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Answers GENERAL STUDIES (P) 2021 – Test 22 (Environment and Ecology)

ANS 1.B

ANS 2.A

ANS 3.C

ANS 4.D

ANS 5.A

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ANS 6.B a) Primary producers - Autotrophs (self- nourishing)

• Primary producers are basically green plants (and certain bacteria and algae). • They synthesize carbohydrate from simple inorganic raw materials like carbon dioxide and water in

the presence of sunlight by the process of photosynthesis for themselves, and supply indirectly to other non- producers.

• In terrestrial ecosystem, producers are basically herbaceous and woody plants, while in aquatic ecosystem producers are various species of microscopic algae.

b) Consumers – Heterotrophs or phagotrophs (other nourishing) • Consumers are incapable of producing their own food (photosynthesis). • They depend on organic food derived from plants, animals or both. • Consumers can be divided into two broad groups namely micro and macro consumers.

ANS 7.D Goods and Services provided by ecosystems include:

• Provision of food, fuel and fibre • Provision of shelter and building materials • Purification of air and water • Detoxification and decomposition of wastes • Stabilization and moderation of the Earth’s climate • Moderation of floods, droughts, temperature extremes and the forces of wind. • Generation and renewal of soil fertility, including nutrient cycling. • Pollination of plants, including many crops Control of pests and diseases • Maintenance of genetic resources as key inputs to crop varieties and livestock breeds, medicines,

and other products • Cultural and aesthetic benefits

ANS 8.B CCAC was formed in 2012 by UNEP and Ghana, Bangladesh etc. countries. So first statement is wrong. Second statement is right-they focus on Short Lived Climate Pollutants such as methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons.

ANS 9.C

ANS 10.A Competition: both species are harmed by the interaction. Example: if two species eat the same food, and there isn’t enough for both, both may have access to less food than they would if alone. They both suffer a shortage of food. ANS 11.C

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The hydrologic cycle is the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system which is driven by solar energy. Water on our planet is stored in major reservoirs like atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, soils, glaciers, snow- fields, and groundwater. Water moves from one reservoir to another by the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, deposition, runoff, infiltration, and groundwater flow.

ANS 12.A When succession is brought about by living inhabitants of that community itself, the process is called autogenic succession, while change brought about by outside forces is known as allogenic succession.

ANS 13.A

ANS 14.D All snakes smell with their tongues. When a snake sticks out its tongue it smells its surroundings. Non-degradable pollutants mean materials, which cannot be metabolized by the living organisms. Example: chlorinated hydrocarbons.

• Bio-magnification refers to the tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next.

• Thus in bio-magnification there is an increase in con- centration of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another.

ANS 15.D Tundra means a “barren land” since they are found where environmental conditions are very severe. There are two types of tundra- arctic and alpine. Distribution: Arctic tundra extends as a continuous belt below the polar ice cap and above the tree line in the northern hemisphere. It occupies the northern fringe of Canada, Alaska, European Russia, Siberia and island group of Arctic Ocean. On the South Pole, tundra is very small since most of it is covered by ocean. Alpine tundra occurs at high mountains above the with respect to Arctic mountains are found at all latitudes there- fore alpine tundra shows day and night temperature variations. ANS 16.D Cold regions with high rainfall, strong seasonal climates with long winters and short summers are characterised by boreal coniferous forest.

• This is characterized by evergreen plant species such as Spruce, fir and pine trees, etc. and by animals such as the lynx, wolf, bear, red fox, porcupine, squirrel, and amphibians like Hyla, Rana, etc

• Boreal forest soils are characterized by thin podzols and are rather poor. Both because, the weathering of rocks proceeds slowly in cold environments and because the litter derived from conifer needle (leaf) is decomposed very slowly and is not rich in nutrients.

• These soils are acidic and are mineral deficient. This is due to movement of large amount of water through the soil, without a significant counter-upward movement of evaporation, essential soluble nutrients like calcium, nitrogen and potassium which are leached sometimes beyond the reach of

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roots. This process leaves no alkaline oriented cations to encounter the organic acids of the accumulating litter.

