anti infectives.pptx

8/13/2019 anti infectives.pptx

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Miscellaneous Anti-Infective Drugs


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Clindamycin

Used in the treament of:Serious respiratory tract infection

SepticemiaOsteomyelitisInfections of the female pelvis

And for Pneumocytosis carinii pneumonia associated with AIDS.


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Side effects

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Colitis

Rash, pruritus, fever and occasionallyanaphylaxis Local effects


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Cautions

History of GI, hepatic or renal disease Older adults

Children Pregnancy and lactation

(contraindicated)


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Metronidazole Antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent Effective against:

Trichomonas vaginalis , amebiasis andgiardiasis. Anaerobic bacterial infections

Useful in treating:

Crohns disease, antibiotic-associateddiarrhea, rosacea and H. pylori infection .


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Side effects

Abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting Anorexia, metallic taste, xerostomia

Headache, dizziness, ataxia Flushing, rash, urticaria

Peripheral neuropathy (rare) andseizures

Dark urine


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Contraindications/Precautions

Avoid alcohol during and 48 hrs afertreatment

History of blood dyscrasias Pregnancy and lactation Use in children

CNS and hepatic disease


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Vancomycin Drug of choice for:

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)gram-positive infections in penicillin-allergicpatients

some endocarditis


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Side effects

Ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity with IVuse

Local effects Rash, anaphylaxis, vascular collapse

Pseudomembranous colitis due to

Clostridium difficile (rare)


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Cautions

Older adults Hearing impaired

Renal impairement Pregnancy and lactation

(contraindicated)


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Agents for VRE(vancomycin-resistant enterococci)

Linezolid (Zyvox)First new antibiotic approved to targetMRSA and VREIndicated for gram-positive infectionsTreatment for bacterial pneumonia skin

and skin infectionsEffective in treating diabetic footinfections


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Side effects

Nausea, headache, diarrhea Myelosuppression

Lactic acidosis Pseudomembranous colitis


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Contraindications

Blood dyscrasias Cardiac disease, hypertension

GI disease, hyperthyroidism Pregnancy, lactation, infants


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Interactions

Beta-blockers Radiographic contrast media

Antidepressants Migraine medications Sympathomimetics such as

phenylphrine, pseudophedrine Foods and beverages with high tyramine

content


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Antivirals


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Acyclovir

Used in the treatment of:herpes simplex, herpes zoster

(shingles) and varicella zoster(chicken pox).


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Side effects

Lethargy, tremors, confusion andheadache

Rash, urticaria, pruritus andphotosensitivity Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

and diarrhea


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contraindications

Children, pregnant or nursing women Renal disease

Dehydration Neurological abnormalities with high

doses


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Patient Education Effective only with initial infection in relieving

pain and shortening healing of lesions

Report any side effects Take medicine as prescribed and do notshare with others

Store capsules at 15-25 C Avoid sexual intercourse when genital

herpes lesions are present


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Amantadine

Used for the prophylaxis andsymptomatic treatment of respiratory

infections caused by influenza A virusstrains Also used in the treatment of

parkinsonian syndrome


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Contraindications

Those with mental disorders Seizure disorders

Cardiovascular disorders,hypotension

Renal impairment or liver disease

Older adults Pregnant or nursing women


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Neuraminidase inhibitors

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir(Relenza) are indicated for the

treatment of acute illness due toinfluenza types A and B. Oseltamivir is given orally and

zanamivir via inhalation; both willshorten duration of illness if takenwithin 48 hrs of symptom onset.


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Side effects Oseltamivir causes:

nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

zanamivir causes: airway irritation and bronchospasm

especially in patients with asthma andCOPD


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Ribavirin Used via nasal and oral inhalation for the

treatment of children with severe lowerrespiratory tract infections.

It has also been used orally orparenterally in the treatment of othersevere viral infections in adults.

(e.g.Lassa fever,Hantavirus and hepatitis C)


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Contraindication

Pregnancy and lactation Older adults

Patients with cardiac disease


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Interactions

Antagonize antiviral action againstHIV

Cause lactic acidosis Cause hepatic failure

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anti infectives.pptx