Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal microwave effects

8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal

1/15

Aek~gydsb{ el g~idlek {ulpjb{e{, Pjb~adh dl` lgl!pjb~adh aek~gydsbbccbkp{{

Dlpgleg `b hd Jg}(- D libh @d}!G~pe} dl` Dl`~b{ Ag~blg

^bkbesb` >9pj Mrhu >660( Dkkbvpb`

Ce~{p vrnhe{jb` d{ dl D`sdlkb D~pekhb gl pjb ybn 4>pj Mdlrd~u >662@GE= 46,46;5'n0440;:j

Aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl jd{ nbbl {rkkb{{crhhu dvvheb` el g~idlek kjbae{p~u, [vbkpdkrhd~

dkkbhb~dpegl{( jeijb~ uebh`{ rl`b~ aeh`b~ ~bdkpegl kglèpegl{ dl` jeijb~ v~g`rkp vr~epeb{ jdsb dhh

nbbl ~bvg~pb`, El`bb`( d lranb~ gc drpjg~{ jdsb `b{k~enb` {rkkb{{ el ~bdkpegl{ pjdp `g lgp gkkr~

nu kglsblpegldh jbdpeli dl` bsbl agècekdpegl{ gc {bhbkpesepu *kjbag!( ~bieg! dl`

{pb~bg{bhbkpesepu%, Pjb bccbkp gc aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl el g~idlek {ulpjb{e{ e{ d kganeldpegl gc

pjb~adh bccbkp{( d~e{eli c~ga pjb jbdpeli ~dpb( {rvb~jbdpeli g~ jgp {vgp{ dl` pjb {bhbkpesb

dn{g~vpegl gc ~dèdpegl nu vghd~ {rn{pdlkb{, [rkj vjblgabld d~b lgp r{rdhhu dkkb{{enhb nu

khd{{ekdh jbdpeli dl` pjb bze{pblkb gc lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ gc jeijhu vghd~e}eli ~dèdpeglpjb

{vbkecek aek~gydsb bccbkpe{ {pehh d kglp~gsb~{edh pgvek, Dl gsb~seby gc pjb pjb~adh bccbkp{ dl`

pjb kr~~blp {pdpb gc lgl!pjb~adh aek~gydsb bccbkp{ e{ v~b{blpb` el pje{ k~epekdh ~bseby dhgli yepj d

seby gl jgy pjb{b vjblgabld kdl nb bccbkpesbhu r{b` el g~idlek {ulpjb{e{,

Elp~g`rkpegl

Aek~gydsb jbdpeli e{ sb~u dpp~dkpesb cg~ kjbaekdh dvvhekd!

pegl{42 dl` jd{ nbkgab d ye`bhu dkkbvpb` lgl!kglsblpegldh

blb~iu {gr~kb cg~ vb~cg~aeli g~idlek {ulpjb{e{, Pje{ {pdpbablp

e{ {rvvg~pb` nu pjb elk~bd{eli lranb~ gc ~bhdpb` vrnhekdpegl{

el ~bkblp ubd~{vd~pekrhd~hu el >66; yepj pjb iblb~dh dsdeh!

dnehepu gc lby dl` ~bhednhb aek~gydsb el{p~rablpdpegl,3

D hd~ib lranb~ gc bzdavhb{ gc ~bdkpegl{ jdsb nbbl

`b{k~enb` el g~idlek {ulpjb{e{,940 [bsb~dh ~bseby{ jdsb nbbl

vrnhe{jb` gl pjb dvvhekdpegl gc aek~gydsb{ pg {ghsblp!c~bb~bdkpegl{(42(43 kukhgd`èpegl ~bdkpegl{(49 pjb {ulpjb{e{ gc ~dèg!

e{gpgvb{(4: crhhb~blb kjbae{p~u(45(>6 vghuab~{(>4 jbpb~gkukhek

kjbae{p~u(>>>0 kd~ngju`~dpb{(>2(>3 jgagiblbgr{>9 dl`

jbpb~giblbgr{ kdpdhu{e{(>: ab ekeldh dl` kganeldpg~edh

kjbae{p~u>5;0 dl` i~bbl kjbae{p~u,;2;:

Aek~gydsb!d{{e{pb` g~idlek {ulpjb{e{ e{ kjd~dkpb~e{b` nu pjb

{vbkpdkrhd~ dkkbhb~dpegl{ v~g`rkb` el adlu ~bdkpegl{ d{ d

kgl{btrblkb gc pjb jbdpeli ~dpb( yjekj kdllgp nb ~bv~g`rkb`

nu khd{{ekdh jbdpeli, Jeijb~ uebh`{( aeh`b~ ~bdkpegl kglèpegl{

dl` {jg~pb~ ~bdkpegl peab{ kdl nb r{b` dl` adlu v~gkb{{b{ kdl

nb eav~gsb`, El`bb`( bsbl ~bdkpegl{ pjdp `g lgp gkkr~ nu

kglsblpegldh jbdpeli kdl nb vb~cg~ab` r{eli aek~gydsb{,

Pje{ bccbkp e{ vd~pekrhd~hu eavg~pdlp el *e% pjb v~bvd~dpeglgc e{gpgvekdhhu hdnbhhb` `~ri{ pjdp jdsb d {jg~p jdhc!hecb

*44K( p4'> 2 >6 ael?4>>E( p4'> 2 ;,3 ael dl`

4:C( p4'> 2

466 ael%(4: *ee% jeij pj~grijvrp kjbae{p~u *kganeldpg~edh

kjbae{p~u dl` vd~dhhbh {ulpjb{e{%>5;0 dl` *eee% kdpdhu{e{ yjb~b

pjb {jg~p ~bdkpegl peab{ v~b{b~sb pjb kdpdhu{p c~ga `bkgavg{e!

pegl dl` elk~bd{b pjb kdpdhu{p bccekeblku,;5

{ @bèkdpb pg V~gcb{{g~ Mg{b Bhirb~g gl pjb gkkd{egl gc je{ 96pjne~pj`du,-Dlpgleg,Jg}Frkha,b{

Dlpgleg `b hd Jg} gnpdelb`je{ Vj@ c~ga pjb Rlesb~!{e`d` Kgavhrpbl{b el Ad`~e`

el 45:3, Dcpb~ vg{p`gkpg~dh~ b{ b d ~k j e l 4 5: 9 y e p j

V ~ gc b{ { g~ N bi p ~r v d p p jb@dlad~o{ Pbole{ob J{oghb

j b m ge lb ` p jb C dk rh pu g c Kjbae{p~u gc pjb Rlesb~{e`d``b Kd{pehhd!Hd Adlkjd el

Ker`d` ^bdh el 45:: d{ dlD{{e{pdlp V~gcb{{g~, El >666jb nbkdab crhh V~gcb{{g~ dp

pje{ Rlesb~{epu, Je{ ~b{bd~kjelpb~b{p{ elkhr b jbpb~gkukhekkjbae{p~u( {rv~daghbkrhd~kjbae{p~u( aek~gydsb dkpesd!

pegl gc g~idlek ~bdkpegl{( {ghsblp!c~bb g~idlek {ulpjb{e{( dl` i~bbl kjbae{p~u,

Dlibh @d}!G~pe} yd{ ng~l elP g a bh h g { g * [ v de l % d l ` g np de lb ` j e{ V j @ c ~g a

pjb El{peprpb gc AbèkeldhK j b ae { p ~u * A d` ~ e `% e l

45::, Dcpb~ vg{p`gkpg~dh~b{bd~kj dp Hdng~dpg~eg{

Dhpb~ [, D, jb mgelb` pjbCdkrhpu gc Kjbae{p~u gc pjbR lesb~{e`d` `b Kd{pehhd!

H d A d lk j d * R KH A %,V~b{blphu( jb e{ D{{e{pdlpV~gcb{{g~ gc G~idlek Kjbae!

{p~u, Je{ ~b{bd~kj elpb~b{p{blkga vd{{ lby {ulpjbpekabpjg`{ elkhr eli pjb v~b!

v d ~ dp e g l g c j b p b~ g ku k h e k

kgavgrl`{ nu kukhgd`èpegl ~bdkpegl{ el d aek~gydsbblse~glablp,

Dlpgleg `b hd Jg} D libh @d}!G~pe}

KÊPEKDH BSEBY yyy,~{k,g~i'k{~ x Kjbaekdh [gkebpu ^bseby{

430 x Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662


2/15

Pjb ~b{rhp{ gnpdelb` kdllgp nb bzvhdelb` nu pjb bccbkp gc

~dve jbdpeli dhglb( dl` pje{ jd{ hb` sd~egr{ drpjg~{ pg

vg{prhdpb pjb bze{pblkb gc d {g!kdhhb` aek~gydsb bccbkp,

Jblkb( dkkbhb~dpegl g~ kjdlib{ el ~bdkpesepu dl` {bhbkpesepu

kgrh` nb bzvhdelb` nu d {vbkecek ~dèdpegl bccbkp dl` lgp ab~bhu

nu d pjb~adh bccbkp,

Pjb bccbkp gc aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl el kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl{ e{

d kganeldpegl gc pjb pjb~adh bccbkp dl` lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{(e,b,( gsb~jbdpeli( jgp {vgp{ dl` {bhbkpesb jbdpeli( dl` lgl!

pjb~adh bccbkp{ gc pjb jeijhu vghd~e}eli cebh`( el d`èpegl pg

bccbkp{ gl pjb agnehepu dl` èccr{egl pjdp adu elk~bd{b pjb

v~gndnehepeb{ gc bccbkpesb kglpdkp{,

Pjb dea gc pje{ ~bseby e{ pg {jgy jgy pjb~adh bccbkp{ jdsb

nbbl r{b` bccekeblphu pg eav~gsb v~gkb{{b{ dl` pg gnpdel nbppb~

uebh`{, Cr~pjb~ag~b( pjb~b e{ d è{kr{{egl gc gn{b~sdpegl{ el

pb~a{ gc pjb aek~gydsb bccbkp( e,b,( lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{(

~b{rhp{( pjbg~eb{ dl` v~bèkpesb ag`bh{,

Pjb~adh bccbkp{

Pjb~adh bccbkp{ d~e{b c~ga pjb èccb~blp kjd~dkpb~e{pek{ gcaek~gydsb èbhbkp~ek jbdpeli dl` kglsblpegldh jbdpeli

