ਦਪੂੰਡ ੇ ਬਿੱਚੇ ਇਸ ਸੜ੍ਕ ਨ ੂੰ ਪ ਰ ਕਰ ੇ ਹੋਏ ਡਰ ੇ ਸੀ,
ਦਕਉਂਦਕ ਉੱਥ ੇਕਈ ਦਕਸਮ ੇਿੋਕ,ਜ ਾਂਗਿੀ ਤੇ ਰ ਸੇੇ਼ ਿੂੰਘ ੇਸਨ।ਜੋਦਕ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਚੁਿੱਕ ਕੇ ਿੈ ਜ ਾਂ ੇ ਸਨ। ਇਸ ਿਈ ਉਹ ਇਕਿੀਆਾਂ ਸੜ੍ਕ
ਪ ਰ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਡਰ ੀਆਾਂ ਹਨ, ਫੇਰ ਇਿੱਕ ਬੁਿੱਢੀ ਅਮ ਾਂ ਉਹਨ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਸੜ੍ਕ ਪ ਰ ਕਰ ਉਂ ੀ ਹੈ।
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Class 9 History-Civics Worksheet-11
PART 2
Iron Artefacts & Pottery: India's Iron Age laid religious, philosophical, social, and political foundations that would go on
to influence people across the world. We get textual reference of shyam ayas (black metal) or
iron being used in this period. The discovery of iron and use of iron tools and implements
brought about a near revolutionary change in the field of agriculture and farming. The use of iron
also led to development of numerous craft. The tools and artefacts led us to summaries that these
were peddled by Aryans traders. These objects imply that the Aryans knew copper refining by
controlled fire using good skills. The demand for high grade iron increased tremendously with
time.
Pottery:
The moment of Aryans towards south east is supported by the discovery of Red Ware also
known as Northern Black Polished Ware found almost all over Western Utter Pradesh. The
pottery was made of well levitated clay with little tempering material and had a strikingly
lustrous surface. Craftsman such as wood workers, chariot makers, metal workers and ship
builders were free members of the tribe.
Early Vedic Society:
The Vedas form main source for this period. The Rig Veda informs us about the early Aryans
settlements that extended in the valley of the five rivers of Punjab i.e., the Indus and its
tributaries, also known as the Saptha-Shindu Region.
Social Life:
Family:
The family was regarded as the social and political unit. It was the nucleus of the social life of
the early Aryans. The father was the head of the family and he was known as “grihapati”. The
Aryans had joint families. The father had great authority over the children. Though the father
was kind and affectionate yet at times he became cruel towards his children. From Rig-Veda we
come to know about a father who blinded his son for his extravagance.
Position of Women:
In the early Vedic age women enjoyed an honoured place in the society. The wife was the
mistress of the household and authority over the slaves. In all religious ceremonies she
participated with her husband. Prada system was not prevalent in the society. Sati system was
also not prevalent in the Vedic society. The education of girls was not neglected. The girls were
married after attaining puberty. Monogamy was the general Practice.
Dress and Ornaments:
The Aryans wore dresses made from cotton, wool and deer skin. The garments were also
embroidered with gold. Both men and women wore gold ornaments. The women used ear-rings,
neck-lace, bangles, and anklets. These ornaments were sometimes studded with precious stones.
Both men and women oiled and combed their hair which war plaited or braided. The men kept
beard and moustache but sometimes also shaved them.
Food and Drink:
The Aryans ate both vegetable and animal foods. Rice, barley, bean and sesamum formed the
staple food. They also ate bread, cake, milk, ghee, butter, and curd together with fruits. Fish,
birds, goats, rams, bulls and horses were slaughtered for their food. Slaughter of cow was
prohibited. They also drank intoxicating liquor, known as sura, a brandy made from corn and
barley and the juice of soma plant.
Religious Life:
The religious life of the Aryans was simple and plain. They worshipped various manifestations
of nature such as the sun, the moon, the sky, the Dawn, the thunder, the wind and the Air. Vedic
hymns were composed in praise of nature. Rigveda mentions that thirty three gods and goddesses
were worshipped by the Aryans.
Political organization:
The early Aryans were divided into tribes or Janas. The chief of the tribe was called Rajan. He
was selected by the tribe and ruled according to the wishes of his tribesmen. The Rajan was
assisted by Purohith (Priest).
Economic life: Trade and Commerce:
There were trade and maritime activity. Sometimes traders made journey to distant lands for
larger profits in trade. The principal media of trade was barter. Cow was used as unit of value.
Trade and commerce was regulated and managed by a group of people called “Pani”.
Domestication of animals:
Besides agriculture, cattle breeding were another means of living. Cows were symbols of wealth
and prosperity of the Aryans. Sometimes cow was the medium of exchange. The Aryans had also
domesticated animals like horse, draught OX, dog, goat, sheep, buffalo and donkey.
Occupation:
Apart from agriculture and animal husbandry Aryans had also other occupation. Weaving was
the most important occupation. The carpenters built houses, chariots, wagons and supplied
household utensils and furniture.
Agriculture:
Reference in Rig-Veda shows, that agriculture was the principal occupation of the people. They
ploughed the field by means of a pair of oxen. The ploughed land was known as Urvara or
Kshetra. Water was supplied into the fields by means of irrigation canal. Use of manure was
known to them. Barley and wheat were mainly cultivated. Cotton and oil seeds were also grown.
Rice was perhaps not extensively cultivated. Agriculture was their main source of income.
Answer the following questions.
Write about the position of women in the VEDIC PERIOD.
Write about the methods that were used in the process of agriculture.
How did trade and commerce play an important role in the Economic life of the people of
Vedic Period ?
Highlight the main features the explain the social life of the people of Vedic age and
explain them .
What role did iron and pottery play in the Vedic period ?
Write a short note on -
Occupation
Domestic ¬
¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬
ANSWERKEY OF WORKSHEET 10
1. Name the four Vedas and describe any two briefly?
ANS – Rig veda, Samaveda , Yajurveda, Atharvaveda.1 ) Rig veda -They are the oldest
of the scared books of Hinduism composed in an ancient form of Sanskrit in about 1500
BCE. The text is layered consisting of the Samhita, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and
Upanishads.2) The Sam Veda is shortest of all the four Vedas. It is closely connected
with the Rig-Veda. It is the Veda of melodies and chants. It consists of 1549 verses.
