Antenna Modeling “101” Modeling Talk.pdf · Gamma-Omega and Hairpin Matching; ... • TLW Computes parameters for transmission lines and antenna-tuner ... 70cm 2M 10M 80M

DXCC WAS VUCC WAC WPX W1DYJ ~ Larry Banks

Antenna Modeling MMRA ~ March 2016

Antenna Modeling “101” Based on ARRL Antenna Book SW

Much cheaper (and faster) than (re)building them!

Larry Banks, W1DYJ

First licensed: 1962 (KN1VFX)

W1DYJ since 1966 – Amateur Extra

10 Matthews Way Harpswell ME

33 Blueberry Hill Road Woburn MA



Agenda

• Some W1DYJ background

• A brief view of ARRL Software

• ARRL Handbook

• ON4UN’s Low Band DXing

• The Antenna Book

• TLW

• YW

• HFTA

• EZNEC

Page 2

And hopefully you will learn

some theory and gain some

understanding about

antennas in general…



An antenna story ~ the Gotham V80 (1962)

Page 3

• New novice KN1VFX

• My first antenna for 80M

• $16.95 was “big bucks” for a

sophomore in HS in 1962

A 1962 QST

Advertisement



An antenna story ~ the Gotham V80 (1962)

Page 4

• New novice KN1VFX

• My first antenna for 80M

• 16.95 was “big bucks” for a sophomore in HS

in 1962

• I knew nothing about antennas

• Never worked – Best DX was a 40M OO

report: “Out of Band”

• Have not believed advertisements since!

• I also now believe you need to understand

the physics of antennas

modeling



33 Blueberry Hill Rd -- Woburn

Page 5




Page 6




Page 7



Agenda



• ARRL Handbook



• TLW

• YW

• HFTA

• EZNEC

Page 8



SW: ARRL Handbook (89th Edition ~ 2012)

• TubeCalculator Design tube-type High Power linears

• ClassE Designs single-ended Class E RF amplifier

• Diplexer Designs both high-pass/low-pass and

band-pass/band-stop types of diplexers

• Helical Designs and analyzes helical-resonator bandpass filters

usually used in VHF and UHF

• Elsie A lumped-element filter design and analysis program (the student edition)

• MeterBasic Designs and prints professional-quality analog meter scales

• OptLowpass Designs and analyzes transmitter output low-pass filters

• PIEL Designs and analyzes pi-L networks for transmitter output

• QuadNet Designs and analyzes active quadrature networks

• SVCFilter Standard-value component routine to design low-pass and high-pass

filters

• Supplemental Files Additional discussion, additional projects, full-size PC board etching patterns, program examples and other useful information

Page 9



SW: ARRL OH4UN’s Low Band Dxing (4th Edition ~ 2005-2007)

• Conversion_calculator Excel spreadsheet that converts signal levels

typically encountered at receiver inputs between μV, mV, dBμV, μW, etc

• Receiver_Levels Excel spreadsheet tool shows you levels

involved with radio signals from transmit power to received signal

• RX_noise_figure_and_MDS_calculation Excel spreadsheet tool shows you the

relation between receiver bandwidth, temperature and receiver MDS

• ON4UN Low-Band DXing Software (DOS) Propagation Software; Mutual Impedance and

Driving Impedance; Coax Transformer/Smith Chart; Impedance, Current and Voltage Along Feed Lines;

Two- and Four-Element Vertical Arrays; The L Network; Series/Shunt Input L-Network Iteration;

Shunt/Series Impedance Network; Line Stretcher (Pi and T) Stub Matching; Parallel Impedances

(T Junction); SWR Value and SWR Iteration; Radiation Angle for Horizontal Antennas; Coil Calculation;

Gamma-Omega and Hairpin Matching; Element Taper

• ON4UN-Yagi-Design (DOS) The Analyze Module; Generic Dimensions;

Element Strength; Element Taper; Mechanical Yagi Balance; Yagi Wind Area; Matching;

Optimize Gamma/Omega; Feed-Line Analysis; Rotating Mast Calculation

Page 10



SW: ARRL Antenna Book (23rd Edition ~ 2015)

• TLW Computes parameters for transmission lines and antenna-tuner

• YW Computes parameters for Yagi-Uda antennas

• HFTA Evaluates the effect of local terrain on the launch of HF signals

• Plus Supplemental Files on the CD

• EZNEC 6 General Antenna Modeling SW (on Web)

• Many of the apps from previous editions are available at: www.arrl.org/antenna-book

• AAT Automatically evaluates antenna tuner networks

• Arrayfeed1 Computes parameters necessary for feeding 2-element and 4-element phased-arrays.