*Pdnhb 4%, Aek~gydsb jbdpeli r{b{ pjb dnehepu gc {gab

kgavgrl`{ *hetre`{ g~ {ghe {% pg p~dl{cg~a bhbkp~gadilbpek

blb~iu elpg jbdp, Blb~iu p~dl{ae{{egl e{ v~g`rkb` nu èbhbkp~ek

hg{{b{( yjekj e{ el kglp~d{p pg kgl rkpegl dl` kglsbkpegl

v~gkb{{b{ gn{b~sb` el kglsblpegldh jbdpeli, Pjb adilepr`b gc

jbdpeli `bvbl`{ gl pjb èbhbkp~ek v~gvb~peb{ gc pjb aghbkrhb{(

dh{g el kglp~d{p pg kglsblpegldh jbdpeli, Pjb{b kjd~dkpb~e{pek{

abdl pjdp dn{g~vpegl gc pjb ~dèdpegl dl` jbdpeli adu nb

vb~cg~ab` {bhbkpesbhu, Aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl e{ ~dve` dl`

sghrabp~ek( yepj pjb yjghb adpb~edh jbdpb` {earhpdlbgr{hu, El

kglp~d{p( kglsblpegldh jbdpeli e{ {hgy dl` e{ elp~g`rkb` elpg

pjb {davhb c~ga pjb {r~cdkb *Cei, 4%,Pjb pjb~adh bccbkp{ gn{b~sb` rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl

kglèpegl{ d~b d kgl{btrblkb gc pjb elsb~pb` jbdp p~dl{cb~( pjb

eljgagiblbepeb{ gc pjb aek~gydsb cebh` yepjel pjb {davhb dl`

pjb {bhbkpesb dn{g~vpegl gc pjb ~dèdpegl nu vghd~ kgavgrl`{,

Pjb{b bccbkp{ kdl nb r{b bccekeblphu pg eav~gsb v~gkb{{b{(

agècu {bhbkpesepeb{ g~ bsbl pg vb~cg~a ~bdkpegl{ pjdp `g lgp

gkkr~ rl`b~ khd{{ekdh kglèpegl{,

Gsb~jbdpeli

Gsb~jbdpeli gc vghd~ hetre`{ e{ dl bccbkp pjdp kdl nb bzvhgepb`

v~dkpekdhhu, Aelig{06 `bpbkpb` pje{ bccbkp el vghd~ hetre`{ gl

r{eli aek~gydsb{( yjb~b gsb~jbdpeli el pjb ~dlib 4;>3 rK

dngsb pjb lg~adh ngeheli vgelp adu gkkr~ *Cei, >%, Pje{

bccbkp kdl nb bzvhdelb` nu pjb elsb~pb` jbdp p~dl{cb~ bccbkp

*c~ga pjb e~~dèdpb` ab era pgyd~`{ pjb bzpb~eg~% {elkb

ngeheli lrkhbe d~b cg~ab` dp pjb {r~cdkb gc pjb hetre , Pje{bccbkp kgrh bzvhdel pjb bljdlkbablp el ~bdkpegl ~dpb{

gn{b~sb` el g~idlek dl` g~idlgabpdhhek kjbae{p~u, Pje{

pjb~adh bccbkp( yjekj e{ lgp bd{ehu ~bv~g`rkb` nu kglsblpegldh

jbdpeli( kdl nb r{b` pg eav~gsb pjb uebh`{ dl` pjb bccekeblku

gc kb~pdel v~gkb{{b{,

Ohd l04 {rkkb{{crhhu bsdhrdpb` AY {rvb~jbdpeli bccbkp{ el

vghd~ {ghsblp{ nu {prùeli d pbavb~dpr~b!`bvbl blp vjgpg!

kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl, Ohd l `b{k~enb` pjb Lg~~e{j puvb EE ~bdkpegl

gc sdhb~gvjblglb{ el aek~gydsb vjgpgkjbae{p~u *[kjbab 4%,

Btreaghbkrhd~ aezpr~b{ gc ngpj obpglb{ yb~b e~~d edpb` dp

>:6 la el sd~egr{ {ghsblp{? {rkj dl bzvb~eablpdh d~~dlib!

ablp ird~dlpbb e`blpekdh vjgpgkjbaekdh kglèpegl{ cg~

ngpj kgavgrl`{, Pjb c~diablpdpeglkukhe}dpegl ~dpeg sd~eb`

c~ga 2 pg : dl` yd{ kjd~dkpb~e{pek cg~ iesbl ~bdkpegl

kgl epegl{ *Pdnhb >%, Pjb vjgpgkjbaekdh bccekeblku ^

*Pdnhb >% e{ pbavb~dpr~b! bvbl blp dl` pjb adilepr`b e{

ag{p heobhu ~bhdpb` pg pjb {ghsblp nd{ekepu, Pjb drpjg~{

kgl{e b~ pjdp {rvb~jbdpeli nu aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl e{

ag{p heobhu ~b{vgl{enhb cg~ pjb ag ecekdpegl gc {bhbkpesepu

gn{b~sb , Kgl{e b~eli pjb b{peadpb gsb~jbdpeli( d

helbd~ `bvbl blkb gc ^ yepj pbavb~dpr~b yd{ gn{b~sb`

*Cei, ;%,

Pje{ ~bdkpegl v~g`rkb` d igg` helbd~ `bvbl blkb gc pjb

bccekeblku gsb~ d n~gd` pbavb~dpr~b ~dlib dl` pjb {u{pba

{b~sb` d{ d vjgpgkjbaekdh pjb~agabpb~ dp pjb aghbkrhd~ hbsbh,Ohd l04 `b{k~enb` pjb vjgpg!C~eb{ ~bd~~dlibablp gc vjblu!

hdkbpdpb rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl dl` e~~dèdpegl yepj dl

bhbkp~g`bhb{{ è{kjd~ib hdav *B@H%, Pjb ~bdkpegl v~gse`b{ pyg

v~elkevdh v~g`rkp{= >! dl` 0!ju`~gzudkbpgvjblglb *[kjbab >%,

Pjb v~g`rkp è{p~enrpegl{ d~b iesbl el Pdnhb ;,

Pjb g~pjgvd~d {bhbkpesepu yd{ {heijphu èccb~blp gl kgavd~!

eli kglsblpegldh jbdpeli dl` aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl bzvb~e!

ablp{, Pjb{b èccb~blkb{ kdl nb d{k~enb` pg {rvb~jbdpeli

bccbkp{ el pjb AY cebh` cg~ dhh {ghsblp{ dl` yb~b abd{r~b`

è~bkphu yepj d cen~b!gvpek pjb~agabpb~ g~ b{peadpb` nu

kgl{e`b~eli pjb pbavb~dpr~b `bvbl`blkb gc pjb v~g`rkp ~dpeg

pg nb helbd~,

Pdnhb 4 Kjd~dkpb~e{pek{ gc aek~gydsb dl` kglsblpegldh jbdpeli

Aek~gydsb jbdpeli Kglsblpegldh jbdpeli

Blb~ibpek kgrvheli Kgl`rkpegl'kglsbkpeglKgrvheli dp pjb aghbkrhd~ hbsbh [rvb~cekedh jbdpeli^dve` [hgySghrabp~ek [rvb~cekedh[bhbkpesb Lgl {bhbkpesb@bvbl`blp gl pjb v~gvb~peb{ gc pjb adpb~edh Hb{{ `bvbl`blp

Dl`~b{ Ag~blg yd{ ng~l el

453> el Ker`d` ^bdh *[vdel%,J b g n pd e lb ` j e { ` bi ~ bbel g~idlek kjbae{p~u *45:2%

c~ga pjb Rlesb~{epu Kga!

vhrpbl{b gc Ad`~e dl` je{V j@ * 45 56 % c ~g a p jbR lesb~{epu gc Kd{pehhd!HdAdlkjd, Jb {vblp d vg{p`gk!

pg~dh {pdu el pjb @u{gl Vb~~el{Hdng~dpg~u( Rlesb~{epu gcGzcg~`( RO *4554455>%

elsb{peidpeli LA^ {prèb{ gc v b vp e ` b{ e l { g h rp e g l, J b

nbkdab D{{e{pdlp V~gcb{{g~g c G ~i d le k K jb ae { p~ u e l4552( dl` je{ kr~~blp ~b{bd~kj

elpb~b{p{ elkhr`b LA^ {prèb{ el {ghrpegl dl` pjb `bsbhgvablp gc

blse~glablpdh {ulpjbpek abpjg`ghgieb{ cg~ g~idlek {ulpjb{e{,

Dl`~b{ Ag~blg

Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662 Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: x 432


3/15

Cei, 4 Pjb pbavb~dpr~b v~gcehb dcpb~ 36 {bk d{ dccbkpb` nu aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl *hbcp% kgavd~b` pg p~bdpablp el dl geh ndpj *~eijp%, Aek~gydsb

e~~dèdpegl ~de{b{ pjb pbavb~dpr~b gc pjb yjghb ~bdkpegl sghrab {earhpdlbgr{hu( yjb~bd{ el pjb geh jbdpb` prnb( pjb ~bdkpegl aezpr~b el kglpdkp yepjpjb sb{{bh ydhh e{ jbdpb` ce~{p, Pbavb~dpr~b {kdhb el obhsel, 6 gl pjb sb~pekdh {kdhb elèkdpb{ pjb vg{epegl gc pjb able{kr{, ^bv~elpb` c~ga ~bc, 46:

yepj oel` vb~ae{{egl gc [v~elib~ [keblkb dl` Nr{elb{{ Abèd,

Cei, > Jbdpeli v~gcehb gc bpjdlgh rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d edpegl,06

^bv~g`rkb` nu vb~ae{{egl gc Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u,

[kjbab 4

Pdnhb > V~g`rkp è{p~enrpegl el pjb Lg~~e{j puvb EE ~bdkpegl gcsdhb~gvjblglb

[ghsblp Kglèpegl{ ^d P'rK Gsb~jbdpeli'rK

Abpjdlgh KJ >,>2 >6 KJ 4,2> 32 AY 4,;0 92 44

Dkbpglep~ehb KJ >,4> >6 KJ 4,4> :4 AY 6,5: 56 5

d C~diablpdpeglkukhe}dpegl ~dpeg,



4/15

Jgp {vgp{, Eljgagiblbepeb{

[bsb~dh drpjg~{ jdsb `bpbkpb g~ vg{prhdpb pjb v~b{blkb gc

jgp {vgp{ el {davhb{ e~~dèdpb` yepj aek~gydsb{, Pje{ e{ d

pjb~adh bccbkp pjdp d~e{b{ d{ d kgl{btrblkb gc pjb eljgag!

