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8/8/2019 Answers to Midterm Review Packet 2010-11
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Answers to Midterm Review
Packet
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1. Homeostasis
Maintaining a stableinternal balance
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2. Controlled Experiment
An experimentset up induplicate in which a singlefactor is changed in one
set up but not the other Experiment is designed to
scientifically solve aquestion
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3. Control Group
The normal situation
Used as a referencein the experiment
Group in a controlledexperiment that doesnot have the variable
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4. Independent Variable
The ONE factor that is changed in acontrolled experiment
Independent variable starts with I, its thevariable that I change.
Examples:
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5. Dependent Variable
The variable that changes because of theindependent variable
It depends on the independent variable What is measured
Examples:
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6. Compound Light Microscope
Is an instrument for viewingobjects that are too small tobe seen by the naked eye
Too small for a CLM: atom,virus, molecules, DNA,mitochondria, lysosome,ribosomes,
Visible with the CLM:nucleus, chloroplasts, cellmembrane and wall, THECELL, vacuole
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7. Organic Compound
Any compound that contains BOTH carbon andhydrogen
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic
acids Glucose, starch,.
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8. Inorganic Compound
Any compound that doesnot contain both carbon andhydrogen
It can contain either carbonor hydrogen
Ex: Salt (NaCl), CO2, H2O
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9. Carbohydrate
A large group of compounds that consistof simple sugars like glucose and muchmore complex sugars like starch
Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Used for energy (for cellular respiration)
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10. Protein
LARGE molecules made up of carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Made up of long chains of amino acids
that are folded and twisted together
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11. Lipid
Provide and storeenergy
Protect organs
Provide insulation
Part of cell membrane
Carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen Made up of1 glycerol
and 3 fatty acids
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12. Enzyme
Biological catalysts that are involved in everybiochemical reaction that takes place in the body
Speed up the reaction
Not changed during reaction so can be reused
Type of protein
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13. Substrate
Substance that the enzyme is working on
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14. Active Site
The part of the enzyme that locks intothe substrate
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15. Lock and Key Model
Enzymes are specific to one substrate,just like a specific key can only unlock aspecific lock
Enzymelockedinto thesubstrate
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16. Organelle
Cell parts Specialized structures in the cytoplasm of cells
that carry out specific functions
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17. Cell Membrane
Outside boundary of a cell
Semi-permeable
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18. Cell Membrane Receptors
Found on the surface on the cellmembrane
Allow cells to communicate
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19. Nucleus
Controls all cellular activity
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20. Ribosomes
Make proteins
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21. Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration!
Makes ATP
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22. Vacuole Storage site
Plant cells have a large, central vacuole to store water
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23. Lysosome
Organelles filled with digestive enzymes
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24. Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis in PLANTS
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25. Diffusion The movement of materials from an area of HIGH
concentration to LOW concentration No energy necessary
Type of Passive Transport
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26. Osmosis
Diffusion of water Type of Passive Transport
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27. Active Transport
Movement of materials from an area ofLOW concentration to HIGH concentration
Requires energy (ATP)
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Passive & Active Transport
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28. Photosynthesis
the process a plant uses to combine sunlight,water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen andsugar (energy)
Takes place in chloroplasts
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29. Heterotroph Organisms that must consume pre-made
compounds
Humans, protists, dogs, cats.
Cannot make their own food throughphotosynthesis
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30. Autotroph
Organisms that canmake their own food(glucose)
Usually throughphotosynthesis
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31. Metabolism
The sum of all of the chemical reactions that takeplace in your body
Ex: cellular respiration, digestion
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32. Controlled Variable
In a controlled experiment, the variables(except the independent) that are kept thesame
Examples:
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33. Cellular Respiration
The process by whichorganisms convert O
2
and glucose into CO2,
H2O and ATP Takes place in the
mitochondria.
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34. ATP Molecule that has energy stored in phosphate
bonds.
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33. What are the difference between
plant and animal cell?Plant Cell Animal Cell
Square shape Round Shape
Cell Wall andchloroplasts
No Cell wall orchloroplasts
Autotroph Heterotroph
Large Vacuole Small Vacuole
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34. What are the subunits for each of the followingmolecules?Place a check mark next to the terms that can pass
through the cell membrane.Molecule
Subunit/Building Block
Starch Glucose
Lipid
Fatty Acid and Glycerol
Protein Amino Acid
Sucrose (a disaccharide)
Glucose
DNA Nucleotides
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35. Explain passive and active transport.
Passive Transport:
movement of moleculesfrom an area of HIGHconcentration to LOWconcentration. No energy
is necessary
Active Transport:movement of molecules
from an area of LOWconcentration to HIGHconcentration. Energy(ATP) is necessary
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36. What are the components of acontrolled experiment?
Control Group
Experimental Group with 1 variable
Controlled Variables (components that areheld constant throughout experiment)
Repeat Trials
Large Sample Size Repeatability by others
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37. Explain the cell membrane.Dont forget receptor molecules.
Thin membrane that surrounds all cells Made of a double layer of lipids and protein
channels
Acts as a barrier by controlling the passage ofmaterials into and out of the cell (selectivelypermeable)
Recognizes and responds to chemical signals
such as hormones allowing different cells tocommunicate because it has receptor moleculeson surface
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Cell Membrane
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Selective Permeability in Action
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38. What are the levels oforganization
Organelle
Cell
Tissue Organ
Organ Systems
Organism
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39. What are the 8 life processes?
Growth: living things increase in size Respiration: a chemical reaction that
converts glucose to ATP. All living things
need energy! Reproduction: To make one or more of
your own species. Asexual (offspring are
genetically identical to parent) and sexual(required two parents; offspring aregenetically different)
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39. What are the 8 life processes?
Synthesis: to take simple molecules andmake something more complex
- Ex:joining several glucose moleculesto form starch!
Nutrition: how an organism obtains itsnutrients (autotrophic and heterotrophic)
Excretion: how an organism rids itself ofmetabolic wastes (urine, perspiration)
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39. What are the 8 life processes?
Regulation: how an organism maintainshomeostasis
Transport: circulating and absorbingnutrients throughout an organism
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40. What is the equation forphotosynthesis
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Changes inorganic molecules into organic
molecules!
light
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41. What is the equation for cellularrespiration
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O +36 ATP
All living organisms carry out CR
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41. What factors affect the rate ofenzyme controlled reactions?
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41. What factors affect the rateof enzyme controlled reactions? Temperature
pH
Concentration of enzymes Shape
Can be reused
Must lock into a specific substrate
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42. Indicators
Indicators change color in the presence ofspecific compounds
Iodine turns blue/black in the presence ofstarch
Biurets reagent turns violet in thepresence of proteins
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43. Microscope
1. Place slide on stage
2. Use the coarse adjustment to focusunder low power
3. As you switch to medium and highpower, use the fine focus to makeadjustments
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44. Single celled Vs. multicellularorganisms
Unicellular organisms organelles
Multi-cellular organisms have organsystems that help them maintainhomeostasis