• The productivity and community stability of a boreal forest are lower than those of any other forest ecosystem.

Q17.B 1) Semi-arid zone

• It covers the northern portion of Gujarat, Rajasthan (excluding Aravallis), western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Punjab.

• The topography is broken up by hill spurs and sand dunes. 2) Dry sub humid zone

• It covers the whole of peninsular India (except Nilgiri). 3) Moist sub humid zone

• It covers the Ganga alluvial plain in Northern India. • The topography is level, low lying and ill-drained.

4) Humid montane regions • This extends to the humid montane regions and moist sub-humid areas of Assam, Manipur, West

Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. • The savanna is derived from the humid forests on account of shifting cultivation and sheep

grazing.

Q18.D • Fire plays an important role in the management of grasslands. • Under moist conditions fire favours grass over trees, whereas in dry conditions fire is often

necessary to maintain grasslands against the invasion of desert shrubs. • Burning increases the forage yields.

ANS 19.B Members nations announced their INDCs by December 2015 at the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at Paris. The summit is also known as COP21.

ANS 20.A Neuston: These are unattached organisms which live at the air- water interface such as floating plants, etc. Some organisms spend most of their lives on top of the air-water interface such as water striders, while others spend most of their time just beneath the air-water interface and obtain most of their food within the water.

ANS 21.C Statement 1 is correct. Butterflies pollinate plants, but in ways different from all others. Bees are the best-known pollinators because they carry pollen over their entire bodies as they fly from flower to flower. But butterflies do their fair share of pollinating.

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Statement 2 is incorrect. Fungi is just one of the foods which butterfly prefer. Similarly, butterfly is one of the agents which helps in the distribution of fungi spores. If there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies (which is not a specific statement), there cannot be a drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants (“drastic increase” and “some cultivated plants” are words which are vague and extreme). Statement 3 is correct. Since wasps, spiders and birds are predators of butterfly at some stage of its lifetime, the fall in number could also reduce others’ number.

ANS 22.B In the year 2015, Air Quality Index has been brought into use. Index gives information regarding the level of particular pollutant present in the environment. This data suggests about the air quality standard. In India, Air Quality Index measures following eight pollutants -SO2,NO2, CO,O3, Pb,PM2.5, PM10andNH. Air quality index has given colour codes for different level amount of pollutant and their harmful effects. Air quality index is working in around twenty cities of country.

ANS 23.D

ANS 24.C • “Red Tide” is a common name for such a phenomenon where certain phytoplankton species

contain pigments and “bloom” such that the human eye perceives the water to be discoloured. • Blooms can appear greenish, brown, and even reddish orange depending upon the type of

organism, the type of water, and the concentration of the organisms. • The term “red tide” is thus a misnomer because blooms are not always red, they are not

associated with tides, they are usually not harmful, and some species can be harmful or dangerous at low cell concentrations that do not discolour the water.

• They are scientifically referred as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs).

ANS 25.B To promote the traditional farming among the global community for sustainable development is the main objective of this initiative.

ANS 26.A (i) Pterocarpussantalinus, with the common names red sanders, red sandalwood, and saunders

wood, is a species of Pterocarpus endemic to the southern Eastern Ghats mountain range of South India. This tree is valued for the rich red color of its wood. The wood is not aromatic.

(ii) It was in national media during April 2015, when Andhra Pradesh police killed 20 Red Sander smugglers in an encounter. So first statement is right.

(iii) Red Sanders is associated with Tropical dry deciduous forest, as per environment ministry website, Hence 2nd statement wrong.

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ANS 27.D Lead

• It is present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc. Lead affects children in particular.

• It can cause nervous system damage and digestive problems and, in some cases, cause cancer. Ozone

• It occurs naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere. • This important gas shields the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. • However, at the ground level, it is a pollutant with highly toxic effects. • Smog has been coined from a combination of the words fog and smoke. Smog is a condition of fog

that had soot or smoke in it.