iblbepu gc pjb dvvheb` cebh ( ~b{rhpeli el pjb pbavb~dpr~b el

kb~pdel }glb{ yepjel pjb {davhb nbeli arkj i~bdpb~ pjdl pjb

adk~g{kgvek pbavb~dpr~b, Pjb{b ~biegl{ d~b lgp ~bv~b{blpdpesbgc pjb ~bdkpegl kglèpegl{ d{ d yjghb, Pje{ gsb~jbdpeli bccbkp

jd{ nbbl `bagl{p~dpb nu Aelig{ el pjb `bkgavg{epegl gc

J>[ gsb~ k!Dh>G; dl` Ag[>k!Dh>G; *[kjbab ;%,0>

Pjb

kglsb~{egl bccekeblku rl b~ aek~gydsb dl` kglsblpegldh

pjb~adh kgl epegl{ d~b kgavd~b` el Cei, 0, Pjb jeijb~

kglsb~{egl rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d edpegl yd{ dpp~enrpb` pg

pjb v~b{blkb gc jgp {vgp{, Pjb drpjg~{ b{peadpb pjb

pbavb~dpr~b el pjb jgp {vgp{ pg nb dngrp 466>66 rK jeijb~

pjdl pjb nrho pbavb~dpr~b, Pje{ pbavb~dpr~b èccb~blkb

yd{ `bpb~aelb` nu kdhkrhdpegl{ dl` gl pjb nd{e{ gc

{bsb~dh p~dl{cg~adpegl{ gn{b~sb`( {rkj d{ pjb p~dl{epegl gc

k! pg d!dhraeld dl` pjb abhpeli gc Ag[>( yjekj gkkr~

dp pbavb~dpr~b{ arkj jeijb~ pjdl pjb abd{r~b` nrho

pbavb~dpr~b, Pjb {e}b gc pjb jgp {vgp{ yd{ b{peadpb` pg nb d{

hd~ib d{ 466 aa,

Jgp {vgp{ adu nb k~bdpb nu pjb èccb~blkb el èbhbkp~ek

v~gvb~peb{ gc adpb~edh{( nu pjb rlbsbl è{p~enrpegl gc bhbkp~g!

adilbpek cebh {p~blipj( g~ nu sghrabp~ek èbhbkp~ek jbdpelirl`b~ aek~gydsb kglèpegl{,0;

Jejl bp dh,00

{prèb` pjb pbavb~dpr~b è{p~enrpegl el pjb

v~bvd~dpegl gc kgrad~dl!>!glb el {ghsblp!c~bb kglèpegl{,

Pjbu èse`b` pjb sghrab elpg pj~bb hdub~{ gc btrdh pjekolb{{,

Pjb r{b gc pje{ {biablpdpegl dhhgyb` pjba pg dvvhu d oelbpek

hdy el bdkj kbhh( yjb~b pjb pbavb~dpr~b e{ kgl{e`b~b` pg nb

jgagiblbgr{, D jeijb~ pbavb~dpr~b jbpb~giblbepu yd{ cgrl`

dp pjb bl` gc pjb ~bdkpegl `r~eli aek~gydsb jbdpeli pjdl gl

jbdpeli yepj dl geh ndpj, Pjb{b pbavb~dpr~b eljgagiblbepeb{

`r~eli aek~gydsb jbdpeli d~b adelhu `rb pg pjb r{b gc d

aglgag`b kdsepu, Pjb ~b{rhp{ `b{k~enb` pg `dpb {bba pg {jgy

pjdp pjb èccb~blkb nbpybbl aek~gydsb{ dl` {pdl`d~` geh ndpj

jbdpeli glhu kglkb~l{ pjb pbavb~dpr~b ~bvd~pepegl, C~ga pjb

Cei, ; Helbd~ pbavb~dpr~b `bvbl`blkb gc d Lg~~e{j puvb EE vjgpg!

kjbae{p~u {u{pba el dkbpglep~ehb,

[kjbab >

Pdnhb ; V~g`rkp è{p~enrpegl el pjb vjgpg!C~eb{ ~bd~~dlibablp gcvjbluhdkbpdpb

[ghsblp Kgl epegl{ C~dia,'C~eb{ g~pjg' vd~d P'rK Gsb~jbdpeli'rK

KJ;GJ KJ 6,>4 4,4: >6 KJ;GJ KJ 6,;> 6,52 32 KJ;GJ AY 6,;2 6,5: 94 4>KJ;KL KJ 6,>2 4,32 >6 KJ;KL KJ 6,;: 4,6: :4 KJ;KL AY 6,04 6,53 56 40

[kjbab ;



5/15

vgelp gc seby gc ihgndh blb~iu ndhdlkb( pjb cdkp e{ pjdp

aek~gydsb jbdpeli hbd { pg jeijb~ vb~cg~adlkb nbkdr{b pjb

vgyb~ kgl{rab e{ è~bkphu r{bcrh pg pjb ~bdkpegl aezpr~b nrphb{{ {g pg elpb~abèdpb{ {rkj d{ d kdhg~ek chre`,

[bhbkpesb jbdpeli

[ghsblp{

Ep e{ khbd~ pjdp aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl e{ d {bhbkpesb ag`b gc

jbdpeli, Kjd~dkpb~e{pekdhhu( aek~gydsb{ iblb~dpb ~dve` elpbl{b

jbdpeli gc vghd~ {rn{pdlkb{ yjehb dvghd~ {rn{pdlkb{ `g lgp

dn{g~n pjb ~dèdpegl dl` d~b lgp jbdpb`,4 [bhbkpesb jbdpeli jd{

nbbl bzvhgepb` el {ghsblp{( kdpdhu{p{ dl` ~bdiblp{,

[p~dr{{:(02 vb~cg~ab` d Jgccadll bheaeldpegl r{eli d pyg!

vjd{b ydpb~'kjhg~gcg~a {u{pba *Cei, 2%, Pjb ~bdkpegl vb~!

cg~ab` el ydpb~ dp 462 rK hb` pg vghuab~e{dpegl gc pjb celdh

v~g`rkp, Jgybsb~( pjb ~bdkpegl v~gkbb`{ lekbhu rl`b~ aek~g!

ydsb e~~dèdpegl el d pyg vjd{b ydpb~'kjhg~gcg~a {u{pba, Pjb

pbavb~dpr~b{ gc pjb dtrbgr{ dl` g~idlek vjd{b{ yb~b 446 dl`

26 rK( ~b{vbkpesbhu( `rb pg èccb~blkb{ el pjb èbhbkp~ek

v~gvb~peb{ gc pjb {ghsblp{, Pje{ èccb~blkb dsge`{ pjb `bkga!

vg{epegl gc pjb celdh v~g`rkp, Kgavd~dnhb kglèpegl{ ygrh` nb

èccekrhp pg gnpdel nu p~dèpegldh jbdpeli abpjg`{,

D {eaehd~ bccbkp yd{ gn{b~sb` nu Jdhhnb~i el pjb v~bvd~dpegl

gc n(n!èd~uhdpb` dh`bju`b{ nu ju`~ghu{e{ gc blgh bpjb~{ el d

pyg vjd{b *pghrblb'dt, JKh% {u{pba,03

Ad~obl bp dh,09 {jgyb` pjdp pjb bccbkp gc >,02 IJ}

aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl gl bhbkp~gg~idlek v~gkb{{b{ el aek~gydsbdn{g~neli *g~idlek% abèd kdl nb `~dadpek nrp e{ v~b`gae!

ldlphu pjb~adh el ldpr~b, Pjbu {prèb` pjb gze`dpegl gc > aA

cb~~gkblb el dkbpglep~ehb *6,4 A LNr0VC3% yepj d Vp bhbkp~g`b,

[eiage dh {pbdù!{pdpb ~b{vgl{b{ yb~b `bpbkpb` dl`( d{

bzvbkpb`( elk~bd{eli pjb aek~gydsb vgyb~ hb` pg dl elk~bd{b

el pjb heaepeli kr~~blp, Pje{ bccbkp jd{ nbbl trdhepdpesbhu

dpp~enrpb` pg pjb cg~adpegl gc d jgp {vgp el khg{b v~gzeaepu

pg pjb bhbkp~g`b {r~cdkb, Cgkr{eli gc aek~gydsb{ dp pjb bl` gc

pjb abpdh bhbkp~g`b e{ ~b{vgl{enhb cg~ pje{ jeijhu hgkdhe}b`

pjb~adh bccbkp, [yepkjeli gcc pjb aek~gydsb vgyb~ eaab e!

dpbhu ~b{rhp{ el d ~bpr~l pg pjb sghpdaabp~ek kjd~dkpb~e{pek{

gn{b~sb` dp ~gga pbavb~dpr~b,

Pjb pbavb~dpr~b kdl nb {bbl pg elk~bd{b dydu c~ga pjb

bhbkp~g`b {r~cdkb yepj d jgp {vgp ~biegl dp d è{pdlkb gc

dvv~gzeadpbhu 06 aa, Pjb jgp {vgp pbavb~dpr~b *Cei, 3% yd{

44: rK dl` e{ kgl{e`b~dnhu jeijb~ pjdl pjb ngeheli vgelp gc

dkbpglep~ehb *:4,3 rK% dl` dh{g arkj jeijb~ pjdl pjb

pbavb~dpr~b gc pjb bhbkp~g`b *09 rK%, Rl`b~ pjb{b kglèpegl{

pjb sbhgkepu gc dkbpglep~ehb kglsbkpegl pj~grij pjb jgp {vgp

~biegl e{ 6,4 ka {>4 dl`( pjb~bcg~b( pjb {ghsblp puvekdhhu vd{{b{

pj~grij pjb jeij!pbavb~dpr~b ~biegl el hb{{ pjdl 466 a{,Jgp {vgp{ jdsb nbbl dh{g vg{prhdpb` el pb~a{ gc pbavb~dpr~b

i~dèblp{ yepjel d {ghe`, El pjdp ydu pjbu kdllgp nb è~bkphu

abd{r~b`,0>(0:(05

Kdpdhu{p{

[bhbkpesb jbdpeli jd{ nbbl bzvhgepb` bccekeblphu el jbpb~gib!