• GAMMA Computes the parameters for a gamma match

• LPCAD30 For computing LPDA designs

• MOBILE Evaluating and designing mobile whip antennas and coils

• Range-Bearing Computes the range/bearing from one lat/lon point to another

• SCALE Scales Yagi designs to other frequencies

Page 11

http://www.arrl.org/antenna-book





Agenda



• ARRL Handbook



• TLW

• YW

• HFTA

• EZNEC

Page 12



TLW – Transmission Line

Program for Windows R. Dean Straw ~ N6BV ©ARRL

Page 13

Basic Purpose: • Input = cable type, frequency, and dimensions,

and load impedance

• Output = SWR at input, load, and feedline loss



SWR = 1.09:1

TLW – Transmission Line Program for Windows

Page 14

Question: Which is the better situation?

440 Dipole @ 100’

Coax Feed

System

SWR = 1.38:1

50W FM

440 Dipole @ 100’

Coax Feed

System

SWR = 1.02:1

440 Dipole @ 100’

Coax Feed

System




Page 15

Answer: Beware the Myth of low SWR!

440 Dipole @ 100’

100’ Andrew LDF6-50A

1 ¼” Heliax

Total Loss = 0.734 dB

(SWR loss = 0.044 dB)

SWR = 1.38:1

Ndb = 10Log10 (P2/P1)

P A = PT (10N/10)

100’ RG-58A

(Beldon 8259)



440 Dipole @ 100’

42 W 2 W

And it affects

the received

S/N too!

50W FM

440 Dipole @ 100’

0 W

100’ RG-58A

(Beldon 8259)



SWR = 1.09:1 SWR = 1.02:1

SHORTED!




Page 16

(1) Choose

cable type

(2) Choose

cable length

(3) Specify

frequency

(4) Enter load (antenna)

impedance

(5) The Results




Page 17

Coax SWR

@70cm

Loss

@70cm

Delivered Power

70cm

1 ¼” Heliax 1.38:1 0.734 dB 42 W

½ ” Heliax 1.31:1 1.544 dB 35 W

LMR 400 “RG8” 1.22:1 2.843 dB 26 W

8267 RG213 1.12:1 5.283 dB 15 W

LMR 240”RG8X” 1.12:1 5.377 dB 14 W

LMR 200 “RG58” 1.08:1 7.142 dB 10 W

9258 “RG8X” 1.05:1 9.081 dB 6 W

8259 “RG58A” 1.02:1 13.885 dB 2 W

50 W @ Transmitter / 100’ Coax




Page 18

Coax SWR

@70cm

Loss

@70cm

Delivered Power

70cm 2M 10M 80M

1 ¼” Heliax 1.38:1 0.734 dB 42 W 46 48 49

½ ” Heliax 1.31:1 1.544 dB 35 W 41 45 49

LMR 400 “RG8” 1.22:1 2.843 dB 26 W 34 40 47

8267 RG213 1.12:1 5.283 dB 15 W 25 34 46

LMR 240”RG8X” 1.12:1 5.377 dB 14 W 25 33 45

LMR 200 “RG58” 1.08:1 7.142 dB 10 W 19 28 43

9258 “RG8X” 1.05:1 9.081 dB 6 W 16 27 43

8259 “RG58A” 1.02:1 13.885 dB 2 W 2 19 41

50 W @ Transmitter / 100’ Coax




Page 19

Left to you for Homework…

If you know the impedance in

your shack, you can estimate the load impedance

You can use TLW to help you design

a TransMatch.

NOTE: Antenna Tuners

DO NOT tune anything!