2. Name the two great epics of the epic age?
ANS- These two epic were the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
3. How were Brahmanas associated to Vedic school?
ANS-. Each Veda has one or more Brahmanas of its own. . They are a secondary layer or
classification of Sanskrit texts embedded within each Veda, often incorporating myths and
legends to explain and instruct Brahmins on the performance of Vedic rituals.
4. Write a short note about Vedic age
ANS-The Vedic period or Vedic age is from 1500-500 BCE. The designation “Vedic
Period” is a modern construct, which relies on evidence of an Indo-Aryan migration,
which, as noted, is not universally accepted. It is a period of late Bronze Age and the
early IRON AGE of the history of India when the Vedas were composed in the northern
Indian subcontinent.
5. How are Aranyakas connected to Brahmanas?
ANS-The concluding portions of Brahmans are known as the ARANYAKAS. Many
ARANYAKAS are MANTRAS, INDENTIFICATION, DISCUSSIONS, MYTHS and
SYMBOLIC INTEPRETATIONS. So the Brahmans are mainly concerned with the
proper performance of the rituals.
6. Give the meaning of Veda.
ANS-A collection of hymns, prayers, charms, and sacrificial formulae is known as
VEDA. They are commonly referred to as “scripture”, p0.which is accurate in that they
can be defined as holy writing concerning the nature of the Divine. The Vedas were
orally transmitted since their composition in the Vedic period from father to son or from
teacher (guru) to student (shishya), believed to be initiated by the Vedic rishis who heard
the primordial sounds.
Class 9 Geography Worksheet-11
TIDES and OCEAN CURRENTS
The ocean water is highly dynamic. It is always in motion. There are two types of regular
moments in the ocean water:
1. Horizontal movement (ocean currents) and
2. Vertical movement (rising of bottom water as well as sinking of surface water).
The movements are the result of the variation in intensity due to salinity and variation
in temperature. Winds are also responsible for horizontal movements in the ocean
water.
TIDES
The regular periodic or alternating rise and fall of the level of water in the oceans
twice in about 24 hours are known as Tides. The rising of water is termed as the Floor
Tide while the falling of water is the Ebb Tide.
Causes of Tides
1. Gravitational Force
Every object in the universe exerts a gravitational pull on every other object.
Only after the discovery of universal law of gravitation by Sir Isaac Newton, the
effect of the Sun and the Moon on the tides was fully understood. The effect of
gravity increases or decreases with the distance and the mass of the body.
Tides are caused by gravitational pull of the Moon and to some extent by the
pull of the Sun.
The Moon, though small in size is very near the Earth. So it exerts a strong
gravitational pull on the Earth.
The Sun is very far from the Earth, yet due to its greater mass, it exerts some
gravitational pull. The lunar tides are mainly modified by the Sun's gravity.
Water, being liquid, can be pulled by the gravitational attraction of the moon.
So, the water of the Earth nearest to the moon will be pulled by the moon causing
water to pile up in the certain regions.
2. Rotation of the Earth
The daily motion or the rotation of the Earth from west causes the westward progress
of tides. The tides travel in a great wave around the Earth.
It follows the movement of the Moon except where the presence of land obstructs
their motion.
HOW TIDES ARE CAUSED
The moon is exactly over point A and its gravitational attraction causes the water to
pile up towards point A where an ordinary high tide is caused.
The water level at point C and point D is lowered because water is drawn towards
point A. Thus, low tides are caused at point C and point D.
There is a piling up of water on the opposite side of point A, which is at point B.
So, water is drawn towards point B causing high tide.
The reason for high tides caused at point A and point B are totally different. Point
A is facing the Moon so obviously, water at that point is drawn little away from the
solid Earth beneath it. But at point B, on the opposite side, it is the Earth that is
pulled a little away from the water, which tends to be left behind. This is the reason,
why there is a high tide on the opposite side of a point A as well.
THE TIME OF TIDES
As the Earth takes 24 hours to complete its one rotation on its axis, every place should
experience tide after 12 hours. The tide water rises gradually for about six hours until it
reaches high tide, and then there is a fall in the water level forgot 6 hours until it reaches
the low tide and the cycle begins again.
The time of high tide changes everyday. Why?
Every place should experience high tide after 12 hours. But this never happens
because the high tides occur at a regular interval of about 12 hours and 26 minutes.
For example, if the high tide occurs at a point A at 8 a.m., the next high tide will be
at 8:26 p.m. and the next high tide at 8:52 a.m. on the next day and so on.
AMPLITUDE OR RANGE OF TIDE
The term amplitude explains the greatness of extent or in the other words, the
average difference in water level between high tide and low tide.
The tidal range is generally 1 to 3 metres but it depends on the position of the Sun
and the Moon, that is why it differs from day to day.
THE MAGNITUDE OF TIDE
Tides are of different magnitude or height in the open sea to that of the coastal
areas. In the open ocean, the difference in the height between high (spring) tides
and low (neap) tides may be only half a metre.
But in shallow marginal seas, it can increase to about 10 metres and in some of
the estuaries, upto 12 meters, which is of great advantage to fishermen. On an
average, tides rise to about 4 meters.
SPRING AND NEAP TIDES
Spring Tides
These tides are produced when the Moon, Sun, and the Earth are almost in the same
straight line. Thus, the tides produced are of the greatest range.
It occurs twice in a month, either in conjunction (at the time of new moon) or in
opposition (at the time of full moon).
The Sun being so far away from the Earth, has its tidal pull only about half of that
of the Moon. Hence, the Sun alone is capable of producing the usual tides by it.
But the Sun can help the Moon in producing a tide. So, on full Moon and New Moon
days (is twice during the lunar month), the Sun and the Moon exert their combined
gravitational force on the Earth causing a tide with the great tidal range than that of
ordinary tides known as Spring Tides.