lbgr{ ~bdkpegl{ pg jbdp {bhbkpesbhu d vghd~ kdpdhu{p, Cg~

bzdavhb( Ngi`dh0:(05 `b{k~enb{ pjb gze`dpegl gc dhkgjgh{ r{eli

Adip~ebsb> *[kjbab 0%, Pjb e~~dèdpegl gc Adip~ebsb> hb` pg

~dve` jbdpeli gc pjb adpb~edh rv pg ;36 rK yepjel > aelrpb{,

Yjbl pghrblb yd{ elp~g`rkb elpg pjb ~bdkpegl sb{{bh( pjb

pbavb~dpr~b gc Adip~ebsb> ~bdkjb` kd, 406r

K yepjel

Cei, 0 J>[ kglsb~{egl s{, pbavb~dpr~b yepj abkjdlekdhhu aezb`

kdpdhu{p D dl` eav~bildpb` kdpdhu{p N,0> ^bv~g`rkb` nu vb~ae{{egl gc

Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u,

Cei, 2 [bhbkpesb jbdpeli gc ydpb~'kjhg~gcg~a aezpr~b{, ^bv~elpb`

yepj vb~ae{{egl c~ga ~bc, :, Kgvu~eijp *4552% K[E^G Vrnhe{jeli,

Cei, 3 Pjb~agi~dvju gc dl bhbkp~gg~idlek v~gkb{{ el dkbpglep~ehb

rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl, ^bv~elpb` yepj vb~ae{{egl c~ga ~bc, 09,

Kgvu~eijp *>66>% Dab~ekdl Kjbaekdh [gkebpu,

43: x Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662


6/15

> aelrpb{ dl` yd{ ag~b rlecg~ahu è{p~enrpb` *Cei, 9%, Pje{

bzvb~eablp {jgyb` pjdp pjb pbavb~dpr~b gc pjb kdpdhu{p kdl nb

jeijb~ pjdl pjb nrho pbavb~dpr~b gc pjb {ghsblp( yjekj eavheb{

pjdp {rkj d v~gkb{{ aeijp nb ag~b blb~iu bccekeblp pjdl gpjb~

kglsblpegldh v~gkb{{b{,

Pje{ gsb~jbdpeli bccbkp yd{ dh{g `bpb~aelb` nu Drb~ndkj26

pj~grij btrehen~era aghbkrhd~ ùldaek{ dl` lglbtrehen~era

aghbkrhd~ ùldaek{ el }bghepbirb{p {u{pba{ dcpb~ bzvb~eablpdh

yg~o nu Kgllb~,24 Pjb blb~iu è{p~enrpegl{ el }bghepb dl`

}bghepbLd d~b {jgyl el Cei, :, Dp btrehen~era dhh dpga{ el pjb

{u{pba d~b dp pjb {dab pbavb~dpr~b, El kglp~d{p( yjbl LdU

}bghepb e{ bzvg{b` pg AY blb~iu( pjb bccbkpesb {pbdù!{pdpb

pbavb~dpr~b gc Ld dpga{ e{ kgl{e`b~dnhu jeijb~ pjdl pjdp gc

pjb ~b{p gc pjb c~dabyg~o( el ekdpeli dl dpjb~adh blb~iu

è{p~enrpegl, Pjb {pbdù!{pdpb pbavb~dpr~b cg~ neld~u abpjd!

lghnbl}blb aezpr~b{ el ngpj {ehekbgr{ }bghepb{ e{ {jgyl el

Cei, :*N%, [pdpe{pekdhhu èccb~blp pbavb~dpr~b{ cg~ bdkj kgavg!

lblp yb~b cgrl`( yjb~b Pabpjdlgh # Pnbl}blb , P}bghepb, Pje{

~b{rhp {riib{p{ pjdp abpjdlgh è{{evdpb{ blb~iu pg nbl}blb(

pjgrij arkj pgg {hgyhu pg dvv~gdkj pjb~adh btrehen~era

yjehb rl`b~ {pbdù!{pdpb kglèpegl{,

Jgybsb~( {gab kglp~gsb~{u dh{g bze{p{ kglkb~leli pjb

bccbkp{ gc aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl el jbpb~giblbgr{ kdpdhu{e{,>:

[gab drpjg~{ jdsb v~gvg{b` pjb agècekdpegl gc pjb kdpdhu{p{bhbkp~glek v~gvb~peb{ rvgl bzvg{r~b pg aek~gydsb e~~d ed!

pegl2>(2; el g~`b~ pg bzvhdel pjb {rvb~eg~ kdpdhupek v~gvb~peb{ gc

kdpdhu{p{ rl`b~ pjb{b kglèpegl{, Jgybsb~( gpjb~ drpjg~{ jdsb

~bvg~pb` pjdp aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl jd{ lg bccbkp gl pjb

~bdkpegl oelbpek{,20

^bdiblp{ dl` v~g`rkp{

Hd~jb`;5 `b{k~enb` pjb aghun`blra!kdpdhu{b` dhhuhek dhouhd!

pegl gc *B%!;!vjbluh!>!v~gvbluh dkbpdpb, Pjb ~bdkpegl gkkr~{

yepj igg` ~bv~g`rkenehepu( kgavhbpb kglsb~{egl( jeij uebh {

dl` bzkbhhblp bb el glhu d cby aelrpb{ *[kjbab 2%, El pjb

{pdl`d~` {ghsblp *pjc%( dl` yepj dl e~~dèdpegl vgyb~ gc >26 Y(

d uebh` gc :9" yd{ gnpdelb` dl` jeij ~bieg{bhbkpesepu dl`

bldlpegab~ek bzkb{{ *5:"% yb~b dkjebsb`, [gabyjdp hgyb~

~bieg{bhbkpesepeb{ *4945 = 4% pjdl el pjb v~bsegr{hu ~bvg~pb`

pyg!{pbv abpjg` *;>05 = 4% yb~b gnpdelb`, Dhouhdpegl dh{g

yg~ob` gl vghuab~!{rvvg~pb` ~bdiblp{ dl`( kgl{btrblphu( kdl

nb dvvheb` el kganeldpg~edh kjbae{p~u,

Pjb jeij pbavb~dpr~b gnpdelb` *>>6 rK% e{ lgp glhu `rb pg

elk~bd{b` ngeheli vgelp{ dp bhbsdpb` v~b{{r~b( nrp dh{g pg d

{eilecekdlp kglp~enrpegl c~ga {r{pdelb` gsb~jbdpeli, Pjb uebh`{

c~ga pjb geh ndpj bzvb~eablp{ d~b hgyb~ pjdl pjg{b cg~ pjb

kg~~b{vglèli aek~gydsb!jbdpb ~bdkpegl{, El pjb kd{b gc

vr~b( aek~gydsb!p~dl{vd~blp {ghsblp{( pjb d``b` {rn{pdlkb{(

nb pjbu eglek g~ lgl!eglek( ar{p pjb~bcg~b kglp~enrpb pg pjbgsb~dhh pbavb~dpr~b v~gcehb yjbl pjb ~bdkpegl e{ kd~~eb` grp, Ep

{bba{ ~bd{gldnhb pjdp yjbl pjb {rn{p~dpb{ dkp d{ aghbkrhd~

~dèdpg~{ el kjdllbhheli blb~iu c~ga aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl pg

nrho jbdp( pjbe~ ~bdkpesepu aeijp nb bljdlkb`,

Pjb kglkbvp dl` d`sdlpdib{ gc aghbkrhd~ ~dèdpg~{ jdsb

dh{g nbbl `b{k~enb` nu gpjb~ drpjg~{,22

[r{kbvpg~{

D {r{kbvpg~ kdl nb r{b` yjbl pjb ~bdiblp{ dl` {ghsblp{ `g lgp

dn{g~n aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl, D {r{kbvpg~ e{ dl elb~p kgavgrl`

[kjbab 0

Cei, 9 Pbavb~dpr~b v~gcehb{ dcpb~ > ael gc pjb aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl

gc Adip~ebsb> *d% dl` ep{ {r{vbl{egl el pghrblb *n%,

Cei, : *D% Blb~iu è{p~enrpegl{ el LdU dp *d% pjb~adh btrehen~era dl` *n% lglbtrehen~era( yepj dl bzpb~ldh cebh`, *N% [pbdù!{pdpb blb~iu

è{p~enrpegl{ cg~ neld~u aezpr~b{ el {ehekbgr{!U *d% 4 = 4( *n% > = >( *k% 0 = 0 dl` *`% : = : abpjdlghnbl}blb vb~ rlep, ^bv~elpb` yepj vb~ae{{egl c~ga

~bc, 26, Kgvu~eijp *>66>% Dab~ekdl Kjbaekdh [gkebpu,



7/15

pjdp bccekeblphu dn{g~n{ aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl dl` p~dl{cb~{ pjb

pjb~adh blb~iu pg dlgpjb~ kgavgrl` pjdp e{ d vgg~ dn{g~nb~

gc pjb ~dèdpegl, Pje{ abpjg` e{ d{{gkedpb` yepj dl elpb~b{peli

d`sdlpdib, Ec pjb {r{kbvpg~ e{ d kdpdhu{p( pjb blb~iu kdl nb

cgkr{b` gl pjb {r~cdkb gc pjb {r{kbvpg~ yjb~b pjb ~bdkpegl

pdob{ vhdkb, El pje{ ydu( pjb~adh `bkgavg{epegl gc {bl{epesb

kgavgrl`{ kdl nb dsge`b`, El kglp~d{p( p~dl{ae{{egl gc pjb

blb~iu gkkr~{ pj~grij kglsblpegldh abkjdle{a{,

El {ghsblp!c~bb g~ jbpb~giblbgr{ kglèpegl{ i~dvjepb jd{

nbbl r{b` d{ d {r{kbvpg~, Cg~ bzdavhb( Id~~eirb{23 `b{k~enb`

pjb kukhe}dpegl gc */%!kep~glbhhdh pg *>%!e{gvrhbigh dl`

*/%!lbge{gvrhbigh gl i~dvjepb, Pjb {pb~bg{bhbkpesepu gc pjb

kukhe}dpegl kdl nb dhpb~b` rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl

*[kjbab 3%, *>%!E{gvrhbigh e{ dhydu{ pjb v~elkevdh èd{pb~bge!