ANS 28.C Continental drift would mean some animals would be stuck to one continent, others on different with no chance of meeting and mating. Similarly glacial cycles would affect evolution as many would not be able to tolerate extreme cold and would become extinct plus sea level rise due to glacial melt.

ANS 29.D Polar bears have the ability to slow down their metabolism, after 7-10 days of not being able to feed, for whatever reason and at any time of year, until food becomes available again. This helps them adapt to the uncertainties of food availability in the Arctic. In comparison, black or brown bears can slow down their metabolism only in response to not feeding in the late autumn, just before they enter their dens for the winter. If food is not available in spring or summer, they will simply starve to death. ANS 30.A Pygmy Hog (Porculasalvania)

• Is the world’s smallest wild pig, with adults weighing only 8 kg. This species constructs a nest throughout the year.

• It is one of the most useful indicators of the management status of grassland habitats. The grasslands where the pygmy hog resides are crucial for the survival of other endangered species such as Indian Rhinoceros, Swamp Deer, Wild Buffalo, Hispid Hare, Bengal Florican and Swamp Francolin.

• In 1996, a captive-breeding programme of the species was initiated in Assam, and some hogs were re-introduced in SonaiRupai area in 2009.

• Habitat: Relatively undisturbed, tall ‘terai’ grasslands. • Distribution: Formerly, the species was more widely distributed along the southern Himalayan

foothills but now is restricted to only a single remnant population in Manas Wildlife Sanctuary and its buffer reserves

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ANS 31.D Invasion and Species Richness? The invasions potentially lead to an increase in species richness, as invasive species are added to the existing species pool. But it also leads to extinction of native species, resulting in decrease of species richness. The negative interactions are primarily the competition with natives for food and sustenance, which may not allow coexistence and also by predation. Effects • Loss of Biodiversity • Decline of Native Species (Endemics). • Habitat Loss • Introduced pathogens reduce crop and stock yields • Degradation of marine and freshwater ecosystems ANS 32.B No, black rhinos are not black at all. The species probably derives its name as a distinction from the white rhino (which is not white at all either) or from the darkcolored local soil that often covers its skin after wallowing in mud. Prickly Poppy

• Nativity: Trop. Central & South America • Distribution in India: Throughout • Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Common winter season weed in cultivated fields, scrub lands and

fringes of forests.

ANS33.C • National Parks enjoy a greater degree of protection than sanctuaries. • Certain activities which are regulated in sanctuaries, such as grazing of livestock, are prohibited in

National Parks. • Wildlife sanctuary can be created for a particular species (for e.g. grizzled giant squirrel wild life

sanctuary insrivalliputhur) whereas the national park is not primarily focused on a particular species.

• The Central Government may also declare, Wild Life Sanctuary and National Park under certain conditions.

ANS 34.C 1. In order to facilitate cooperation, Biosphere reserves are admitted into International network by

International Coordinating Council (ICC) of the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme of UNESCO on the request of the participating country subject to their fulfillment of prescribed criteria.

2. The Biosphere reserves remain under the sole sovereignty of the concerned country/state where it is situated, and participation in World Network is voluntary.

3. Delisting from international Network is done as an exception on ground of violation of obligation for conservation and sustainable development of Biosphere Reserves after consulting the concerned Government.

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4. The MAB programme’s primary achievement is the creation in 1977 of the World Network of Biosphere Re- serves.

5. Composed of 610 biosphere reserves in 117 countries, including 12 trans boundary sites, the WNBR of the MAB Programme promotes North-South and South-South collaboration and represents a unique tool for international co-operation through sharing knowledge, ex- changing experiences, building capacity and promoting best practices.

ANS 35.B A biodiversity hotspot is a bio-geographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans. The concept of biodiversity hotspots was originated by Norman Myers in two articles in “The Environmentalist”. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot-map, a region must meet two strict criteria: it must contain at least 0.5% or 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics, and it has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation.