The High Tide is a very high and the Low Tide is very low.
When the Moon is nearest to the Earth in its orbit around the Earth (Perigee), the
spring tides are still higher and if this situation occurs round about 1st January, when
the Earth is nearest to the Sun (Perihelion), the highest spring tides are produced.
Neap Tides
The Moon revolves round the Earth on its orbit having different phases. On half
Moon days, when the Moon is at the first and the last quarters, the Sun and the Moon
are at right angles to one another in relation to the Earth.
The gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon work in opposite directions. The
gravitational pull of the sun opposes that of the Moon.
In such cases, the High Tide is lower and the Low Tide is higher than at other times.
These are called the Neap Tides.
EFFECTS OFF TIDES
Tides destroy the coast lines and move debris to the sea. They help to form creek
and inlets.
Strong tidal currents prevent the formation of deltas by rivers but they help the rivers
in forming their lower flood plains.
Tides help to keep the harbours clean by removing sewage and debris far into the
sea.
The tides bring salt water. The constant motion of tidal salty water prevents ports of
cold countries from becoming icebound in water.
The regular rhythmic motion of sea water in the form of high and low tides helps
large ships to enter the harbour of a shallow sea and to return with the tides. The
fishermen sail out to the open sea during low tide and return with the high tides.
The low-lying areas along the sea coasts are flooded and the tidal water is trapped
for manufacturing salt. Salt is produced in salt pans along the West coast of India
especially in Gujarat.
Tidal energy is harnessed to produce electricity. It is not only produced in Britain
and France but also in Gujarat, along the gulf of Kuchchh in India.
Some of the sea creatures like oyster, mussels, etc., are attached to the rocky front
of the sea coast. They remain in their fixed position, so they depend on tides only to
bring them food. The high tides bring food for them, which help in their growth.
Answers to the previous worksheet
1. A) water is necessary for carrying out chemical reactions within the bodies
of living organisms.
B)water helps in dissolving and transporting nutrients from the soil to the
plants.C) it helps the plants to make foodD)water which is found in
abundance in the ocean seas lakes rivers etc covers 71% of the earth. E)the
vast polarized ice sheets on Antarctica and North polar region in the form
of frozen solid state are also available on our planet. F)water is available in
the form of water vapour in the atmosphere.G) the water plays an important
role in the terms of evolution of life. H)it leads to the moderation of
temperature on the earth.
2. there is an antipodal balance of land and water on directly opposite sides of
the globe it means that the continents and oceans are roughly arranged in
such a way that land on one side of the globe is balanced by water on the
opposite side of the globe for example the north polar Arctic Ocean is
opposite to the Antarctic continent.
3. Land and water are not uniformly distributed over the Earth. About 71% of
the Earth’s surface is occupied by seas and oceans where as land covers
29% of the total earth surface.
4. Importance of oceans : a) source of moisture and oceans control the
temperature-oceans are the main source of moisture in the atmosphere.
Winds blowing over the Ocean carry water vapour and cause rain on the
land.
b) storehouse of minerals- oceans are the store houses of number of
metallic and non-metallic mineral. Salt is another important mineral
obtained from the sea other minerals like gold diamond Sulphur and raw
materials are also found in the sea.
c) food resources-oceans are the largest source of fish. Some Marine plants
and animals are used for making medicines also
d) effects of ocean currents- the ocean currents modify the temperature
and humidity of different areas for example warm ocean current increases
the temperature and humidity where is cold ocean current decreases the
temperature of the coastal areas where the flow.
5. The most saline water bodies are: a) Lake Van in Asia minor (330%) b) the
Dead sea (250%)
Class 9 Physics Worksheet-12
Heat and energy
#Hope's experiment:
Hope's apparatus is used for demonstrating the anomalous expansion of water
Lower thermometer T₂ shows the temperature at which water has the maximum density.
The apparatus consist of a tall metallic cylinder provided with two side openings, one
near the top and other near the bottom, fitted with thermometers T1 abd T2.
The central part of cylinder is surrounded with a cylindrical trough containing a frezzing
mixture of ice and salt.
The cylinder is fitted with pure water at room temperature.
observations:
Initially both the thermometers T1 and T2 show same temperature.
First the thermometer recorded by lower thermometer T2 starts decreasing and finally
becomes steady at 4⁰c, while the temperature recorded in upper thermometer T1 remains
unchanged during this time.
Then the temperature recorded by the lower thermometer T2 remains constant at 4⁰c. and
the thermometer T1 near the top records continuous fall in temperature up to 0⁰c.and then
it becomes steady.
thus final temperature T1=o⁰c
T=4⁰c
explanation:initially the water in the cylinder is at room temperature. as the freezing
mixture cools the water in the central position of the cylinder, the water contracts.so the
density of water increses and sinks to bottom thus decreasing the temperature of lower
thermometer T2 to fall rapidly. The thermometer T1 does not show change.This
continues till the temperature of entire water below the central portion reaches 4⁰c.
On further cooling 4 ⁰c, , due to anomalous expansion the water in central portion
expands. as a results, the reading of upper thermometr T1 falls rapidly to 0⁰c. and ice
begins to form near the top. The water at the bottom still remain at 4⁰c.
Conclusion: the expansion of water when cooled from 4 ⁰c to 0⁰c is known as anomalous
expansion of water
Read more on Brainly.in - https://brainly.in/question/757127#readmore
#Consequences of anomalous expansion of water:
1.The anomalous expansion of water helps in preserving the aquatic life during the very
cold weather.
2.The anomalous expansion of water is responsible for the burst of water pipelines,
capillaries of plants and rocks during the very cold nights when the atmospheric
temperature falls to 00C or less.
#Greenhouse effect :
The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the
Sun's heat. This process makes Earth much warmer than it would be without an
atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is one of the things that makes Earth a comfortable
place to live.
#Global warming :
The rising average temperature of Earth's climate system, called global warming, is
driving changes in rainfall patterns, extreme weather, arrival of seasons, and more.
Collectively, global warming and its effects are known as climate change.
#Assignment:
1.Explain anomalous expansion of water using Hope'sexperiment .