You can look at the Voltage,

Current, Resistance, and

Reactance on the transmission line



TLW – Transmission Line Program

for Windows

Page 20

Helps you understand and design your

Antenna System



Agenda



• ARRL Handbook



• TLW

• YW

• HFTA

• EZNEC

Page 21



YW – Yagi for Windows R. Dean Straw ~ N6BV ©ARRL

Page 22

Purpose: • Input = dimensions of traditional monoband Yagis

• Output = graphs/patterns of Gain, F/R, SWR



YW – Yagi for Windows

Page 23

Description • Similar to earlier DOS based program: YO from Brian Beezley, K6STI

• Computes Gain, worse-case F/R, SWR, E- & H-plane patterns

• Generates on-screen graphs

• Results compare closely with YO, EZNEC, NEC-Win Plus, NEC-4

• Runs much faster

• Includes design files for 80+ Yagi designs included in ARRL Antenna Book

Limitations • Works only for “traditional” monoband Yagis

• Evaluations done over flat “perfect” ground

• Not accurate below height of λ/8

• Not accurate in stacks, near other antennas, etc.

• Does not generate output data files

• No optimization routine – like YO



YW Example: 5el 10M yagi on 24’ boom

Page 24

5 El ~ 10M 24' boom YagiBased on ARRL Antenna Book,

17th edition, 1994, p11-10

lwb:\ham\ant\10M_5EL.vsd

14 April 2000

p.1

10' 5' 0

7'

1'

0

1.5"od Al Boom

24' long

(4 pieces 6' long)

3/4"od x 4'

Al tubing, typ.

5/8"od x 21"

Al tubing, typ.

Rivited,

4 places,

3" overlap, typ.

1/2"od

Al tubing

Slotted, w/stainless

steel clamp

4"-6" overlap, typ.

Parts List:

(5) 4" x 4" x 0.190" AL plates

(10) 3/4" U-bolts

(10) 1.5" U-bolts

(10) #8 SS self-tapping screws

(5) 6'" x 3/4" od AL tubing (cut into 5x48" lengths)

(40) pop rivits

(4) 6' x 5/8" od Al tubing (cut into 10x21" lengths)

(10) SS hose clamps

(10) 6' x 1/2" od AL tubing (cut into 10 specific

lengths)

(4) 6' x 1 1/2" od Al boom

(1) 6' x 1 3/8" od Al Boom (cut into 2x9", 3x18")

(6) SS 1/4" x 2 1/2" bolts

1'2'15'20'25' 24'

2'

3'

4'

5'

6'

8'

9'

1'

2'

3'

4'

5'

6'

7'

8'

9'

3"

Element to Boom Plate

4' x4"

5 Pieces

24"

18"

36"72"171"

50.75"

(57" overall)

55"

(61" overall)

57.125"

(62" overall)

58"

(63" overall)

65.625"

(72" overall)

282"

D3

15' 5 1/2"

D2

16' 2"

D1

16' 6 1/4"

DE

16' 8"

REF

17' 11 1/4"

Splice Detail, typ.

18" 1 3/8" AL

2 1/2" x 1/4"

SS bolts @ 7"

from splice

9" 1 3/8" AL

End Detail, typ.

#8 x 1" SS

self-tapping

screws

Boom to

Mast Plate

This is my

10M Yagi,

based on

the ARRL

example.



YW Example: 5el 10M yagi

Page 25

Initial Screen




Page 26

Start with one of the

included files

This is my 10M Yagi K1FO 40el / 432MHz

K1FO 22el / 432MHz

8el / 6M / 36’ boom




Page 27

Free Space Results

Gain (dBi)

F/R (dB)

SWR

Free Space, unmatched




Page 28

Free Space Results

Enter Yagi height




Page 29

Free Space

Note that Gain has increased,

@ 16°elevation angle.

SWR unchanged - Now we need to match it

30’ High, unmatched




Page 30

Match it (Gamma Match)

Z=0 Z= Z=50




Page 31

SWR is “tamed”.

30’ high, matched




Page 32

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

27.5

0

27.6

0

27.7

0

27.8

0

27.9

0

28.0

0

28.1

0

28.2

0

28.3

0

28.4

0

28.5

0

28.6

0

28.7

0

28.8

0

28.9

0

29.0

0

29.1

0

29.2

0

29.3

0

29.4

0

29.5

0

29.6

0

29.7

0

29.8

0

29.9

0

30.0

0 CW TECH FM

W1DYJ 10M Yagi SWR

Autek 5/2000

Autek 11/2010

Autek 12/2014

Autek Smoothed

MFJ949E @ 10W

FoxDelta AAZ914

Band

Compare to Actuals

27.5 MHz. 30MHz.




Page 33

Plot the patterns

SWR is NOT

the only

criteria!