ANS 36.C • World Heritage Sites means “Sites any of various areas or objects inscribed on the United Nations

Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage List”. • The sites are designated as having outstanding universal value under the Convention concerning the

Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. • This Convention, which was adopted by the UNESCO in 1972 (and enforced in 1975) provides a

framework for international cooperation in preserving and protecting cultural treasures and natural areas throughout the world.

ANS 37.D BIODIVERSITY COLDSPOTS: Areas that have relatively low biological diversity but are also experiencing a high rate of habitat loss. Although a biodiversity coldspot is low in species richness, it can also be important to conserve, as it may be the only location where a rare species is found. Extreme physical environments (low or high temperatures or pressures, or unusual chemical composition) inhabited by just one or two specially adapted species are coldspots that warrant conservation because they represent unique environments that are biologically and physically interesting.

ANS 38.A

ANS 39.D

ANS 40.A Himachal Pradesh is located north of Rajasthan, so it can't be on the same latitude. 12% of the total area of Arunachal Pradesh and 15% of the total forest cover in being protected by the Department of Environment and Forests of Arunachal Pradesh. ANS 41.C

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UPWELLING • Surface Coastal regions periodically experience upwelling events where deeper ocean water

circulates onto continental shelves and near-shore areas. • This exposes the productive upper ocean ecosystems to colder water containing more nutrients &

more CO2. • As ocean acidification makes the upper oversaturated layer of sea water shallower each year,

these natural upwelling events will more often cause under saturated water to well up and flow to the shore.

• Coastal marine organisms that form shells are un- accustomed to such events, and periodic exposures to these significantly different conditions may affect these communities.

ANS 42.B • Hoolock Gibbon is the only ape found in India. Rest of the monkeys are all macaques and langurs. In

India is distributed in the northeast India. • Palms are typically unbranched trees with only one trunk (columnar stem), called the “caudex,”

which ends in a crown of large leaves.

ANS 43.A The Jerdon’s Courser

• It is a nocturnal bird found only in the northern part of the state of Andhra Pradesh in peninsular India.

• It is a flagship species for the extremely threatened scrub jungle. • The species was considered to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1986.

ANS 44.D India has been ranked as seventh most environmentally hazardous country in the world.

1. India is endowed with vast inland and marine bio- resources. It is the third largest producer of fish in the world and the second largest producer of inland fish. The Western Ghats (the aquatic hotspot) has 192 endemic species of fishes

2. Penguins don’t live near freshwater. They drink salt water. They have a special gland in their bodies that takes the salt out of the water they drink and pushes it out of grooves in their bill. A handy in-house filtration system!

ANS 45.B ANS 46.A ANS 47.A ANS 48.A ANS 49.A

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Scoping is a process of detailing the terms of reference of EIA. It has to be done by the consultant in consultation with the project proponent and guidance, if need be, from Impact Assessment Agency. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has published sector-wise guidelines (Comprehensive terms of reference) which outline the significant issues which has to be addressed in the EIA studies.

ANS 50.A

ANS 51.C

ANS 52.B

ANS 53.A Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regards to sustainable development. It is a product of the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. Therefore, only first statement right.

ANS 54.C Environmental Information System (ENVIS), a Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry has been implemented since 1982. The purpose of the scheme is to integrate country-wide efforts in environmental information collection, collation, storage, retrieval and dissemination through ENVIS websites, which are dedicated to different interesting themes.

ANS 55.D The Shirui National Park (SNP) is located in the state of Manipur. It has dense tropical forests all over and temperate forest in the hilltops. The park is famous for shirui lily (Liliummaclineae) that grows naturally. The main peak of Shirui abounds with flowers during the monsoon and it is a veritable paradise. It is home to tragopan, the tiger, leopard, etc.