2. Explain the variation of volume of water
In the temperature range 0°C to 10 °C.
3. Explain the consequences of anomalous expansion of water .
4. Define the term greenhouse effect.
5. Name greenhouse gases.
6. Define global warming .
7. State measure to reduce global warming.
8. Explain the melting of ice caps .give reason .
Answer Key of Physics Worksheet-11
1.refer worksheet notes or book.
2. We feel cold when we touch an object or matter like ice at a lower temperature than
our body temperature. This is because the heat from our body being higher in amount
moves to the ice through our skin(by thermal conduction) in order to attain thermal
equilibrium between the ice and the body.
5. Water contracts on heating from 0°C to 4°C. Silver iodide contracts on heating from
80°C to 141°C.
8. The density of water is maximum state its value- 4°C.
Class 9 Chemistry Worksheet-12
ATOM: Atom is the smallest particle of an element which can take part in a chemical
reaction.
ELEMENT is a pure substance made up of one kind of atoms having same atomic
number and cannot be broken into two or more substances by any physical or chemical
means.
Constituents of an atom: An atom consists of three sub-atomic particles i.e.
ELECTRONS, PROTONS, NEUTRONS
An atom is divided into two parts: Nucleus and Orbits
NUCLEUS: has protons and neutrons
ORBITS: has electrons
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) = is the no. of protons in the nucleus of an atom
(No. of protons = No. of electrons)
MASS NUMBER (A) = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
NUCLEONS = Protons + Neutrons
An atom of an element is differentiated from the atom of another element by its
ATOMIC No. and its MASS NO.
ELECTRONS revolve around the nucleus in various orbits or shells or energy levels.
Every shell has fixed amount of energy. The shells are designated as K,L,M,N…etc. K-
shell is closest to the nucleus and has minimum energy. As the electron moves away from
the nucleus its energy increases.
Bohr and Bury gave the rules for distribution of electrons in various shells. Distribution
of electrons in different shells is known as ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
1. Maximum no. of electrons in any shell of an atom = 2n2
[ n= the no. of the shell, n= 1,2,3,4]
Shells are designated as: K, L, M, N {n=1,2,3,4…}
Maximum no. of electrons: 2 8 18 32
2. Maximum no. of electrons in the outermost shell cannot be more than 8.
SODIUM
No of protons= Z=11
No of neutrons =A-Z =23-11=12
No of electrons=11
Electronic Configuration: 2,8,1
ISOTOPES: Atoms of the same element having the same ATOMIC No. but different
MASS No.
They have similar chemical properties but different physical properties.
Chemical properties are similar because they have same atomic no.so same electronic
configuration.
Physical properties are different because they have different mass no. so different no. of
neutrons.
NOTE: ISOTOPES HAVE SAME NO. OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS and
DIFFERENT NO. OF NEUTRONS
EXAMPLES OF ISOTOPES
1. CARBON
Atomic diagram of Sodium
2. HYDROGEN
3.CHLORINE
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
1.Define atomic no., mass no, isotopes.
2.What is the no. of protons,electrons and neutrons in oxygen atom having atomic no. 8
and mass no.16?
3.Draw the atomic diagram of chlorine having atomic no.17 and mass no. 35.
ANSWERKEY OF WORKSHEET-11
1. Definitions in worksheet
2. Definitions in worksheet
3 i) H2 ii) CuO iii) H2 iv) CuO
Class 9 Biology Worksheet-12
CHAPTER-RESPIRATION IN PLANTS (CONTINUED)
EXPERIMENTS ON RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
1. Experiment to prove that oxygen is used up in respiration.
An apparatus is arranged as shown in the diagram. In flask
.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASSIGNMENT
Q.1
i. What is the purpose of using soda lime in the experiment?
ii. What special precaution has to be taken while performing this experiment?
iii. What will happen to the lime water in flask B and why?
iv. Name the physiological process being studied.
Q.2 Define control experiment.
ANSWER KEY OF BIOLOGY WORKSHEET-11
Q1 Respiration –It is a catabolic process of releasing energy from a simple sugar that is
glucose for carrying out life processes.
.Q2 Two major phases of respiration are Glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.
Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria of cells.
Q.3 Similarities between Respiration and Burning are:
Both liberate energy and both give end products carbon dioxide and water.
Q.4 The three inlets through which oxygen is obtained by the plants through atmosphere
are as follows:
1. Stomata in leaves.
2. Lenticels in stems.
3. General surface of the roots.
Q.5 Ploughing or tilling which means loosening of the soil creates tiny air spaces around
soil particles and provides the source of oxygen for the roots.
Q.6
Q.7
(i) a) 6H2O and b) 2C2H5OH.
(ii) Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
iii) a) Condition is presence of oxygen.
b) Condition is absence of oxygen.
Class 9 Commercial Studies Worksheeet-10
BANKING
CHAPTER:22
BANKING:
Banking is an industry that handles cash, credit, and other financial transactions. Banks
provide a safe place to store extra cash and credit. They offer savings
accounts, certificates of deposit, and checking accounts. Banks use these deposits to
make loans. These loans include home mortgages, business loans, and car loans.
A commercial bank is a type of bank that provides services such as accepting deposits,
making business loans, and offering basic investment products that is operated as a
business for profit.
Commercial banks are authorized to provide a variety of financial services which
includes loans, savings accounts, etc. In this article, we will talk about various functions that
a commercial banks forms.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS:
1. ACCEPTING DEPOSITS:
Commercial banks accept deposits from people, businesses, and other entities in the form
of:
Savings deposits – The commercial bank accepts small deposits, from households or
persons, in order to encourage savings in the economy.
Fixed deposits – The bank accepts deposits for a fixed time and carries a higher rate of
interest as compared to savings deposits.
Current deposits – These accounts do not offer any interest. Further, most current
accounts offer overdrafts up to a pre-specified limit. The bank, therefore, undertakes the
obligation of paying all cheques against deposits subject to the availability of
sufficient funds in the account.
Recurring deposits: A recurring deposit is a special kind ofterm deposit offered by
banks which help people with regular incomes to deposit a fixed amount every month
into their recurring deposit account and earn interest at the rate applicable to
fixed deposits.