Page 34

30’ high, matched

Antennas are PASSIVE – they generate

“gain” by redirecting the RF.




Page 35

30’ high, matched

POLAR Plot Same Data CARTESIAN (Azim/Elev Plot)

Elevation

Azimuth




Page 36

30’ high 15’ high

45’ high 11°peak

16°peak

26°peak

60’ high

8°

peak

Idealized pattern at different heights



YW Example:

What’s really going on with different heights?

Page 37

© ARRL

Antenna Book



YW Example:

What’s really going on with different heights?

Page 38

C




Page 39

Change Elements

YW does not have the “automatic” optimization routine that YO had.

Element <> Boom Plate

Position on Boom

Element

Diameter

Element

Length

Elements



YW – Yagi for Windows

Page 40

Helps you understand/design your

monoband Yagis,

but – assumes flat, perfect ground



Agenda



• ARRL Handbook



• TLW

• YW

• HFTA

• EZNEC

Page 41



HFTA – High Frequency Terrain

Assessment R. Dean Straw ~ N6BV ©ARRL

Page 42

Purpose:

Assesses the effect of uneven local terrain on the

transmission and reception of HF signals.



HFTA – High Frequency Terrain Assessment

Page 43

Agenda

• Problem / Description / Limitations

• What are Elevation Statistics?

• What are Terrain Files?

• Using HFTA

• Example — My 10M yagi in MA

• DX Azimuths

• My Local Terrain

• 10M Yagi Results




Page 44

What problem does HFTA attempt to solve?

Fig 14.30 ©ARRL Antenna Book

Fig 14.29 ©ARRL Antenna Book




Page 45

Description • HFTA is a ray-tracing program designed to evaluate the effect of foreground terrain

on the elevation pattern of up to four multi-element HF monoband Yagis in a stack.

• Models horizontally polarized Yagis, “works” with simple horizontal dipoles

• Takes into account the effects of Fresnel horizontal ground-reflection

• Takes into account diffraction

• Includes Elevation Statistics Files ~ at what angle the RF comes from

• Latest version of earlier “YT” program

Limitations

• Does not work with vertical polarization

• Free-space gain assumed for the default four-element Yagi model is 8.5 dBi

• Does not take into account mutual impedance ground effects

Additional Requirement • Requires a Terrain Data File ~ used to be a pain, now it’s easy!




Page 46

Agenda




• Using HFTA

• Example -- My 10M yagi in MA

• DX Azimuths





Elevation Statistics

Page 47

Fundamentally Where is the DX? At what angle (from the horizon) does the RF arrive?

We must always remember this simple truth:

The ionosphere controls the elevation angles of the

RF we receive at our location, not our antenna!



HFTA ~ Elevation Statistics Example: 80M: EU MA

Page 48

The angle the RF arrives from.

Frequency

Elevation File:

W1-MA <-> Europe

(There are MANY files

included with the SW.)

The

percentage

of time the

RF is at

this arrival

angle.

Example:

About 8.5% of the time,

80M RF from Europe arrives

at an angle of 13°

Note:

The statistical

data is an

overall average

of all time; i.e.

for any time,

any day, any

season, any

part of the 11-

year sunspot

cycle.

Specific

propagation

“today” will be

very limited in

angle.

Conclusion, from this one graph:

About 80% of the time, European 80M RF arrives at arrival angles between 5 22°



HFTA ~ Elevation Statistics Example: 20M in MA

Page 49

4-18°

2-15°

3-10°

3-15°

Europe

Africa

S. America

Japan




Page 50

Agenda




• Using HFTA


• DX Azimuths





Terrain File Unique to your location

Page 51

360 ASCII files that describe

the terrain in all directions

from your antenna site.

It used to be difficult to obtain:

• Measure from a topo map

• Pull from xxx.gov web site

• Use MicoDEM to generate

Now it’s easy:

• http://k6tu.net/

• Create a free account

• >> HF Terrain Analysis • At bottom under “Documentation”

• Read directions & request a Profile

• Download

http://k6tu.net/




Page 52

Agenda




• Using HFTA


• DX Azimuths





Using HFTA

Page 53

Initial Screen

Enter the frequency of interest

Select your terrain,

antennas, & heights

Choose one of HFTA’s elevation

files



Using HFTA

Page 54

Select Antenna Types & Heights

Clicking here opens up the folder with your terrain files Then select the

antenna type… …and enter the

height



Using HFTA

Page 55

Enter Freq. / Select Elevation File

&

Plot Terrain

Elevation File:

W1-MA <=> Europe



Using HFTA

Page 56

Enter Freq. / Select Elevation File

&

Plot Terrain

Elevation File:

W1-MA <=> Europe

Finally: Compute



Using HFTA

Page 57

Finally: Compute

Figure of Merit (dBi):

Weighted statistical average

of gain times % open.