{gab~ ~bid~ hb{{ gc pjb abpjg` gc jbdpeli( nrp pjb r{b gc

aek~gydsb{ elk~bd{b{ pjb dagrlp gc */%!lbge{gvrhbigh rv pg

;6",

Eglek hetre { jdsb nbbl r{b ngpj el {ghrpegl dl` rl`b~jgagiblbgr{ kglèpegl{, Cg~ bzdavhb( Hbu29 `b{k~enb` pjb

v~bvd~dpegl gc pjegdae`b{ c~ga dae`b{, Dhpjgrij pjb ~bdkpegl

rl`b~ khd{{ekdh kglèpegl{ gkkr~{ el bzkbhhblp uebh`( pjb ~bdkpegl

peab kdl nb {jg~pblb` r{eli aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl *[kjbab 9%,

Pjb ~bdkpegl yd{ vb~cg~ab` el pghrblb dl`( d{ pje{ e{ lgp dl

gvpeara {ghsblp cg~ pjb dn{g~vpegl dl` è{{evdpegl gc

aek~gydsb blb~iu( d {adhh dagrlp gc dl eglek hetre` {ghsblp

yd{ d` b` pg pjb ~bdkpegl aezpr~b pg bl{r~b bccekeblp jbdp

è{p~enrpegl,

El pje{ ~bid~`( Hbd`nbdpb~2: {prèb` pjb r{b gc eglek hetre`{

d{ de { cg~ pjb aek~gydsb jbdpeli gc d lglvghd~ {ghsblp

*Pdnhb 0%, Ep yd{ {jgyl pjdp dvghd~ {ghsblp{ kdl( el d sb~u

{jg~p peab( nb jbdpb` pg pbavb~dpr~b{ ydu dngsb pjbe~ ngehelivgelp{ el {bdhb` sb{{bh{ r{eli d {adhh trdlpepu gc dl eglek

hetre , Ep yd{ cgrl` pjdp 6,> aagh gc eglek hetre` yd{ pjb

gvpeadh dagrlp pg jbdp > aH gc {ghsblp,

Pjb{b {ghsblp aezpr~b{ yb~b pb{pb` yepj {gab ag`bh

~bdkpegl{ {rkj d{ @ebh{Dh b~ kukhgd`èpegl{( Aekjdbh d`è!

pegl{ dl` dhouhdpegl ~bdkpegl{,

Lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{

Pjb e{{rb gc lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ *dh{g kdhhb` lgp vr~bhu pjb~adh

dl` {vbkecek aek~gydsb bccbkp{% e{ {pehh d kglp~gsb~{edh adppb~,

[bsb~dh pjbg~eb{ jdsb nbbl vg{prhdpb` dl` dh{g {gab v~bèkpesb

ag`bh{ jdsb nbbl vrnhe{jb`,

[kjbab 2

[kjbab 3

[kjbab 9

Pdnhb 0 Pjb aek~gydsb jbdpeli bccbkp{ gc d`èli d {adhh trdlpepu gc4 dl` > pg jbzdlb( pghrblb( pjc dl` ègzdlb

[ghsblp EHd P EH'rK p'{bk P'rKn n,v,'rK

Jbzdlb 4 >49 46 03 35> >>: 42

Pghrblb 4 452 426 465 444> 4;6 426

Pjc 4 >3: 96 44> 33> >0> 36

@egzdlb 4 >30 56 93 464> >0: 56

d Eglek hetre 4 aagh aH>4 gc {ghsblp, n Pbavb~dpr~b ~bdkjb`yepjgrp eglek hetre`,



8/15

Hgrvu jd{ ~bkblphu vrnhe{jb` d pblpdpesb ~dpegldhe}dpegl gc

lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{,25 Pjb ldpr~b gc pjb aek~gydsb bccbkp yd{

{prèb` dl` khd{{eceb` kgl{e`b~eli pjb ~bdkpegl abèra *vghd~

dl` dvghd~ {ghsblp{ dl` {ghsblp!c~bb ~bdkpegl{% dl` pjb

~bdkpegl abkjdle{a( e,b,( pjb vghd~epu gc pjb p~dl{epegl {pdpb

*e{gvghd~ dl` vghd~ p~dl{epegl {pdpb{% dl` pjb p~dl{epegl {pdpb

vg{epegl dhgli pjb ~bdkpegl kgg~ eldpb, Aek~gydsb bccbkp{

{jgrh` elk~bd{b el dvghd~ {ghsblp{ dl` {ghsblp!c~bb ~bdkpegl{(yepj vghd~ p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ dl` hdpb p~dl{epegl {pdpb{,

Lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ jdsb nbbl blse{dib` pg jdsb {bsb~dh

g~eiel{, Jgybsb~( lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ adu d~e{b dh{g c~ga

elpb~dkpegl{ nbpybbl pjb aek~gydsb cebh` dl` pjb adpb~edh(

{eaehd~ pg pjb~adh bccbkp{, El pje{ ~bid~`( aek~gydsb jbdpeli

{p~glihu elpb~cb~b{ yepj vg{{enhb lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ dl` pjb{b

kdllgp nb bd{ehu {bvd~dpb` el abkjdle{pek {prèb{,

Sd~egr{ drpjg~{ jdsb v~gvg{b` pjdp kjdlib{ el pjb~ag!

ùldaek vd~dabpb~{ rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl d~b pjb kdr{b

gc pjb aek~gydsb bccbkp, Lbsb~pjbhb{{( `grnp jd{ {rn{b!

trblphu nbbl kd{p gl {gab gc pjb{b pjbg~eb{ nu gpjb~ drpjg~{

dl`( el`bb`( nu pjb g~eieldh drpjg~{ pjba{bhsb{, Mdkgn bp dh,36

vrnhe{jb` dl bzkbhhblp ~bseby gl {ulpjbpek ~b{rhp{ pg yjekj pjbaek~gydsb bccbkp jd{ nbbl dpp~enrpb`,

Nb~hdl bp dh,34 cgrl` pjdp el kukhgd`èpegl ~bdkpegl{ kd~~eb`

grp rl`b~ ~bchrz el zuhblb g~ ènrpuh bpjb~ *[kjbab :% dp pjb

{dab pbavb~dpr~b( pjb ~bdkpegl ~dpb{ yb~b dhydu{ cd{pb~ rl`b~

aek~gydsb kglèpegl{ pjdl yjbl r{eli khd{{ekdh jbdpeli

abpjg {, Pjb gn{b~sb` dkkbhb~dpegl e{ ag~b {eilecekdlp el

dvghd~ {ghsblp{( yjekj {jgy ybdo èbhbkp~ek hg{{b{ *Cei, 5%,

Nbkdr{b gc pje{( pjb drpjg~{ v~gvg{b pjdp d agècekdpegl pg

@I{ e{ v~g`rkb`( vg{{enhu pj~grij d kjdlib el pjb blp~gvu gc

pjb {u{pba, Pjbu dh{g {riib{p pjb bze{pblkb gc jgp {vgp{

dldhgigr{ pg pjg{b `b{k~enb` cg~ rhp~d{grl` kjbae{p~u,3>

[rn{btrblphu( [p~dr{{ bp dh,3; elèkdpb` pjdp pjb oelbpek{ gc

pjb{b dl` gpjb~ ~bdkpegl{ d~b {eaehd~ rl`b~ aek~gydsbe~~dèdpegl dl` khd{{ekdh jbdpeli( yjekj ygrh` abdl pjdp pjb~b

e{ lg {vbkecek aek~gydsb bccbkp,

[eaehd~ ~b{rhp{ el pjb kukhgd`èpegl gc kukhgvblpdèblb yepj

abpjuh dk~uhdpb yb~b `b{k~enb` nu Ibùb *[kjbab 5%,30

Aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl `gb{ lgp dhpb~ pjb bl`g'bzg {bhbkpesepu

dl` pjb kjdlib{ pjdp d~b gn{b~sb` kdl nb bzvhdelb` nu pjb cdkp

pjdp pjb ~bdkpegl{ rl`b~ aek~gydsb kglèpegl{ gkkr~ dp jeijb~

pbavb~dpr~b{ pjdl pjg{b pdoeli vhdkb rl`b~ ~bchrz, Heobye{b(

Ngl`32 dl` [p~dr{{33(39 {jgyb` pjdp pjb ~dpb{ gc b{pb~ecekdpegl

~bdkpegl{ vb~cg~ab` el kd~bcrhhu kglp~ghhb {u{pba{ d~be`blpekdh el pjb v~b{blkb g~ dn{blkb gc aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl

dl` pjdp pjb celdh uebh`{ `bvbl` glhu gl pjb pbavb~dpr~b

v~gcehblgp gl pjb ag`b gc jbdpeli,

[rl bp dh,3: {jgyb` pjdp pjb ~dpb gc ju`~ghu{e{ gc DPV e{

>2 peab{ cd{pb~ rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl pjdl yepj

khd{{ekdh jbdpeli dp kgavd~dnhb pbavb~dpr~b{, Pjb drpjg~{

dpp~enrpb pje{ cdkp pg pjb è~bkp dn{g~vpegl gc ~dèdpegl g~ pg

{bhbkpesb bzkepdpegl gc pjb ydpb~ gc ju`~dpegl gsb~ pjb nrho

{ghrpegl, Pjbu vgelp grp pjdp {vbkp~g{kgvek jbdpeli *nu

aek~gydsb{% kdl elk~bd{b pjb oelbpek blb~iu gc pjb {ghsblp

pj~grij è~bkp dn{g~vpegl gc pjb e~~dèdpb blb~iu, Glb gc

pjb drpjg~{ hdpb~ {jgyb`35 pjdp pjb ~dpb gc ju`~ghu{e{ {ghbhu

`bvbl`{ gl pjb pbavb~dpr~b dl` lgp gl pjb abpjg` gcjbdpeli,

Jdmbo {prèb` pjb jdhgibldpegl gc dhoblb{ yepj pbp~djdhg!