2. LENDING OF FUNDS (GRANTING CREDITS):
Another important activity is lending funds to customers in the form of loans and advances,
cash credit, overdraft and discounting of bills, etc.
Accepting deposits
Lending of
Funds
Agency Funtions
General Utility Services
LOANS ARE ADVANCES that a bank extends to his customers with or without
security for a specified time and at an agreed rate of interest. Further, the bank credits
the loan amount in the customers’ account which he withdraws as per his needs.
CASH CREDIT: Under the cash credit facility, the bank offers its customers a
facility to borrow cash up to a certain limit against the security of goods. Further, an
overdraft is an arrangement that a bank offers to customers wherein a temporary
facility is offered to overdraw from the current account without any security.
DISCOUNTING OF BILLS: The limit is pre-specified. Additionally, banks also
discount and purchase bills. In both of these cases, a bank credits the amount of the
bill in the customer’s account after deducting discounts and commissions.
Subsequently, this amount is recovered from the debtors on the maturity of the
instrument.
OVERDRAFT: Overdraft Facility is a financial instrument in which you can
withdraw money from your savings or current account, even if your account
balance is zero. This feature is provided by almost every financial institution,
including banks.
(3) AGENCY FUNCTIONS:
Bank as an Agent
A bank acts as an agent to its customers for various services like:
Collecting bills, draft, cheques, etc.
Paying the insurance premium, rent, loan installments, etc.
Working as a representative of a customer for purchasing or redeeming securities,
etc. in the stock exchange.
Acting as an executor, administrator, or trustee of the estate of a customer
Also, preparing income tax returns, claiming tax refunds, etc.
(4) GENERAL UTILITY SERVICES
There are several general utility services that commercial banks offer like:
Issuing traveller cheques
Offering locker facilities for keeping valuables in safe custody
Also, issuing debit cards and credit cards, etc.
1. Define commercial banks.
2. Discuss the general utility services of commercial banks.
3. Define Overdraft.
4. Define Recurring deposit.
ANSWER KEY OF PREVIOUS WORKSHEET(COOPERATIVE SOCIETY)
Ans:1 A Co-operative Society is a voluntary association of people who come together and
invest their small savings to form the organization. The Co-operative Society is formed
for the mutual benefit of all the members. The members of the co-operative society are
people who come together and invest their small savings to form the organization which
will work towards their common cause.
Ans:2 One man one vote: Every member has one vote irrespective of number of shares held by
him. Rich persons holding more shares cannot dictate terms. The organisation of a cooperative
society is democratic and all members have an equal voice in its management.
Ans:3 The membership of cooperative society is open to all irrespective of caste, creed, religion
or political affiliation. New members are always welcome to join the society. Cooperative
societies represent universal brotherhood.
Ans:4 Co-operative Societies thrive on the principle of mutual help. They are the
organisations of financially weaker sections of society. Co-operative Societies convert the
weakness of members into strength by adopting the principle of self-help through mutual
co-operation. It is only by working jointly on the principle of “Each for all and all for each”,
the members can fight exploitation and secure a place in society.
**************************************************
Class 9 Maths Worksheet-12
Mean and Median
Arithmetic Mean: The average of numbers in arithmetic is known as the Arithmetic Mean or
simply the mean of these numbers.
Thus, the arithmetic mean of group of observations is defined as:
Mean = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Mean is denoted by the symbol �̅� .
Example 1: The heights of 6 boys in a group are 142cm, 154 cm ,146 cm ,145 cm, 151 cm and
150 cm. Find the mean height per boy
Solution: Mean height = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠
= (142+154+146+145+151+150)
6 𝑐𝑚
=888
6 𝑐𝑚 = 148 𝑐𝑚
Example 2: If the mean of 6, 8 ,9, x, 13 is 10. Find the value of x .
Solution: Mean=𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑛𝑜 .𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
10 =6+8+9+𝑥+13
5
10 = 36+𝑥
5
36 +x = 50
x = 50 – 36
x = 14
MEAN OF AN UNGROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
There are three methods for finding mean of ungrouped data:
Direct Method
Assumed mean method(Shortcut method)
Step-Deviation Method
1. Direct Method: Let x1, x2, x3, ……., xn be the variates have frequencies f1, f2, f3, ………, fn
respectively.
Then, the mean of these observations is given by:
Mean =
𝑓1 𝑥1 + 𝑓2 𝑥2+⋯…..+𝑓𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑓1+ 𝑓2+⋯…..+ 𝑓𝑛=
𝚺𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊
𝚺 𝒇𝒊
∎∎
Note: Symbol Ʃ is read as Sigma stands for summation of the terms.
Example 3: The age of 40 students in a group are given below:
Age (in years) 12 13 14 15 16 17
No. of
students
6 8 5 7 9 5
For calculating mean, we prepare the table as given below:
⸫ Mean age = Σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Σ 𝑓𝑖 ( Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 is the product of the frequencies in column II with the
corresponding 𝑥𝑖’s in column I )
= 580
40 = 14.5 years
Example 4: If the mean of the following data is 21.6, find the value of p.
𝑥𝑖 6 12 18 24 30 36
𝑓𝑖 5 4 p 6 4 6
Solution:
We prepare the
table given
below:
Age (in years)
𝑥𝑖
Number of students
𝑓𝑖
𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑖
12 6 72
13 8 104
14 5 70
15 7 105
16 9 144
17 5 85
Ʃ 𝑓𝑖= 40 Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 =580
𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑖
6 5 30
12 4 48
18 p 18p
24 6 144
30 4 120
36 6 216
Ʃ 𝑓𝑖= 25+p Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 =558+18p
⸫ Mean (�̅� ) = Σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Σ 𝑓𝑖
21.6 = 558+18𝑝
25+𝑝 on substituting the values in the formula
21.6 (25 + p) = 558 + 18p (by cross multiplication)
540 + 21.6 p = 558 + 18p
21.6p – 18p = 558 - 540
3.6p = 18
p = 18
3.6
p = 180
36
p = 5
Example 5: The mean age of 40 students is 17.45 years. Find the missing frequencies.