ANS 56.A Shifting cultivation

• In this practice a patch of land is cleared, vegetation is burned and the ash is mixed with the soil thus adding nutrients to the soil.

• This patch of land is used for raising crops for two to three years, and the yield is modest. • Then this area is abandoned and is left to recover its fertility, and the same practice is repeated

elsewhere on a fresh piece of land. • All that is required for this method of cultivation is a set of simple tools, not high level of

mechanisation.

ANS 57.B

ANS 58.D Types of Radiations

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1. Non-ionising radiations affect only those components which absorb them and have low penetrability. 2. Ionising radiations have high penetration power and cause breakage of macro molecules. Types of radiation particles

1. Alpha particles, can be blocked by a piece of paper and human skin. 2. Beta particles can penetrate through skin, while can be blocked by some pieces of glass and metal. 3. Gamma rays can penetrate easily to human skin and damage cells on its way through, reaching far,

and can only be blocked by a very thick, strong, massive piece of concrete.

ANS 59.B

ANS 60.D Six basic steps are involved in the formation of acid rain:

1. The atmosphere receives oxides of sulphur and nitrogen from natural and man-made sources. 2. Some of these oxides fall back directly to the ground as dry deposition, either close to the place of

origin or some distance away. 3. Sunlight stimulates the formation of photo-oxidants (such as ozone) in the atmosphere. 4. These photo-oxidants interact with the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen to produce H2SO4 and HNO3

by oxidation. 5. The oxides are of sulphur and nitrogen, photo-oxidants, and other gases (like NH3)

ANS 61.C COALITION AGAINST WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING (CAWT)

• The Coalition against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT) aims to focus public and political attention and resources on ending the illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products.

• Initiated in 2005, CAWT is a unique voluntary public- private coalition of like-minded governments and organizations sharing a common purpose.

ANS 62.C The Global Tiger Forum (GTF) is an inter-governmental and international body established with members from willing countries to embark on a worldwide campaign, common approach, promotion of appropriate programmes and controls to save the remaining five sub-species of tigers in the wild distributed over 14 tiger range countries of the world. Formed in 1994 with its secretariat at New Delhi, GTF is the only inter-governmental & international body campaigning to save the TIGER worldwide. The General Assembly of GTF shall meet once in three years. ANS 63.C ROTTERDAM CONVENTION It was adopted in 1998 by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam, the Netherlands and entered into force on 24 February 2004.

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The Convention creates legally binding obligations for the implementation of the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure. It built on the voluntary PIC procedure, initiated by UNEP and FAO in 1989 and ceased on 24 February 2006. The Convention covers pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties and which have been notified by Parties for inclusion in the PIC procedure. ANS 64.C The FAO recognizes the agricultural heritage regions of the world under a programmetitled Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS). The purpose of GIAHS is to recognize “Remarkable land use systems and landscapes which are rich in globally significant biological diversity evolving from the co-adaptation of a community with its environment and its needs and aspirations for sustainable development”. In our country so far the following sites have received recognition under this programme:

1. Traditional Agricultural System, Koraput, Odisha 2. Below Sea Level Farming System, Kuttanad, Kerala

ANS 65.C

ANS 66.A Blue baby syndrome

• It is believed to be caused by high nitrate contamination in ground water resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin in babies leading to death.

• The groundwater is thought to be contaminated by leaching of nitrate generated from fertilizer used in agricultural lands and waste dumps.

• Minamata disease • MinamatadiseasewasfirstdiscoveredinMinamatacity in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan in 1956. • It was caused by the release of methyl mercury in the industrial wastewater from the Chisso

Corporation’s chemical factory, which continued from 1932 to 1968.

ANS 67. B Umbrella species is a wide-ranging species whose requirements include those of many other species. The protection of umbrella species automatically extends protection to other species. These are species selected for making conservation related decisions, typically because protecting these species indirectly protects the many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat. ANS 68.D Mull soil is one characterised by large soil animals (especially plentiful earthworms), incorporation of organic matter through the topsoil and active bacterial decomposition. Mor soil is on the other hand characterised by smaller soil animals, the build-up of a litter layer on top and decomposition mainly led by fungi.