abpjdlb{ el jgagiblbgr{ kglèpegl{ dl` cgrl` pjdp pjb

jeijb{p ~dpb bljdlkbablp{ yb~b ~bkg~`b` el pjb v~b{blkb gc

vghd~ {ghsblp{,96 El pjb{b jgagiblbgr{ kglèpegl{( ~dpb

bljdlkbablp {bba{ pg nb kdr{b` adelhu nu d pjb~adh èbhbkp~ek

jbdpeli bccbkp ~b{rhpeli c~ga pjb bccbkpesb kgrvheli gc aek~g!

ydsb{ pg vghd~ {ghsblp{, El jbpb~giblbgr{ ~bdkpegl{ pjb

v~b{blkb gc jgp {vgp{ dl` {bhbkpesb jbdpeli {jgrh` nb

~b{vgl{enhb cg~ pjb gn{b~sb` dkkbhb~dpegl,96 Pje{ bccbkp yd{

dh{g gn{b~sb` el pjb dhouhdpegl gc {bkgl`d~u daelb{ gl

}bghepb{( yjb~b pbavb~dpr~b i~d eblp{ gc rv pg >6 rK yb~b

gn{b~sb` el pjb {davhb{,[gab drpjg~{

94(9>jdsb {riib{pb` pjdp pjb è~bkp dkpesdpegl

gc glb g~ ngpj ~bdiblp{ el pjb ~eli khg{eli abpdpjb{e{ v~gkb{{

[kjbab :

Cei, 5 Kglsb~{egl s{, peab el pjb kukhgd`èpegl gc >(;!èabpjuhnrpdèblb yepj abpjuh dk~uhdpb,

[kjbab 5



9/15

*e,b,( pjb kdpdhu{p dl 'g~ pjb ghbcel% e{ ~b{vgl{enhb cg~ pjb

gn{b~sb` ~dpb bljdlkbablp{ el pje{ ~bdkpegl *[kjbab 46%,

Odvvb bp dh,9; vb~cg~ab` d ~belsb{peidpegl gc aek~gydsb!

d{{e{pb` ^KA, Pjbu {jgyb` pjdp dn{g~vpegl gc aek~gydsb

~d edpegl nu pjb I~rnn{ kdpdhu{p yd{ lbiheienhb dl`( el

kglp~d{p( pjb èblb {jgyb` {eilecekdlp aek~gydsb dn{g~vpegl

dl` dkpb` d{ d aghbkrhd~ ~dèdpg~, Jgybsb~( ep yd{ dh{g

`bagl{p~dpb` pjdp rl b~ pjb~adh kglèpegl{ pjb ~b{rhp{

kg~~b{vgl b` pg pjg{b gnpdelb` el pjb aek~gydsb jbdpeli

bzvb~eablp{, Pje{ {jgyb` pjdp ep e{ rleavg~pdlp yjbpjb~ pjb

blb~iu e{ è~bkphu p~dl{cb~~b` pg glb gc pjb ~bdkpdlp{ g~ pg pjb

nrho {ghsblp nu pjb~adh aek~gydsb jbdpeli,Cr~pjb~ag~b( Odvvb{ ~b{rhp{ c~ga d {prù gc pjb Neielbhhe

~bdkpegl d~b khbd~ *[kjbab 44%?90 pjb oelbpek bzvb~eablp{ {jgy

pjdp pjb~b e{ lg dvv~bkednhb èccb~blkb el ~bdkpegl ~dpb{ dl`

uebh`{ nbpybbl ~bdkpegl{ kd~~eb` grp rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèd!

pegl dl` pjb~adh jbdpeli dp e`blpekdh pbavb~dpr~b{, Pje{ ~b{rhp

e{ rl`b~{pdl dnhb {elkb d vghd~ {ghsblp *bpjdlgh% yd{ r{b`(

abdleli pjdp pjb ~dèdpegl yd{ dn{g~nb` nu pjb {ghsblp dl`

pjb~adh blb~iu p~dl{aeppb pg pjb ~bdiblp{ nu kglsblpegldh

abkjdle{a{ *kglsbkpegl dl` kgl`rkpegl% ~dpjb~ pjdl nu

èbhbkp~ek hg{{b{,

El pje{ ~b{vbkp( ngpj Nb~hdl92 dl` [p~dr{{: ~rhb grp pjb

vg{{enehepu pjdp aek~gydsb ~d edpegl kdl bzkepb ~gpdpegldh

p~dl{epegl{, Yjbl d kgavgrl` dn{g~n{ aek~gydsb{( pjb

èbhbkp~ek jbdpeli kdr{b{ dl elk~bd{b el pjb pbavb~dpr~b gc pjb

{u{pba, Yjbl pjb elpb~ldh blb~iu gc pjb {u{pba e{ ~de{b` ep e{

è{p~enrpb` dagli p~dl{hdpegldh( ~gpdpegldh g~ sen~dpegldh

blb~ieb{ ~bid~`hb{{ gc pjb ag`b gc jbdpeli, Kgl{btrblphu( ep

yd{ kglkhr`b` pjdp oelbpek èccb~blkb{ {jgrh` lgp nb bzvbkpb`

nbpybbl ~bdkpegl{ jbdpb` nu aek~gydsb{ g~ nu khd{{ekdh jbdpeli

ec pjb pbavb~dpr~b e{ olgyl dl` pjb {ghrpegl e{ pjb~adhhu

jgagiblbgr{,

[eaehd~hu( [prb~id elèkdpb` pjdp dn{g~vpegl gc aek~gydsb

vjgpgl{ kdllgp el`rkb dlu kjbaekdh ngl` n~bdoeli *Pdnhb 2%

dl` pjb bhbkp~ek cebh` e{ pgg hgy pg hbd` pg el`rkb` g~idle}dpegl,

Ag~bgsb~( el kgl`bl{b` vjd{b{ pjb kghhe{egl ~dpb el rkb{p~dl{cb~ nbpybbl ~gpdpegldh dl` sen~dpegldh vjd{b{, Jblkb( ep

yd{ kglkhr b` pjdp dl bhbkp~ek cebh` kdllgp v~g`rkb dlu

aghbkrhd~ bccbkp,93(99 Aghbkrhd~ bccbkp{ ~b{rhpeli c~ga pjb

aek~gydsb cebh` kgrh`( jgybsb~( nb gn{b~sb` cg~ d abèra

pjdp `gb{ lgp jbdp rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl,

Jgybsb~( Aeohdsk9: dldhu{b` pjb ~gpdpegldh `bvbl`blkb gc

G / JKh *@Kh% D GJ *G@% / Kh ~bdkpegl{ vb~cg~ab` gl d

ag`bh vgpblpedh blb~iu {r~cdkb dl` kglkhr`b pjdp ad~ob`

dkkbhb~dpegl{ gc kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl{ adu gkkr~ pj~grij pjb

bccbkp{ gc ~gpdpegldh bzkepdpegl gl kghhe{egl ibgabp~u,

Aghbkrhd~ diepdpegl dl` agnehepu d~b cdkpg~{ pjdp jdsb dh{g

nbbl r{b pg bzvhdel pjb bccbkp{ dpp~enrpb pg aek~gydsb

~dèdpegl,

Pjb pjb~adh `bkgavg{epegl gc {g era nekd~ngldpb jd{

~bkblphu nbbl {prèb` *[kjbab 4>%,95

Pjb drpjg~{ cgrl` pjdp pjb dkpesdpegl blb~iu gc pjb ~bdkpegle{ ~b`rkb nu aek~gydsb ~d edpegl *Cei, 46%, Iesbl pjdp

pbavb~dpr~b kglp~gh e{ k~rkedh el pjb{b bzvb~eablp{( pjb drpjg~{

bl bdsgr~b` pg bl{r~b pjb ~bhednehepu gc pjb pbavb~dpr~b

`bpb~aeldpegl ngpj el pjb {vdpedh dl` peab `gadel{,

Dhpjgrij pjb abkjdle{a e{ lgp ybhh rl`b~{pgg`( pjb dvvhekd!

pegl gc d aek~gydsb cebh` pg èbhbkp~ek adpb~edh{ el`rkb{ ~dve`

~gpdpegl gc pjb vghd~e{b` èvghb{ el pjb aghbkrhb{, Pje{

iblb~dpb{ jbdp `rb pg c~ekpegl yjehb {earhpdlbgr{hu elk~bd{eli

pjb v~gndnehepu gc kglpdkp nbpybbl aghbkrhb{ dl` dpga{( pjr{

[kjbab 46

[kjbab 44

Pdnhb 2 Blb~iu gc èccb~blp ngl`{

N~gyledlagpegl

Ju`~giblngl`

Kgsdhblpngl`

Eglekngl Vjgpgl

Blb~iu'bS u6,6>2*>66 O%

u6,606,00 u2,6 u9,3 6,66664

Blb~iu'oM agh>4 4,30 u;,:0,> u0:6 u9;6

Cei, 46 D~~jbler{ vhgp gc LdJKG; {ghrpegl,

[kjbab 4>

49> x Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662


10/15

bljdlkeli dl` ~b`rkeli pjb ~bdkpegl ~dpb dl` dkpesdpegl

blb~iu( ~b{vbkpesbhu,

Jgybsb~( dcpb~ {prùeli pjb {ulpjb{e{ gc pepdlera kd~ne`b(

K~g{{:6 kglkhr`b` pjdp aghbkrhd~ agnehepu kdl elk~bd{b el pjb

v~b{blkb gc d aek~gydsb cebh dl` pjdp el pje{ kd{b ep e{

pjb D~~jbler{ v~b!bzvglblpedh cdkpg~ D pjdp kjdlib{ dl` lgp

pjb blb~iu gc dkpesdpegl *btl, *4%%,

O2 D b>@I'^P( D 2 kh> K( k 2 ibgabp~ek cdkpg~ pjdp elkhr`b{pjb lranb~ gc lbd~b{p!lbeijngr~ mrav {epb{( h 2 è{pdlkbnbpybbl èccb~blp d`mdkblp hdppekb vhdlb{ *mrav è{pdlkb%(

K2 mrav c~btrblku, *4%

Dl elk~bd{b nu d cdkpg~ gc ;,; el pjb D~~jbler{ v~b!