Age (in years) 15 16 17 18 19 20
Number of students 3 ? 9 11 ? 3
Solution
Let the missing frequencies be p and q with the respective ages16 and 19 years.
Total no. of students =40 (given)
⸫ Ʃ fi = 40 and mean = 17.45
Now , we may prepare the table given below:
Now, Ʃ𝑓𝑖 = 26 + p + q
on substituting the value of Ʃ𝑓𝑖 =40
40 = 26 + p + q
40 – 26 = p + q
14 = p + q
Age (in years)
𝑥𝑖
No. of students
𝑓𝑖
𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
15 3 45
16 p 16p
17 9 153
18 11 198
19 q 19q
20 3 60
Ʃ𝑓𝑖 = 26+p +q Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 =456 + 16p +19 q
14 – p = q
⸫ q = 14 - p ……………… equation 1
Also , Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 =456 + 16p +19 q
Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 =456 + 16p + 19 (14 – p) on substituting the value of q from equation 1
Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 =456 + 16p + 266 – 19p
Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 722 - 3p …………….. equ.2
Mean (�̅�) = 𝚺 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊
𝚺 𝒇𝒊
17.45 = 722−3𝑝
40
17.45× 40 = 722 – 3p by cross multiplication
698 = 722 – 3p
3p = 722 – 698
3p = 2 4
p = 24
3
p = 8
Now, on substituting p = 8 in equ.1
q =14 – p
q = 14 – 8
q = 6
Hence, the missing frequencies are 8 and 6.
2. Assumed-Mean Method:
When the product 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑖 involves large numbers, we use the assumed-mean method for finding
mean and proceed step wise as under:
Step 1: Choose the suitable value of 𝑥𝑖 in the middle as the assumed mean and denote it by A.
Step 2: Calculate the deviation 𝒅𝒊 = (𝒙𝒊 − 𝑨) for each term.Write these deviations against the
corresponding frequencies in the third column.
Step 3: Multiply the frequencies with the corresponding deviations to get 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 .
Step 4: Find Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Ʃ𝑓𝑖.
Step 5: Calculate the mean using the formula
Mean (�̅� ) = 𝑨 +Ʃ𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊
Ʃ 𝒇𝒊
Example 6: Using the assumed mean method, find the mean from the following frequency
distribution:
𝑥𝑖 60 80 100 120 140 160
𝑓𝑖 18 12 13 27 8 22
Solution: Let A= 100 be the assumed mean. (In the first column there are six values, we can
assume
either A=100 or A=120)
𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝐴
= 𝑥𝑖 − 100
𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
60 18 60 -100 = -40 -720
80 12 80 – 100 = -20 -240
100 = A 13 100 – 100 = 0 0
120 27 120 -100 = 20 540
140 8 140 – 100 = 40 320
160 22 160 - 100 = 60 1320
Ʃ𝑓𝑖 =100 Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 =2180 -960
=1220
(Note: if we assume A= 120, then Ʃ 𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊 will be negative but at the end
we will get the same answer.)
Mean ( 𝒙 ̅) = 𝑨 + Ʃ 𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊
Ʃ𝒇𝒊
= 100 + (1220
100)
= 100 + 12.2
= 112.2
3. Step deviation method:
When the values of 𝑥𝑖 and 𝑓𝑖 are large and the values of 𝑥𝑖 are equally spaced then we use the
step deviation method for finding mean and proceed step wise as given below:
Step1: Choose the suitable value of 𝑥𝑖in the middle as the assumed mean and denote it by A.
Step2: Calculate ℎ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1)
Step3: Calculate 𝑢𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖−𝐴
ℎ , to calculate 𝑢𝑖 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 the deviation 𝒅𝒊 = (𝒙𝒊 − 𝑨) as done in
example 6
then divide it by h.
Step4: Multiply the frequencies with the corresponding 𝑢𝑖′𝑠 to get Ʃ𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖.
Step5: Calculate the mean using the formula:
Mean (�̅� ) =𝑨 + 𝒉 (Ʃ𝒇𝒊 𝒖𝒊
Ʃ𝒇𝒊)
Example7: Using the step deviation method, find the mean from the following data:
𝑥𝑖 27 32 37 42 47 52 57
𝑓𝑖 14 22 16 6 5 3 4
Here, h = 32- 27 =5
Let the assumed mean A =42
Now, we form the table as under:
𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 =𝑥𝑖−𝐴
ℎ
= 𝑥𝑖−42
5
𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖
27 14 27−42
5 =
−15
5=
−3
-42
32 22 Similarly, - 2 -44
37 16 -1 -16
42= A 6 0 0
47 5 1 5
52 3 2 6
57 4 3 12
Ʃ𝑓𝑖 = 70 Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 =23 – 102= -
79
Thus, A=42 , h=5, Ʃ𝑓𝑖 = 70 , Ʃ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = -79
Mean (�̅� ) =𝐴 + ℎ (Ʃ𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖
Ʃ𝑓𝑖)
= 42 + 5 (−79
70)
On simplifying, we get
= 42 - 5.64= 36.36
Questions for practice:
1. The marks obtained by 7 students in a group are 340, 180, 260, 164, 56, 275 and 307
respectively. Find the mean marks per student.
2. Find the mean of first six prime numbers.
3. The mean of 10, 12, 16, 20, p and 26 is 17. Find the value of p.
4. The following table shows the daily wages of 60 workers in a factory. Calculate the mean of
daily wages.
Daily wages (in
⸫)
90 110 120 130 150
No. of workers 12 14 13 11 10
5. The height (in cm) of 90 plants in a garden are given below:
Height (in
cm)
58 60 62 64 66 74
No. of plants 20 25 15 8 12 10
6. If the mean of the following data is 21. Find the value of p
𝑥𝑖 10 15 20 25 35
𝑓𝑖 6 10 p 10 8
7. If the mean of the following data is 18.75, find the value of p.
𝑥𝑖 10 15 p 25 30
𝑓𝑖 5 10 7 8 2
8. The mean of the following data is 7.68, find the value of p.
𝑥𝑖 3 5 7 9 11 13
𝑓𝑖 6 8 15 p 8 4
9. The mean of the following data is 62.8 and the sum of all frequencies is 50. Find the missing
Frequencies.
