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8/3/2019 Antibiotic Polluting Environment by DBKhadka
1/19
Antibiotic Polluting The Environment:
A Multilayer Environmental Threat
By Dambar B. Khadka
StudentEM Food Science, Technology and Nutrition
KaHo Sint-Lieven , Gent Belgium
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Content
Introduction
-Trend of antibiotic use
-Antibiotics in veterinary use
Source and Distribution of Antibiotic inEnvironment
Development of Antibiotic Resistance
AR Transmission
AR Genes Consequence to Environment
Factor Affecting AR Development and Spread
AR Threat to Food safety and Public health
Antibiotic Impact in Ecosystem
Conclusion & Recommendation
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Introduction
Antibiotic era began after discovery of thepenicillin by Fleming in 1940
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agent
Invented for human to combat humaninfection and disease
Later use in animal as medicine and Growth
promoter EU Banned use of antibiotic as growth
promoter
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Trend of Antibiotic Use
100,000-200,000 tons are consume yearly in world(Wise, 2002)
16,200 tons used in USA, 70% used in animal farming
10,500 tons of antibiotic use in Europe in 1997: 52% usein human and 48 % use in animal
Figure: Antibioticuse
in Europe in 1997 52%33%
15%Human use
(General practice
and hospital)
Animal
Theraupeutic use
Animal (as feed
additives use)
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Commonly Used Antibiotics in Animal
Figure : European Veterinary Consumption of Therapeutic Antibiotics (1997)Source: Follet, 2000
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Antibiotic Source and Distribution into
Environment
STP: Sewage Treatment Plant
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Antibiotic in Environment
Antibiotics range g/L
source( Aquous
environment) reference
Sulfamethoxazole 0.17 Ground water Fam and Belitz, 2011
Sulfamethoxazole 0.6124.330 City canal water Hoa, et al., 2011
Sufamethoxazole Up to 1 Sewage water Kummerer, 2004
Sufamethoxazole 0.1 -0.2 Surface water Kummerer, 2004
Sufamethoxazole 0.4 Ground water Kummerer, 2004
Trimethoxazole up to 0.05 Surface water Kummerer, 2004Trimethoxazole
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Development of Antibiotic
Resistance(AR)
Some of bacteria are naturally resistance
Antibiotic Selection
Mutation in chromosomal gene encoding drugtarget
Through activation of intrinsic low-level
resistant lociHorigental gene transfer
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Development of AR
Acquisition and Transfer of AR
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AR Transfer and Transmission
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AR genes in environment
AR genes abundant in environment
found in different geographic region,
Figure : Antibiotic resistance gene in geographically isolated
water environment (Zhang, et al., 2009)
Res-aminoglycoside
Res - Chloranphenicol
Res - B-lactam
Res - Macrolide
Res - Sulfonamide
Res - Tetracyclin
Res - Trimethoprim
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NatureProtection against endogenous
antibiotic
Protection against naturally
occurring antibiotic and other stress
compound
Alternative cellular function of the
resistance protein
MedicinePharmaceutical production of
antibiotic
Antibiotic consumption
AgricultureAntibiotic consumption
Application of antibiotic on to
field
Physical ForcesWind
Water ( run-off and leaching
Biological ForcesHuman activities
Animals, insects, and birds
Select
ion
forantibiotic
resistance
Spreado
fantibio
tic
resistance
gene
s
Factors Responsible for
AR gene transfer and Spreading
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Some example of AR Pathogens
Staphylococus aureus: methicillin resistance (MRSA)
Staphylococcus aureus: vancomycin resistance (VRSA)
Enterococus faecium : vancomycine resistance (VRE)
Streptococus pneumonia: Penicilline resistance(PRSP)
Escheria coli, Klebseilla pneumonia: Third generationcephalosporin resistance
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AR and Threat to food safety and
public Health
Food chain is major path of AR transfer inenvironment
Human can be infected by different route
Backward transfer is possible
AR can be persistent can withstand long time
Emerging Resistant pathogens
Difficulty in Medication & costly for treatment
Chances of Mortality and morbidity
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Antibiotic impact
in Ecosystem
Antibiotic could be toxic e.g. crustaceans and
microalgae
Cynobacteria susceptible to antibiotic
Is persistent in environment and degrade soil qualityand fertility
Alteration on aquatic microbiota
Possibility of marine species can be reservoir for AR
Ecotoxicology is emerging concerns (Bacquero, 2008)
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Conclusion
Antibiotic and AR; an environmental threat
Human activity add extra burden for ARdevelopment and transmission
AR an emerging problem for Food, Animal andhuman safety.
Ecological impact emerging issue
For future can be global threat
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Recommendation
Antibiotic ; Not only the issue of Environment
Environment impact and Health risk assessment ischallenging
Need of integrated approach considering strong
planning, strategies Need effective surveillance for AR
Need of preventive approach & control measure forstop spreading of AR
Research and development for tackling the exitingproblem & strengthen the Environment Impact andRisk Assessment
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THANK YOU