AntebellumRevivalism

&Reform

AntebellumRevivalism

&Reform

Reform movement came about because of the Market Revolution

1. Led by the Middle Class2. Belief in the goodness of human

nature3. Moralistic

The Second Great Awakening1790’s-1830’s

• 2nd Religious Revival Movement in the U.S.

• Stressed salvation through personal faith– Redemption

The Second GreatAwakening

The Second GreatAwakening

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal

Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

The “Burned-Over” District• An area in Upstate & Western NY state• Heavily evangelized during the 2nd G.A.• There was no more “Fuel” to “Burn” b/c

everyone had converted• New religious

movements began in this area

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

Joseph Smith (1805-1844)

1823 Golden Tablets

1830 Book of Mormon

1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)

• After his death, Brigham Young became the new leader

• Mormons faced persecution b/c of their beliefs– Polygamy– Cooperative

Communities

Brigham Young(1801-1877)

The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek” Desert

community would become their “Zion”

Salt Lake City, Utah founded in 1847

Utah did not become a state until 1896 b/c of Mormon beliefs

B.B. Utopian Utopian CommunitiesCommunitiesB.B. Utopian Utopian

CommunitiesCommunities

What is a Utopian Community?

• A group that pulls away from society to form a “perfect” community

• Formed to counteract the economic & social evils caused by the Market Revolution

• About 100 formed– All were Cooperative– Socialist/Communist in nature– Gender roles neutralized– Some founded around religion

The Shakers• Religion was the focus• Life should be dedicated to finding

perfection• Segregated men and women• Believed in celibacy• Live a simplistic

lifestyle

The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)

Millenarianism --> the 2nd

coming of Christ had already occurred. Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.

• all residents married to each other – “Complex Marriage”• carefully regulated “free love”

Brook FarmBrook Farm

George Ripley

1802-1880

• Transcendentalist Utopian farm

• Formed in West Roxbury, MA

• Was influential to writers like Thoreau & Hawthorne

New Harmony, IN• To deal with poverty

socialist communities should be established

• All families work & live together Robert Owen

1771-1858

Institute Building in the U.S

• During the 1830’s and 1840’s the U.S. began a program of institute building:– Jails for debtors and criminals– Poorhouses for the destitute– Orphanages for children without

families

Dorthea Dix• Mentally insane were

placed in prisons and abused

• No assistance given• Dix was an advocate to

improve their treatment• 1849:1st Asylum

established to treat the insane

• By 1860 28 states established asylums

Consumption of Alcohol• Alcohol seen as one of

the biggest problems of society

• Mainly a problem for men– “Demon” Rum, Cider,

Whiskey– Beer (when the Germans

arrive)• Problem?

– Wasted Money– Domestic Abuse– Increased Crime Rates– Decreased Efficiency at

work

American Temperance Society

• Founded in 1826 in Boston, MA• Claimed to have 200,000 members by mid

1830’s• Group mainly made up of Women• Two methods for ending the evils of alcohol:

1. Advocate a moderate use of alcohol 2. Make alcohol illegal

• By 1857, 12 states had made alcohol illegal– ME was the first– Problem: laws found unconstitutional

• Successful: alcohol consumption dropped

“Father of American Education”

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Pushed for a state supported, public educational system Advocated dividing children up by “Grades” and having a uniform curriculum in all schools Discouraged corporal punishment Established state teacher- training programs

Educational ReformEducational Reform

Religious Training Secular Education

MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.

By 1860 every Northern state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

Women EducatorsWomen Educators Middle class women now seen as able to have an acceptable job outside of the houseEstablished a seminary in NY to train female teachers

Emma Willard(1787-1870)

Mary Lyons(1797-1849)

1837 she established Mt. Holyoke [MA] as the first college for women.

Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own

property.4. Married no control over her

property or her children.5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a

contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

“Separate Spheres” Concept

“Separate Spheres” Concept“Cult of

Domesticity” A woman’s “sphere” was in the home

Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family.

Four Cardinal virtues:1.Piety2.Purity3.Submission4.Domesticity

Women’s RightsWomen’s RightsMany women believed that their roles in other reform movements should lead to an expansion of their rights

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery

Cult of Domesticity = SlaveryThe 2nd Great Awakening inspired

women to improve society.

Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké

Southern Abolitionists

Seneca Falls Convention

• 1st women’s rights convention

• Held in July 1848 • Stanton read

Declaration of Sentiments

• Outlined that women & men should be equals

• However, no real changes until after WWI

Early Movements• 1816: American Colonization Society

founded• Did not believe that freed slaves could

achieve equality in the U.S.• Established Liberia in Africa

William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison • Wanted immediate

emancipation with NO compensation.

• Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue.

• Began militant abolitionist movement in the North

Premiere issue January 1, 1831