𝑥𝑖 10 30 50 70 90 110
𝑓𝑖 5 ? 10 ? 7 8
. Using the assumed mean method, find the mean from the following data:
10.
Daily wages (in
⸫)
45 50 55 60 65 70 75
No. of workers 12 13 14 13 12 11 5
11.
Height (in cm)
𝑥𝑖
61 64 67 70 73
No. of plants
𝑓𝑖
5 18 42 27 8
Using the step-deviation method, find the mean from the following frequency distribution
tables: 12.
𝑥𝑖 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
𝑓𝑖 170 320 530 700 230 140 110
[ Hint: here, h=19-18=1]
13.
Diameter (in
mm)
34 37 40 43 46
No. of screws 10 19 23 21 27
Hint: h = 37 – 34= 3
Answers of Maths worksheet 11
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Class 9 Economics Worksheet-10
BASIC UNITS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
What Is Economy?
An economy is a system of organizations and institutions that either facilitate or
play a role in the production and distribution of goods and services in a society.
Economies determine how resources are distributed among members of a society;
they determine the value of goods or services; and they even determine what sorts of
things can be traded or bartered for those services and goods.
In economics, the word 'Economy' refers to production activities of a well
defined area or region. It may be a village, a district, a state, a nation or the whole
world. The sum total of all production units of a region like factories, farms, mines,
offices, banks, schools, colleges, shops, transport system, railways, etc. collectively
are called an economy. All these institutions help to produce goods and services
which directly and indirectly satisfy human wants. They produce a variety of goods
and services on one hand and provide employment to people on the other hand. The
size of an economy is determined by the level of output of goods and services it
produces.
BASIC UNITS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
An economy is a system by which people get their living to satisfy their wants.
Naturally, it is full of inter-related activities. The two important activities of an
economy are production and consumption
In an economy, production, consumption and exchange are carried out by three
basic economic units: the firm, the household, and the government. which are
regarded as the basic economic agents. The aggregate of these three units constitutes
an economy.
Households
Households make consumption decisions and own factors of production. They
provide firms with factor services in production, and buy finished goods from firms
for consumption.
A household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking
economic decisions jointly. Only those aspects of the household behaviour that
involve choice making and decision making form the part of economic analysis. The
main objective of every household is to maximise satisfaction with its limited income
or means. Thus household is primarily a unit relating to consumption. Households
offer factor services to the firms (or producers) and receive rewards in cash or kind
for the services rendered.
Households do two fundamental things vital to the economy.
1. Demand goods and services from product markets.
2. Supply of labour, capital, land and entrepreneurial ability to resource markets.
Firms
Firms make production decisions. These include what goods to produce, how these
goods are to be produced and what prices to charge. They employ the various
factors of production and they sell the finished goods to the households for
consumption and to the government.
The term firm 'refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service
with a view to earn profit.
It undertakes the activity of creating value by combining and organising the factors
of production. Here the basic decision making regarding production is done by the
Firm. A firm is generally used as a synonym of an entrepreneur. It may take the
form of single proprietorship, partnership, joint stock -company, cooperative and
state enterprise.
Firms produce goods and services by employing the factors of production and sell
the same to the consumers, other firms and the governments. They take decisions
about the location of plant, quantity and quality of the commodity to be produced,
and factors of production to be employed. Thus the firms create a supply of
different products in the market. They also create a demand for different factors of
production.
Firms: Economic units, formed by profit-seeking entrepreneurs who employ
resources to produce goods and services for sale. Firms have evolved as providers of
goods and services.
Government
The government collects taxes from households, buys goods from firms and
distributes those goods to households individually or collectively. It also
redistributes purchasing power between households.
The term government includes all regulatory bodies by which it exercises its control
over the behaviour of households and the firms. Government is yet another basic unit
of economic analysis. It plays a crucial role, both directly and indirectly, in the
economy. It acts as consumer as well as producer. Like households, a government
incurs expenditure on various consumer goods and also provides various services
(e.g., police, defence, medical, street lighting, etc.) to the people. It is called collective
consumption by the society. The main aim of the government is to provide maximum
social welfare. And like firms, government constructs roads, bridges, dams, power
stations, etc. It undertakes investment in various capital projects.
The activities of the government as an economic agent in any country are listed
below:
1. The Government supplies different public goods (e.g., parks. roads, bridges etc)
in an economy.
2. The Government incurs consumption expenditure for purchasing various
consumption goods e.g. purchase of shoes, clothes for defence etc.
3. The Government regulates the total supply of money in an economy. The
Government provides primary health and education facilities for the benefit of the
common people.
Foreign sector
Is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas
countries. This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as
capital movements related to investment and banking transactions. The foreign
sector, together with other domestic sectors make up the national economy.
The term foreign sector is used in the following ways-
(i) The portion of an economy that includes exports and imports and other
international transactions.
(ii) The portion of an economy owned by foreigners.
(iii) The rest of the world, outside the country
Hence four (broadly defined) economic agents or units are: Households, Firms,
Governments and Foreign Sector.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define the term Economy?
Q2. Name the basic Economic Agents in an Economy ?
Q3. Explain briefly the basic units of Economic- Analysis ?
Answers Key of Economics Worksheet-9
Q1. Define the term Consumption?
Ans- “Consumption means using up of goods and services for satisfaction of human
wants”. According to mainstream economists, only the final purchase of newly
produced goods and services by Individuals for immediate use constitutes
consumption.“Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities”.
Q2. What are the various types of Consumption explain . (Any three) ?
Ans: Final Consumption or Direct Consumption. When a commodity is consumed
directly for satisfaction of human want, it is called direct consumption or final
consumption. Example: Consumption of Cold Drink like Pepsi or Quality Walls-
ice-cream.
Quick Consumption: When utility of a commodity is finished or destroyed the
moment it is consumed, it is called quick consumption. For instance, the utility of a
glass of mango- shake is completely destroyed the moment we consume that glass
of mango- shake. Consumption of all single-use consumer goods falls under this
category.
