Anti-Manchu Revolutionary Anti-Manchu Revolutionary Movement 1895-1905Movement 1895-1905

They are Not OrganizedThey are Not Organized Lack clear cut goals/programs for what to do after Lack clear cut goals/programs for what to do after

the revolution--vaguethe revolution--vague Most are not in positions of leadership—they are Most are not in positions of leadership—they are

students, cadets, young officers in new militarystudents, cadets, young officers in new military They have few direct links to the old system—coming They have few direct links to the old system—coming

of age in a new environment, with new opportunities.of age in a new environment, with new opportunities. Many have romantic notions of heroic sacrifice Many have romantic notions of heroic sacrifice

through individual acts of defiance and violence through individual acts of defiance and violence against the regime.against the regime.

They share a common desire to get rid of the They share a common desire to get rid of the Manchus and establish a “Chinese” nation.Manchus and establish a “Chinese” nation.

Zou Rong and Qiu JinZou Rong and Qiu JinZou RongZou Rong (1885-1905): “On Revolution”— (1885-1905): “On Revolution”— He is a student, with experience abroad in Japan, where he He is a student, with experience abroad in Japan, where he

was exposed to various political philosophies, and enjoyed was exposed to various political philosophies, and enjoyed freedom to criticize the Qing. freedom to criticize the Qing.

He shares the belief in the need for a nation, for a national He shares the belief in the need for a nation, for a national consciousness (Liang Qichao), he also frames revolution in consciousness (Liang Qichao), he also frames revolution in evolutionary terms—that it is a necessary stage of evolution.evolutionary terms—that it is a necessary stage of evolution.

He advocates overthrow and murder of Manchus, and a He advocates overthrow and murder of Manchus, and a republic.republic.

Qiu JinQiu Jin (1875-1907): (1875-1907): An empowered revolutionary woman, she, like many of her An empowered revolutionary woman, she, like many of her

generation, goes to Japan to study. generation, goes to Japan to study. She imagined herself in a romanticized light, as an individual She imagined herself in a romanticized light, as an individual

revolutionary hero—not carrying out any organized plot, revolutionary hero—not carrying out any organized plot, more like heroic individual sacrifice. more like heroic individual sacrifice.

She was executed after resolutely refusing to give up names She was executed after resolutely refusing to give up names of her fellow revolutionaries. of her fellow revolutionaries.

Sun Yat-sen (Sun Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan) Zhongshan)

孙中山 孙中山 (1867-1925)(1867-1925) Born into a farming family in Born into a farming family in Guangdong province, he is educated in Guangdong province, he is educated in British schools, and also overseas, in British schools, and also overseas, in Hawaii, finally, trained as a doctor in Hawaii, finally, trained as a doctor in Hong Kong. Hong Kong.

Forms the Revolutionary Alliance Forms the Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmeng hui)(Tongmeng hui) 同盟会 同盟会 in 1905in 1905——an an early version of a modern political early version of a modern political partyparty

Tongmen hui eventually re-organized to Tongmen hui eventually re-organized to become the Guomindang or Nationalist become the Guomindang or Nationalist Party after 1911Party after 1911

Manifesto of the Manifesto of the Revolutionary AllianceRevolutionary Alliance

19051905 Drive out the Manchus.Drive out the Manchus. Restore China: China is the China of Restore China: China is the China of

the Chinese (Han) (here is Zou the Chinese (Han) (here is Zou Rong’s call)Rong’s call)

Establish a RepublicEstablish a Republic Equalize Land OwnershipEqualize Land Ownership

Political Stages of Political Stages of Revolution as formulated by Revolution as formulated by

Sun YatsenSun Yatsen 1: a military phase—getting things 1: a military phase—getting things

done with a strong arm, then done with a strong arm, then 2: a provisional constitution (with 2: a provisional constitution (with

military still in charge) and finally military still in charge) and finally 3: full constitutional government3: full constitutional government

Sun Yat-sen’s Ideology: Three Sun Yat-sen’s Ideology: Three People’s Principles: People’s Principles: 三民主义三民主义

1)“nationalism”: get 1)“nationalism”: get rid of the Manchus rid of the Manchus and their dynasty and and their dynasty and remove the foreign remove the foreign imperialists from imperialists from Chinese soil Chinese soil

2) “democracy”: build a 2) “democracy”: build a republican form of republican form of governmentgovernment

3) “peoples livelihood”: 3) “peoples livelihood”: vague notions of vague notions of socialism, land socialism, land equalizationequalization

Two other Two other key groups in the 1911 key groups in the 1911 Revolution:Revolution:

--Urban Elites, particularly those --Urban Elites, particularly those empowered by late-Qing reformsempowered by late-Qing reforms

--military men--military men While Sun Yatsen and student radicals go While Sun Yatsen and student radicals go

down in history as ‘revolutionaries’—the down in history as ‘revolutionaries’—the participation of reformist elites and participation of reformist elites and military was essential for the ‘success’ of military was essential for the ‘success’ of the 1911 Revolutionthe 1911 Revolution

1911 Revolution: 1911 Revolution: AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

Ends the Qing dynasty, removes the Ends the Qing dynasty, removes the emperor and his courtemperor and his court

Republican form of government is Republican form of government is establishedestablished

Vague system of federalism: semi-Vague system of federalism: semi-autonomous provincesautonomous provinces

First wave of active nationalismFirst wave of active nationalism

Ambiguities and Ambiguities and ShortcomingsShortcomings

Revolutionaries fail to set Revolutionaries fail to set themselves up with any real power themselves up with any real power in the new governmentin the new government

Rise of strong provincialism despite Rise of strong provincialism despite hopes for unityhopes for unity

Lacks any program for Lacks any program for social changesocial change Door never completely shut on Door never completely shut on

monarchical systemmonarchical system

Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai 袁世凯袁世凯(1859-1916)(1859-1916)

The most powerful Qing official at the end of the The most powerful Qing official at the end of the dynastydynasty

An active reformer in the final decade of Qing ruleAn active reformer in the final decade of Qing rule Asked by Sun Yat-sen to serve as provisional Asked by Sun Yat-sen to serve as provisional

presidentpresident Assasinates Song Jiaoren--the newly elected Assasinates Song Jiaoren--the newly elected

president of the Republic’s assembly-- in March 1913president of the Republic’s assembly-- in March 1913 Abolishes parliament and sets up a dictatorship in Abolishes parliament and sets up a dictatorship in

19141914 Proclaims himself emperor: Jan. 1- March 22, 1916Proclaims himself emperor: Jan. 1- March 22, 1916

Japan and the Twenty-one Japan and the Twenty-one DemandsDemands

Yuan forced to sign on May 7, 1915Yuan forced to sign on May 7, 1915 Europe, preoccupied with World War I Europe, preoccupied with World War I

so Japan capitalizes on this and steps so Japan capitalizes on this and steps up their efforts to control Chinaup their efforts to control China

Call for Japanese control of Call for Japanese control of Manchuria, Mongolia, the Yangtze Manchuria, Mongolia, the Yangtze River, Fujian and coastal areasRiver, Fujian and coastal areas

Right to own land and develop Right to own land and develop industries in these areasindustries in these areas