bzvglblpedh cdkpg~ kgrh` bzvhdel pjb dkkbhb~dpegl el ~bdkpegl

~dpb gnpdelb` yepj aek~gydsb{,

Pjb D~~jbler{ v~b!bzvglblpedh cdkpg~ `bvbl { gl pjb

c~btrblku gc sen~dpegl gc pjb dpga{ dp pjb ~bdkpegl elpb~cdkb

dl` ep jd{ pjb~bcg~b nbbl v~gvg{b` pjdp pje{ cdkpg~ kdl nb

dccbkpb` nu d aek~gydsb cebh`,

Pjb r{b gc aek~gydsb{ hbd`{ pg d pbavb~dpr~b ~b`rkpegl gc

:6466 rK el pjb {elpb~eli pbavb~dpr~b gc vd~pedhhu {pdnehe}b`

}e~kgled(:4 dl bccbkp pjdp e{ lgl!pjb~adh el ldpr~b, Y~gb bp dh,:4

{jgyb` pjdp d aek~gydsb cebh` eav~gsb{ bepjb~ pjb sghrab g~

i~del!ngrl`d~u abkjdle{a ~dpjb~ pjdl eav~gseli èccr{egl dp

pjb {r~cdkb( pjdp e{ `gaeldlp dp hgy pbavb~dpr~b{, Aek~gydsb{

v~bcb~blpedhhu elk~bd{b pjb chrz gc sdkdlkeb{ yepjel i~del

ngrl`d~eb{ el pjb {davhb,

Gpjb~ bzdavhb{ jdsb nbbl cgrl` gc ~b{rhp{ pjdp kdllgp nb

bzvhdelb` {ghbhu nu d pjb~adh bccbkp, El d {prù gl pjb

arpd~gpdpegl gc d!@!ihrkg{b pg n!@!ihrkg{b *Cei, 44%(

Vdilgpd:> cgrl` pjdp el BpGJJ>G *4 = 4% pjb r{b gc

aek~gydsb{ hb`( dvd~p c~ga d ag~b ~dve btrehen~dpegl

kgavd~b` pg kglsblpegldh jbdpeli( pg d agècekdpegl gc pjbbtrehen~era vg{epegl pg d vgelp yjb~b d hd~ib~ dagrlp gcd!@!

ihrkg{b yd{ gnpdelb` pjdl rl`b~ khd{{ekdh jbdpeli *Cei, 44%,

Pje{ bzp~dg~ eld~u bccbkp kdllgp nb bzvhdelb` nu d khd{{ekdh

jbdpeli bccbkp dl` e{ pjb khbd~b{p bzdavhb gc d vg{{enhb {vbkecek

dkpegl k~bdpb` nu d aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl cebh`,

Dlgpjb~ elpb~b{peli {prù yd{ ~bvg~pb` nu ]jdli:;

gl pjb{ulpjb{e{ gc d~gadpek b{pb~{ nu b{pb~ecekdpegl gc nbl}gek dke`{ el

~bchrzeli dhkgjgh{, Pjb drpjg~{ r{b` aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl dp d

c~btrblku gc 4 IJ}( yjb~b pjb~b e{ lg aek~gydsb jbdpeli

dkpegl nrp glhu dl dpjb~adh aek~gydsb bccbkp, Elpb~b{pelihu(

rl`b~ pjb{b kglèpegl{ d ~b`rkpegl el ~bdkpegl peab yd{ {pehh

gn{b~sb` *[kjbab 4;%,

Gpjb~ ~bvg~p{ elkhr`b lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ el {ghe vjd{b

{bvd~dpegl v~gkb{{b{(:0 vd~pepegleli gc v!lep~gdlehelb

nbpybbl v{br`g!vjd{b{(:2 {p~rkpr~dh p~dl{cg~adpegl{ el

davjevjehek nehdub~{(:3 dl` v~gpbel!kdpdhu{b` b{pb~ecekdpegl{

dl` p~dl{b{pb~ecekdpegl{,:9

Glb vg{{enhb {ghrpegl pg pjb elpb~cb~blkb gc pjb~adh bccbkp{

{bba{ pg nb pjb elsb{peidpegl gc {vel ùldaek{ gc vjgpg!kjbaekdhhu iblb~dpb` ne~d ekdh{, Vjgpgkjbaekdh ~bdkpegl{

aeijp nb dkkbhb~dpb` nu aek~gydsb p~bdpablp ec pjbu vd{{

pj~grij vghd~ p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ dl` elpb~abèdpb{( b,i,( egl{ g~

egl!~dèkdh{,::

El d vjgpgkjbaekdh ~bdkpegl glhu d vde~ gc lbrp~dh ~dèkdh{

yepj {elihbp arhpevhekepu yehh ~bkganelb, D p~evhbp vde~

elpb~{u{pba k~g{{b{ elpg pjb {elihbp vde~ g~ b{kdvb{ pjb {ghsblp

kdib dl` ~bdkp{ el`bvbl`blphu dp d hdpb~ {pdib *Cei, 4>%,

Pjb elk~bd{eli bccekeblku gc p~evhbp!pg!{elihbp elpb~kglsb~{egl

*aezeli gc {pdpb{% hbd`{ pg d ag~b ~dve` ~bkganeldpegl ~bdkpegl

dl` sekb sb~{d, Ep e{ lgy ybhh b{pdnhe{jb` pjdp d {pdpek adilbpek

cebh` kdl elchrblkb elpb~{u{pba k~g{{eli el ne~dèkdh{ *adilbpek

cebh bccbkp( ACB% dl` pje{ bccbkp jd{ nbbl {rkkb{{crhhuelpb~v~bpb` el pb~a{ gc pjb ~d ekdh vde~ abkjdle{a, Pje{

kglkbvp jd{ bldnhb` pjb bzvhdldpegl gc lrkhbd~ dl` bhbkp~glek

{vel vghd~e}dpegl `r~eli kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl{( b,i, kjbaekdhhu

el`rkb` ùldaek vghd~e}dpegl *KE@LV% g~ ~bdkpegl uebh !

`bpbkpb` adilbpek ~b{gldlkb *Û@AD^%,

Pjb aek~gydsb cebh`( yjekj e{ el ~b{gldlkb yepj pjb blb~iu

idv{ nbpybbl pjb p~evhbp {pdpb{ *P/4 g~ P>4% dl` P6( p~dl{cb~{

pjb bzkb{{ vgvrhdpegl c~ga pjb P/4 g~ P>4 {pdpb{ ndko pg d

aezb` {pdpb, Dvvhekdpegl gc d {p~gli adilbpek cebh` pg pjb

{elihbp!ng~l ~dèkdh vde~ hbd`{ pg dl elk~bd{b el pjb v~gndnehepu

gc ~bkganeldpegl( yjekj kdl( jgybsb~( dh{g nb kglp~ghhb` nu

aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl *Cei, 4;%,

Cei, 44 d!@!ihrkg{b = n!@!ihrkg{b ~dpeg s{, peab, " Aek~gydsb

jbdpeli,#Kglsblpegldh jbdpeli,

[kjbab 4;

Cei, 4> [kjbadpek ehhr{p~dpegl gc adilbpek cebh` dl` aek~gydsb

bccbkp{ el ~dèkdh!vde~ kjbae{p~u,

Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662 Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: x 49;


11/15

Pjb{b aek~gydsb!el`rkb` {vel ùldaek{ kdl nb kgl{e`b~b`

d{ dl d~kjbpuvb gc d lgl!pjb~adh aek~gydsb bccbkp, Dl

elpb~b{peli bzdavhb gc pje{ nbjdsegr~ yd{ `b{k~enb` nu

Yd{ebhby{oe(:5 yjg {jgyb` pjdp pjb `r~dpegl gc vjgpg{ul!

pjbpek kjd~ib {bvd~dpegl kdl nb kglp~ghhb yepj aek~gydsbe~~dèdpegl? glb aek~g{bkgl` aek~gydsb vrh{b{ yb~b r{b` pjdp

vg{{b{{b` vgyb~{ rv pg >6 oY, [eaehd~hu( Pdleagpg {jgyb`

pjdp pjb hecbpeab{ gc ne~dèkdh{ kdl nb kglp~ghhb` nu pjb

{earhpdlbgr{ dvvhekdpegl gc adilbpek cebh { dl` aek~gydsb

~dèdpegl? yjbl pjb aek~gydsb blb~iu kgelke`b{ ~b{gldlphu

yepj pjb blb~ieb{ nbpybbl pjb p~evhbp {rnhbsbh{( pjb B[^

p~dl{epegl gkkr~{ dl` pjb p~evhbp {rnhbsbh{ kdl aez yepj d

{elihbp {pdpb,56

V~bèkpesb ag`bh{

D lranb~ gc pjbg~eb{ jdsb nbbl `bsbhgvb` el g~`b~ pg v~bèkp

pjb elke blkb gc lgl!pjb~adh aek~gydsb bccbkp{ el ~bdkpesepudl` {bhbkpesepu, El pje{ ~b{vbkp( {vbkedh ablpegl {jgrh` nb ad`b

gc ~bdkpegl{ yjb~b pjb {bhbkpesepu e{ agèceb` g~ elsb~pb`,54

[bsb~dh ~bvg~p{ elèkdpb pjdp pjb kjbag!( ~bieg! dl` {pb~bg!

