Answers to Group Questions Brownell, Svetlova, & Nichols
(2009)
Slide 2
Group 1 (Introduction) 1) What is the purpose of this
study?
Slide 3
Group 1 (Introduction) 1) What is the purpose of this study? A)
To investigate the spontaneous sharing preferences of children aged
1 to 2 years.
Slide 4
Group 1 (Introduction) 2) What does this study add to the
literature?
Slide 5
Group 1 (Introduction) 2) What does this study add to the
literature? A) They are the first to examine very young childrens
development of sharing preferences.
Slide 6
Group 1 (Introduction) 3) What, do the researchers note, is an
important feature of the procedure?
Slide 7
Group 1 (Introduction) 3) What, do the researchers note, is an
important feature of the procedure? A) Sharing did not come at a
cost. They received the same amount of snacks themselves,
regardless if they shared or not.
Slide 8
Group 2 (Method) 1) How many participants were there, and what
were their ages?
Slide 9
Group 2 (Method) 1) How many participants were there, and what
were their ages? A) 28 participants -half were 18 months old -half
were 25 months old
Slide 10
Group 2 (Method) 2) Describe the apparatus.
Slide 11
Group 2 (Method) 2) Describe the apparatus. A) Child can reach
in one of two windows and pull a handle that delivers either: (1) a
snack to them and an adult across from them, OR (2) a snack to them
and an empty tray to the adult.
Slide 12
Group 2 (Method) 3) Describe the procedure.
Slide 13
Group 2 (Method) 3) Describe the procedure. A) There are 3
blocks of 4 trials (12 trials total): Block 1: Adult sits quietly
with pleasant facial expression Block 2: Adult says I like
crackers. I want a cracker. Block 3: There is no adult present. The
blocks are always presented in this order.
Slide 14
Group 3 (Results) 1) There were three different types of
trials. According to the findings, which type of trial led to more
sharing? Was this true in both age groups?
Slide 15
Group 3 (Results) 1) There were three different types of
trials. According to the findings, which type of trial led to more
sharing? Was this true in both age groups? A)Trials where the adult
vocalized a desire for the snack led to more sharing in
25-month-olds than would be expected due to chance. This was not
the case for the 18-month-olds.
Slide 16
Group 3 (Results) 2) Report the percentage of 18-month-olds and
25- month-olds who shared more often than would be expected, due to
chance, with the vocal adult.
Slide 17
Group 3 (Results) 2) Report the percentage of 18-month-olds and
25-month-olds who shared more often than would be expected, due to
chance, with the vocal adult. A) 14% of 18-mth-olds 57% of
25-mth-olds
Slide 18
Group 4 (Discussion) 1) What development in sharing behaviors
was found at the age of two?
Slide 19
Group 4 (Discussion) 1) What development in sharing behaviors
was found at the age of two? A) At age 2, in a situation with an
unrelated other, and when sharing does not cost them anything,
children are more likely to share voluntarily than younger
children. -when desires are made explicitly known
Slide 20
Group 4 (Discussion) 2) What development around the age of 2 is
likely tied to the observed findings in this age group?
Slide 21
Group 4 (Discussion) 2) What development around the age of 2 is
likely tied to the observed findings in this age group? A) Towards
the end of the second year, children are gaining the cognitive
ability to infer others internal and emotional states and to
understand that others states are separate from the childs own
internal state.
Slide 22
Group 5 (Discussion) 1) How do these results compare to
findings with apes?
Slide 23
Group 5 (Discussion) 1) How do these results compare to
findings with apes? A) Apes are not found to share, even with
familiar others, and even when it is at no cost to themselves. This
suggests that other-regarding pro-social behavior may be unique to
humans.
Slide 24
Group 5 (Discussion) 2) In their conclusion, the authors
speculate as to when in ontogeny, (i.e. the development of humans
throughout their lifetime) it is adaptive to share at a cost to
oneself, even with unrelated individuals. What do they suggest are
the reasons we develop such pro- social behaviors?
Slide 25
Group 5 (Discussion) 2) In their conclusion, the authors
speculate as to when in ontogeny it is adaptive to share at a cost
to oneself, even with unrelated individuals. What do they suggest
are the reasons we develop such pro-social behaviors? A) Increased
sense of others intentions /motivations - Ability to foresee future
reciprocity -Increased experience with social norms So: Pro-social
behavior may be seen later in childhood, but its roots are in the
cognitive developments beginning between 1-2 years
Slide 26
The Development of Sharing
Slide 27
Overall Findings of Brownell et al. (2009) Two-year-olds will
share: If an adult expresses desire for the goods If no cost to
themselves
Slide 28
Blake & McAuliffe (2011) 4- to 7-year-olds reject
disadvantageous inequity (child receives less than unfamiliar peer)
and accept advantageous inequity (child receives more than
unfamiliar peer) 8-year-olds reject both forms of inequity
Slide 29
Development of Sharing Childrens development of sharing depends
on their understanding of others intentions and beliefs
Slide 30
Development of Sharing 18-month-olds: have beginning
understanding of others intentions can imitate others intended
actions even if the intended actions arent seen can understand
others communication acts (e.g., pointing) However, Possession also
becomes important
Slide 31
Development of Sharing 4-5 years: Master the False Belief Task
Understand that peoples actions can be caused by their beliefs even
if those beliefs are mistaken Where will Maxi look for the
chocolate?
Slide 32
Development of Sharing Parallels with the development of lying:
Young preschoolers can lie, but arent very good at it Lying
improves greatly once children have mastered the understanding of
False Belief
Slide 33
Distributive Justice The way children make allocations of goods
and reason about the allocations Preschool children: Self-interest
is prominent. If it costs them something, they are unlikely to
share. Young school age children: Understand reciprocity (if I give
you something, you are likely to give me something) Around 8 years
old: Children begin to distribute goods based on neediness of the
recipients
Slide 34
Effect of Social Norms The understanding of social norms plays
a role in sharing and can vary with culture
Slide 35
Is Sharing Unique to Humans? Apes do not share with others Even
if it would be at no cost to themselves Apes also fail False Belief
Tasks
Slide 36
Conclusion Sharing is based on cognitive abilities and
influenced by social experience Between ages 1-2, infants are
beginning to develop the cognitive abilities that make sharing
possible, However, when and how humans share also depends on
culture, socialization, and personal experience
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