Page 58

Agenda




• Using HFTA


• DX Azimuths





DX Azimuths @ 33 BBHR

Page 59

10,000 ft

5,000 ft

Delorme Topo USA



33 BBHR 3D Maps

Page 60

Note: Vertical dimensions are enhanced by a factor of 8 Delorme Topo USA

Looking North Looking South

Looking West Looking East



HFTA – Local Terrain @ 33 BBHR

Page 61

31° India 53° England 70° Spain

110° South Africa 154° French Guiana 177° Argentina 181° Chile

249° New Zealand 270° California 337° Japan 300° Australia

35° Iceland / EurRussia



HFTA– HB 5 el 10M Yagi @ 33 BBHR

Page 62

53° England Note: Antennas are IN FRONT of Hill

177° Argentina Note: Antennas are BEHIND Hill

337° Japan Note: Antennas are IN FRONT of Hill



HFTA – High Frequency Terrain

Assessment

Page 63

Lots of steps. Uses standard Yagis. Helps

you understand your local terrain’s effects

to plan/assess your antenna system.



Agenda



• ARRL Handbook



• TLW

• YW

• HFTA

• EZNEC

Page 64



Agenda



• ARRL Handbook



• TLW

• YW

• HFTA

• EZNEC

Page 65



EZNEC

Page 66

Basic Purpose: from an X-Y-Z “wires”

description of an antenna, generate tabular and

graphical outputs of SWR, far field response,

RF antenna currents, etc.



EZNEC Agenda

• NEC Numerical Electromagnetics Code and NEC Software

• EZNEC Inputs & Outputs (Simple 40M dipole)

• Ground Characteristics

• EZNEC Example (40M Vertical)

Page 67



NEC Software NEC: Numerical Electromagnetics Code

• Uses a Method of Moments algorithm (fields from many mutually-coupled straight-line

segments are evaluated and vector-summed)

• NEC-2 (1980) – available to the public and free

• NEC-4 (1992) v4.2 (2011) (requires license: $300+ from Lawrence Livermore Labs)

• fixes stepped wires; wire junction; ground issues, etc.

EZNEC 6 W7EL’s (ROY LEWALLEN) website: http://eznec.com

• EZNEC v.6.0 Demo Version (20 segments) (free) NEC-2

• EZNEC v.6.0 (500 segments) $99 NEC-2

• EZNEC+ v. 6.0 (2000 segments + more features) $149 NEC-2

• EZNEC Pro/2 v.6.0 (45,000 segments + more features) $525 NEC-2

• EZNEC Pro/4 v.6.0 (+ requires NEC-4 license) $625 NEC-4

Other NEC Shells or Wrappers

• NEC-Win Plus/Pro, MultiNec, MMANA, 4nec2 (free), MiniNEC

Page 68

http://eznec.com/



EZNEC Agenda

• NEC Numerical Electromagnetics Code and NEC Software

• EZNEC Inputs & Output (Simple 40M dipole)



Page 69



EZNEC Inputs ~ 40M dipole @ 18 feet

Page 70

Start by entering the antenna dimensions in Cartesian coordinates

Add a source

Best to start in Free Space



EZNEC Inputs ~ 40M dipole

Page 71

The “usual” equation

L = 468 / F

468 / 7.05

~66.38 ft 67 ft

Z

X

Y +18’ +33.5’

-33.5’



EZNEC Output ~ 40M dipole

Page 72

Free Space




Page 73

F = 7.13 MHz

SWR = 1.44:1

Z = 71.79 – j 3.12 Ω

Tweak Length:

FOLD = 7.13 MHz FNEW = 7.05 MHz FDELTA = 0.08 MHz

LNEW = LOLD * (1 + 0.08/7.13) = 33’ 11” [33.9”]

F = 7.05 MHz SWR = 1.44:1

Z = 71.91 –j 1.673

Free Space



EZNEC Output ~ 40M dipole 7.05 MHz

Page 74

Free Space




Page 75

Free Space



EZNEC Output ~ 40M dipole @ 15M?