Wasteful Consumption: When a commodity loses its utility without satisfying any
want, it is treated as wasteful consumption. For example, if newly stitched clothes
catch fire and are reduced to ashes, it will not be called consumption. You may call
it wasteful consumption.
Q3. Define the term Sustainable Consumption in brief ?
Ans: “Sustainable consumption is the use of material products, energy and
immaterial services in such a way that it minimizes the impact on the environment,
so that human needs can be met not only in the present but also for future
generations”.
Thus Sustainable consumption means the use of products and services that have the
least effect on environment. This will leave enough resources for the future
generations to meet their needs. It will help in bringing a better quality of life while
minimizing the use of natural resources and toxic materials as well as the emissions
of waste and pollutants.
Class 9 Physical Education Worksheet-10
Muscular System
Introduction
Motion is the basis of human activities. The movement of human body is possible only
by contractibility of muscles. Muscular tissues constitute 40 to 50 percent of the body
weight of an individual. The human body consists of more than 650 muscles.
Types of Muscles
There are three different types of muscles.
1. Voluntary or Skeletal Muscles
2. Involuntary or Smooth Muscles
3. Cardiac Muscles
1. Voluntary or Skeletal Muscles:
These muscles are also called stripped muscles. These muscles have the greatest
diversity in shape, size, power, speed of contraction and the means they are
attached to the bones or other tissues. The skeletal muscles make the movement of
entire body or parts of the body. The skeletal muscles make up about 42% of
an adult’s body weight. The nervous system controls the contraction of the
muscles.
2. Involuntary or Smooth Muscles:
Most of our internal organs are made up of smooth muscles. These muscles are
found in urinary bladder, gall bladder, arteries and veins. The digestive tract is also
made up of smooth muscles. These muscles are controlled by the nervous system
and hormones. These muscles are not controlled by our will, that is why they are
often called involuntary muscles.
3. Cardiac Muscles:
Cardiac Muscles are found in our heart. There are stripes in these muscles as in
voluntary muscles. But it differs slightly, because its fibers have some branches.
These muscles cannot function according to our will and is completely
independent.
Types of Muscle Contraction
Muscle contraction may be classified as isotonic or isometric contractions.
Isotonic Contraction: The word isotonic is derived from two Greek words ‘iso’ meaning
same and ‘tonikos’ meaning tension. So isotonic contraction is one in which the muscle
maintains the same tension as it shortens or contracts. During isotonic contraction a force
or tension will develop up to a certain level. After this level, the tension remains constant
while the length of the muscle will subsequently change. Examples of isotonic
contractions include running, jumping, walking or lifting a light weight.
There are two types of isotonic contractions.
(i) Concentric Contraction: In concentric contraction, the muscle shortens or
contracts when its tension is greater than the force opposing it, such as our
biceps does when doing an arm curl.
(ii) Ecentric Contraction: In an eccentric contraction, the force is greater than the
muscle tension, causing the muscle to elongate. This occurs when going down
stairs, or sitting down in a chair, as the effects of gravity add to opposing force.
Isometric Contraction: The word isometric is combination of two words ‘iso’
meaning same and ‘metric’ meaning length. During isometric contraction, the muscle
does not shorten or change its length and the tension never exceeds the opposing
force. Examples of isometric contraction include holding a weight in place above the
ground, pushing a wall or ‘wall sit’ exercise.
Difference between isotonic and isometric contraction
S. No. Isotonic contraction Isometric Contraction
1. The muscle maintains the same
tension as it shortens.
The muscle remains the same length
as the tension changes.
2. Isotonic contractions have shorter
contraction and relaxation duration.
Isometric contractions have longer
contraction and relaxation duration.
3. Isotonic contraction release a great
deal of heat during muscle
contraction.
Isometric contraction release less
heat during contraction.
Questions
1. What do you mean by skeletal muscles?
2. What are smooth muscles?
3. Narrate cardiac muscles in brief.
4. What do you mean by isotonic contraction?
5. Differentiate between concentric and eccentric contraction.
6. Differentiate between isotonic and isometric contraction.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Class 9 Computer Application Worksheet-10
Data Types in Java
Data types classify the different values to be stored in the variable. In java, there are two
types of data types:
1. Primitive Data Types
2. Non-primitive Data Types
Primitive Data Types
Primitive Data Types are predefined and available within the Java language. Primitive
values do not share state with other primitive values.
There are 8 primitive types: byte, short, int, long, char, float, double, and boolean
Integer data types
byte (1 byte)
short (2 bytes)
int (4 bytes)
long (8 bytes)
Floating Data Type
float (4 bytes)
double (8 bytes)
Textual Data Type
char (2 bytes)
Logical
boolean (1 byte) (true/false)
What is a Variable?
A variable can be thought of as a container which holds value for you, during the life of a
Java program. Every variable is assigned a data type which designates the type and
quantity of value it can hold.
In order to use a variable in a program you to need to perform 2 steps
1. Variable Declaration
2. Variable Initialization
Variable Declaration:
To declare a variable, you must specify the data type & give the variable a unique name.
Examples of other Valid Declarations are
int a,b,c;
float pi;
double d;
char a;
Variable Initialization:s
To initialize a variable, you must assign it a valid value.
Example of other Valid Initializations are
pi =3.14f;
do =20.22d;
a=’v’;
You can combine variable declaration and initialization.
Example :
int a=2,b=4,c=6;
float pi=3.14f;
double do=20.22d;
char a=’v’;
Types of variables
In Java, there are three types of variables:
1. Local Variables
2. Instance Variables
3. Static Variables
1) Local Variables
Local Variables are a variable that are declared inside the body of a method.
2) Instance Variables
Instance variables are defined without the STATIC keyword .They are defined Outside
a method declaration. They are Object specific and are known as instance variables.
3) Static Variables
Static variables are initialized only once, at the start of the program execution. These
variables should be initialized first, before the initialization of any instance variables.
Example: Types of Variables in Java
class Xavier
{
static int a = 1; //static variable
int data = 99; //instance variable
void method()
{
int b = 90; //local variable
}
}
**********************