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ANS 69 .A Carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water and other necessities available in the environment. Endolith is an organism that lives inside rock, coral, animal shells, or in the pores between mineral grains of a rock. ANS 70 .C Earth Hour is a global event organized by WWF and is held on the last Saturday of March annually, asking households and businesses to turn off their non-essential lights and other electrical appliances for one hour to raise awareness towards the need to take action on climate change. ANS 71 .D ANS 72. B ANS 73.C ANS 74.B ANS 75.A ANS 76.A In a bid to promote Ayurveda as the mainstream treatment for the prevalent lifestyle related diseases, VinobaSevaPratisthan (VSP), in collaboration with the Ministry of AYUSH, has successfully organized a 3-days “Ayurveda Parav in Bhubaneswar from 26th to 28th March 2021”. ANS 77.B ANS 78.A CSE researchers analyzed the 2018 Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) air assessment score that depicts the air quality in industrial regions.Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra had the greatest number of ‘critically polluted’ industrial regions in India, according to a recent analysis by Delhi-based think tank, Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). ANS 79.A The Global Wind Report, 2021 has been released by Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC).

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ANS 80.B • Tribal TB Initiative’ in pursuit of TB Mukt Bharat was launched recently. • Ministry: Ministry of Health

ANS 81.A According to scientists at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and their collaborator, a mosquito protein, called AEG12, strongly inhibits the family of viruses that cause yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika, and also weakly inhibits coronaviruses. ANS 82.A The MoU is signed by representatives of State Pollution Control Boards, Urban Local Bodies and Institutes of Repute (IoRs) for 132 identified cities for implementation of city specific action plans under National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). Important value additions

• NCAP is a long-term, time-bound, national level strategy to tackle air pollution problem across India in a comprehensive manner.

• It targets to achieve 20% to 30% reduction in Particulate Matter concentrations by 2024 (with 2017 as base year).

• A National Knowledge Network comprising leading air quality specialists has also been constituted as a technical advisory group to support activities under NCAP and guide local IoRs in conducting air quality research.

ANS 83.D ANS 84.A ANS 85.C ANS 86.A

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ANS 87.C Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is one of many variants of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This technique is commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression levels. RT-PCR is often confused with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) by students and scientists alike. ANS 88.C The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in central India, and thus forms part of the greater Gangetic drainage system. The river flows north-northeast through Madhya Pradesh, running for a time through Rajasthan, then forming the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh state. ANS 89.A Tobacco, cocoa and rubber were originally domesticated or cultivated in the 'NewWorld' (America) and introduced into the 'OldWorld’ (Asia and Africa).Cotton and Wheat are being cultivated in India since very ancient times. People of Mehrgarh (Baluchistan, Pakistan) cultivated Cotton during Neolithic age.Wheat was cultivated by people of Harappancivilisation and Vedic Aryans. ANS 90.A ANS 91.C ANS 92.C The Union Ministry of Civil Aviation along with Directorate General of Civil Aviation has launched a portal named GARUD (Government Authorization for Relief Using Drones).The portal has been launched with an aim of providing fast-track exemptions to government agencies for drone operations associated with Covid-19 response. However, the Ministry also warned about penal action and cancellation of exemption if the provisions are violated. ANS 93.C ANS 94.A ANS 95.C ANS 96.C ANS 97.A

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Gene pool is the complete set of unique alleles in a species or population Bioleaching is the extraction of specific metals from their ores through the use of living organisms. This is much cleaner than the traditional heap leaching using cyanide. Bioleaching is one of several applications within bio hydrometallurgy and several methods are used to recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, and cobalt. Biocapacity is the capacity of an area to provide re- sources and absorb wastes. When the area’s ecological footprint exceeds its biocapacity, unsustainability occurs. ANS 98.D ANS 99.A ANS 100.D