Page 76

7.05 MHz 1.44:1

21.5 MHz 2.11:1

7 MHz = 1.5:1 7.3 MHz = 2.6:1

21 MHz = 4.62:1 21.45 MHz = 2.13:1

Free Space




Page 77

Free Space




Page 78

Free Space



EZNEC Agenda

• NEC Numerical Electromagnetics Code Software




Page 79



Ground Characteristics – EZNEC inputs

Page 80

So far, this has been in “Free Space” – which doesn’t exist here on earth.

Click on Ground Type




Page 81

Choices change…




Page 82

Choices change… Click on Options Default Ground Construction




Page 83

What you see in most QST articles




Page 84

What you see in most QST articles

What we on the New England coast are

!!!



Ground Characteristics – Change Ground

Page 85

21.5 MHz

Free

Space

7.05 MHz

90°2.12 dBi 40°3.0 dBi

A dipole (0 dBd) = 2.12 dBi




Page 86

21.5 MHz

Free

Space

7.05 MHz

6.95 MHz 21.5 MHz

18’

.005 S/m

DC=13 30°6.64 dBi 90°5.47 dBi

90°2.12 dBi 40°3.0 dBi




Page 87

21.5 MHz

Free

Space

7.05 MHz

6.95 MHz 21.5 MHz

18’

.005 S/m

DC=13

18’

.002 S/m

DC=10

7.00 MHz 21.5 MHz

30°6.64 dBi 90°5.47 dBi

30°6.43 dBi

90°2.12 dBi 40°3.0 dBi

90°4.76 dBi



Ground Characteristics – Change Height

Page 88

18’

.002 S/m

DC=10

7.00 MHz 21.5 MHz

~3/20 λ ~2/5 λ

30°6.43 dBi 90°4.76 dBi




Page 89

18’

.002 S/m

DC=10

7.00 MHz 21.5 MHz

7.00 MHz 21.5 MHz

40’

.002 S/m

DC=10

50°5.64 dBi 15°8.35 dBi

~3/10 λ

~3/20 λ ~2/5 λ

~7/8 λ

30°6.43 dBi 90°4.76 dBi




Page 90

18’

.002 S/m

DC=10

7.00 MHz 21.5 MHz

7.00 MHz 21.5 MHz

40’

.002 S/m

DC=10

50°5.64 dBi 15°8.35 dBi

66’

.002 S/m

DC=10

7.10 MHz 21.5 MHz

30°7.02 dBi 10°8.8 dBi

~1/2 λ

~3/10 λ

~3/20 λ ~2/5 λ

~7/8 λ

~1½ λ

30°6.43 dBi 90°4.76 dBi



EZNEC Agenda

• NEC Numerical Electromagnetics Code Software




A Practical Example in Harpswell, Maine

Page 91



EZNEC Example – 40M Vertical [Harpswell, Maine]

Page 92

My 2nd QTH in Harpswell, Maine

Situation:

• I had DXCC on 10 / 15 / 20 and was working on 40M

• No tall trees 40M dipole @ 18’ high off my house

• What antenna would work better?




Page 93

Original 40M dipole: 18’ high: assumes ground = 0.002 S/m; Diel Const = 13

Azimuth @ 45°Elevation

Elevation @ 0°Azimuth Elevation @ 90°Azimuth

4.96 dBi 4.96 dBi




Page 94

Azimuth @ 30°Elev

Elevation @ 90°Azimuth

8.06 dBi


5.14 dBi

“Perfect” Dipole 1/2 λ high Perfect GND “Perfect” Vertical 120 radials(0.2’)




Page 95

Azimuth @ 30°Elev


8.06 dBi


5.14 dBi

Vertical w/120 radials vs. dipole @ ½ λ

Perfect Ground

15°

38°

“Perfect” Dipole 1/2 λ high Perfect GND “Perfect” Vertical 120 radials(0.2’)




Page 96

Azimuth @ 30°Elev Elevation @ 90°Azimuth

7.09 dBi


-0.27 dBi @ 25°

Was 8.06 dBi

Was 5.14 dBi

Ground Characteristics affect

verticals more than horizontals

“Perfect” Dipole 1/2 λ high New England GND “Perfect” Vertical 120 radials(0.2’)




Page 97

Azimuth @ 30°Elev


7.09 dBi


-0.27 dBi @ 25°

Vertical w/120 radials vs. dipole @ ½ λ

Ground = 0.002/13

“Perfect” Dipole 1/2 λ high New England GND “Perfect” Vertical 120 radials(0.2’)




Page 98



4.96 dBi -0.27 dBi @ 25°

Vertical w/120 radials

vs. dipole @ 18’

Ground = 0.002/13

25°

18’ Dipole New England GND “Perfect” Vertical 120 radials(0.2’)



40m Vertical – Radial Choice

Page 99

From the ARRL Antenna Book: Practical Suggestions For Vertical Ground Systems

At least 16 radials should be used if at all possible. Experimental measurements and calculations show that with this number, the loss resistance decreases the antenna efficiency by 30% to 50% for a 0.25 wavelength vertical, depending on soil characteristics. In general, a large number of radials (even though some or all of them must be short) is preferable to a few long radials for a vertical antenna mounted on the ground. a. If you install only 16 radials they need not be very long - 0.1 lambda is sufficient. b. If you have the wire, the space and the patience to lay down 120 radials (optimal configuration), they should be 0.4 lambda long. This radial system will gain about 3 dB over the 16-radial case. c. If you install 36 radials that are 0.15 lambda long, you will lose 1.5 dB compared to optimal configuration.

From QST, March 2010, pp 30-33: An Experimental Look at Ground Systems

for HF Verticals (and references)

Rudy Severns, N6LF

…four elevated radials at a height of 48 inches are within 0.2 dB of 64 radials lying on the ground.

Assume four elevated

radials high enough to

be safe: 10 ft




Page 100

“Perfect” Vertical New England GND Vertical w/4 raised radials -0.27 dBi @ 25°

Vertical w/4 elevated radials

vs. “Perfect Vertical

Ground = 0.002/13

+0.25 dBi @ 25°




Page 101

4.96 dBi

Vertical w/4 elevated radials

vs. dipole @ 18’

Ground = 0.002/13

25°

40°

18’ Dipole New England GND Vertical w/4 raised radials +0.25 dBi @ 25°



The Actual Antenna

Page 102

1 1/4” 5’6”

7/8” 2’8”

3/4” 2’8”

1/2” 4’9”

1” 5’6”

1 1/8” 5’6”

1 3/8” 6’

5/8” 2’9”

11’6”

22’6”

30’7”

35’4”

17’

25’2”

6’

27’10”



COMPARE ~ 40M Reality

Page 103

Noise:

Worse on Vertical by ~1-1.5 S-units

Coax feed: Δ = – 0.25 dB @ 7.1 MHz.

Dipole 35’ of RG8x = 0.25 dB @ swr 1.5:1 = .29 dB

Vertical 15’ of RG8x + 105’ of Bury-Flex = 0.5 dB. @ swr 1.5:1 = .55 dB

(12.50)

(7.50)

(2.50)

2.50

7.50

12.50

17.50

22.50

27.50

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

dB

Dif

fere

nce

Distance

Compare: Vertical vs. Dipole

40M Log. (40M)



EZNEC:

Lots of functionality left for your homework

Page 104



EZNEC

Page 105

Complicated, but allows you to model and

discover antennas and compare them to

reality, AND LEARN.



Conclusions

• You Can’t Beat Physics

• Understanding antennas understanding ANTENNA SYSTEMS

• HOW YOU WANT TO USE YOUR ANTENNA

• EFFECTS OF TRANSMISSION LINES

• LOCAL TERRAIN

• GROUND CHARACTERISTICS

• All antennas are COMPROMISES

• All models are SIMPLE EXAMPLES of reality

• Your real antenna WILL NOT MATCH your model

Page 106



Summary

We’ve looked at:

TLW – Transmission Lines

YW – Simple Yagis

HFTA – Effects of Terrain

EZNEC – Antenna models over “real” ground

We’ve seen how the SW can be used to plan your antenna

systems

Questions???

• Presentation at Bottom of: http://www.qsl.net/w1dyj/

Page 107

Documents

Antenna Modeling “101” Modeling Talk.pdf · Gamma-Omega and Hairpin Matching; ... • TLW Computes parameters for transmission lines and antenna-tuner ... 70cm 2M 10M 80M