{bhbkpesepu kdl nb ag eceb` nu aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl,545;

Cg~ bzdavhb( Ng{b `b{k~enb` ~bdkpegl{ nbpybbl dke` kjhg~e`b{

dl` [kjecc nd{b{ yjb~b pjb {pb~bg{bhbkpesepu `bvbl { gl pjb

g~`b~ gc d`èpegl gc pjb ~bdiblp{ *[kjbab 40%,50(52 Yjbl pjb

kgl`bl{dpegl yd{ kgl`rkpb` nu d lg~adh d`èpegl {btrblkb

*e,b, dke kjhg~e b hd{p%( glhu pjb ke{ n!hdkpda yd{ cg~ab ,

Jgybsb~( ec pjb elsb~{b d`èpegl pbkjletrb *p~ebpjuhdaelb

hd{p% yd{ r{b`( ;6" ke{ dl` 96" p~dl{ n!hdkpda{ yb~b gnpdelb`

rl`b~ pjb {dab kglèpegl{, Yjbl pjb ~bdkpegl yd{ kgl`rkpb`

el d aek~gydsb gsbl r{eli kjhg~gnbl}blb( pjb ~dpeg gc p~dl{

dl` ke{ n!hdkpda{ yd{ 56 = 46 e~~b{vbkpesb gc pjb g~`b~ gc

d`èpegl, Ag~bgsb~( e{gab~e}dpegl pg pjb pjb~agùldaekdhhu

ag~b {pdnhb p~dl{ n!hdkpda è` lgp gkkr~,

Kg{{g bzvhdelb` pje{ bccbkp nu kgl{e b~eli pjdp rl b~

aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl pjb ~grpb elsghseli è~bkp ~bdkpegl

nbpybbl pjb dkuh kjhg~e`b dl` pjb eaelb( e,b,( pjb ag~b vghd~

~grpb( kgavbpb{ bccekeblphu yepj pjb obpblbeaelb ~bdkpegl

vdpjydu *[kjbab 42%,53

Hdlid `b{k~enb` jgy pjb kukhgd`èpegl gc

L!abpjuhd}gabpjelb uhe`b{ pg K96 idsb pj~bb ~biege{gab~{ d

k nu dppdko dp pjb 4>( 23 dl` 9>4 ngl`{ *[kjbab 43%,59

Rl`b~ kglsblpegldh jbdpeli pjb 9>4 e{gab~ yd{ cg~ab` el

glhu d hgy v~gvg~pegl dl` pjb 4> e{gab~ yd{ cgrl` pg

v~b`gaeldpb, Pjb r{b gc aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl el kglmrlkpeglyepj G@KN( yjekj dn{g~n{ aek~gydsb{ bccekeblphu( idsb ~e{b pg

{eilecekdlp kjdlib{, El kglp~d{p pg khd{{ekdh kglèpegl{( e{gab~

k yd{ lgp cg~ab` rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl ~bid~`hb{{ gc

pjb e~~dèdpegl vgyb~ dl` e{gab~ n v~b`gaeldpb` dp jeijb~

vgyb~ *[kjbab 43 dl` Cei, 40%,

D kgavrpdpegldh {prù gl pjb ag`b gc kukhgd` epegl

{jgyb` pjdp pjb ~bdkpegl e{ {pbvye{b( yepj pjb ce~{p {pbv

kgl{e{peli gc d lrkhbgvjehek dppdko gl pjb d}gabpjelb uhe`b,

Cei, 4; [kjbadpek ehhr{p~dpegl gc adilbpek cebh` dl` aek~gydsb

bccbkp{ el ~dèkdh!vde~ kjbae{p~u,

[kjbab 40

[kjbab 42

[kjbab 43

Cei, 404J LA^ ~biegl gc pjb abpjuh i~grv= *d% khd{{ekdh jbdpeli el

pghrblb d{ d {ghsblp( *n% khd{{ekdh jbdpeli el G@KN d{ d {ghsblp( dl` *k%

aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl el G@KN dp 4:6 Y( ;6 ael, ^bv~elpb` yepj

vb~ae{{egl c~ga ~bc, 59, Kgvu~eijp *>666% Dab~ekdl Kjbaekdh [gkebpu,



12/15

Pjb ag{p lbidpesb kjd~ib gc pjb crhhb~blb agebpu el pjb

p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ d dl` n e{ hgkdpb` gl pjb kd~ngl d`mdkblp pg

pjb kd~nglkd~ngl ngl` nbeli cg~ab`, El p~dl{epegl {pdpb k(

jgybsb~( pjb lbidpesb kjd~ib e{ `bhgkdhe}b` pj~grijgrp pjb

yjghb K96 {rnrlep, Pjb ~bhdpesb ~dpeg gc e{gab~{ dk e{ ~bhdpb`

pg pjb i~bdpb{p jd~`lb{{( dl` ep{ cg~adpegl {jgrh` nb cdsgr~b`

rl b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl, Ep e{ lgpbyg~pju pjdp vr~bhu

pjb~adh d~irablp{ v~bèkp pjb v~b gaeldlkb gc k rl`b~aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl( yjekj e{ pjb gvvg{epb gc pjb ~b{rhp

cgrl` bzvb~eablpdhhu,

Pje{ ag`bh yd{ r{b` nu @d}!G~pe}5: el pjb v~bvd~dpegl gc

lep~gv~ghelb b{pb~{ nu pjb 4(;!èvghd~ kukhgd`èpegl gc eaelb{

*`b~esb` c~ga d!daelgb{pb~{% yepj n!lep~g{pu~blb{ el pjb

dn{blkb gc {ghsblp *[kjbab 49%, Kglsblpegldh jbdpeli v~g!

`rkb` e{gab~{ d dl` n( d{ bzvbkpb ( nu pjb bl`g dl` bzg

dvv~gdkjb{, Jgybsb~( rl b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl d lby

kgavgrlè{gab~ k yd{ gnpdelb`, Ep yd{ {jgyl pjdp pje{

e{gab~ d~e{b{ c~ga d pjb~adh e{gab~e}dpegl gc pjb eaelb nu

~gpdpegl el pjb kd~ngzuhek vd~p gc pjb uhe`b, E{gab~ k e{ pjbl

v~g`rkb` nu dl bl`g dvv~gdkj, Cg~adpegl gc pjb {bkgl`

èvghb bzkhr{esbhu rl b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl {jgrh` nb~bhdpb` pg ep{ jeijb~ vghd~epu( jd~`lb{{ dl` hgyb~ vghd~e}dnehepu

pjdl pjb ce~{p èvghb,

Bhdl`b~55 `b{k~enb` d trdlpra kjbaekdh ag`bh gc dl [L>

~bdkpegl *Kh> / KJ;KhD% el d aek~gydsb cebh` el g~`b~ pg

{prù pjb bccbkp gc aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl gl {bhbkpesepu, El d

{eaehd~ ydu pg Hdlid(59 d sd~edpegl gc pjb vghd~e}dnehepu yd{

gn{b~sb`, Jgybsb~( pjb vb~vblèkrhd~ kgavglblp e{ v~dkpe!

kdhhu rlkjdlib` `r~eli pjb ~bdkpegl, Pjb vghd~e}dnehepu

kgavglblp( yjekj e{ vd~dhhbh pg pjb ~bdkpegl kgg~èldpb(

elk~bd{b{ `~dadpekdhhu yjbl pjb {u{pba v~gkbb { dhgli pjb

~bdkpegl vdpj, Pje{ vd~dabpb~ elk~bd{b{ c~ga dxx 2 ;0 dr el pjb

{pd~peli adpb~edh{ pg 5> dr cg~ pjb p~dl{epegl {pdpb ibgabp~u, D

{eilecekdlp elk~bd{b gkkr~{ mr{p dcpb~ pjb sdl `b~ Yddh{

aeleara( yjb~b pjb vgpblpedh blb~iu {pd~p{ pg i~gy dl` pjb

ag{p eavg~pdlp kjbaekdh p~dl{cg~adpegl `bsbhgv{,

Pjb drpjg~{ bavjd{e}b pjb eavg~pdlkb gc pdoeli elpg

kgl{e b~dpegl {ghsblp bccbkp{ dl`( el d`èpegl( pjb cghhgyeli

vgelp{ yb~b b{pdnhe{jb`=

*e% C~ga pjb {prù gc pjb id{ vjd{b ~bdkpegl kgavhbz( pjbukglkhr`b` pjdp pjb bccbkp{ gc el`rkb` èvghb agablp gl pjb

aek~gydsb blb~iu dn{g~vpegl d~b lbiheienhb yjbl kgavd~b` pg

pjb aek~gydsb blb~iu dn{g~vpegl kdr{b nu pjb vb~adlblp

èvghb agablp,

*ee% Pjb {prù gc pjb lgl!id{ vjd{b blse~glablp {jgrh`

elkhr`b {ghsdpegl {jbhh{, Pjb ag`bh{ gc pjb ydpb~!{ghsdpb`

~bdkpegl kgavhbzb{ yb~b dhh {jgyl pg vg{{b{{ hgy c~btrblku

sen~dpegl{ g~ jel`b~b` ~gpdpegl{ yepj c~btrblkeb{ gsb~hdvveli

pjdp gc pjb aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl puvekdhhu r{b` el aek~gydsb!

bljdlkb` kjbae{p~u,

Kgl{e`b~eli dhh pjb{b vgelp{( ep yd{ kglkhr`b` pjdp dn{g~v!

pegl gc aek~gydsb vjgpgl{ adu vhdu dl eavg~pdlp ~ghb el pjb{b

puvb{ gc ~bdkpegl{,Hgrvu466 `b{k~enb` pjb ~bdkpegl gc 4!bpjgzukd~ngluhkukhg!

jbzdèblb( ;!bpjgzukd~ngluh!d!vu~glb dl` >!abpjgzupjeg!

vjblb el {ghsblp!c~bb kgl epegl{ dl` `bagl{p~dpb` pjb

gkkr~~blkb gc d aek~gydsb bccbkp *[kjbab 4:%, @ebh{Dh b~

kukhgd`èpegl ~bdkpegl{ gkkr~~b` dl`( el pjb kd{b gc >!abpjgz!

upjegvjblb( kgavbpepegl yepj Aekjdbh d`èpegl yd{ gn{b~sb`,

Bse`blkb cg~ d aek~gydsb bccbkp yd{ lgp cgrl` el pjb ce~{p

~bdkpegl, Jgybsb~( el pjb ~bdkpegl yepj d!vu~glb d {eilecekdlp

elk~bd{b el uebh` yd{ gn{b~sb`( dhpjgrij pjb {bhbkpesepu yd{ lgp

i~bdphu elchrblkb`, Pjb agècekdpegl gc {bhbkpesepu yd{ glhu

gn{b~sb` gl elk~bd{eli pjb vghd~epu gc pjb {ghsblp, Celdhhu(

aek~gydsb bccbkp{ yb~b cgrl` el pjb ~bdkpegl yepj pjegvjblb

dl` pjb{b elchrblkb` ngpj ~bdkpesepu dl` {bhbkpesepu, Pjb bccbkpgl uebh` yd{ {adhh el pjb @ebh{Dh`b~ ~bdkpegl nrp yd{ cgrl`

pg nb jeijb~ el pjb Aekjdbh d`èpegl, Pje{ v~gkb{{ yd{

cdsgr~b` rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl yjbl r{eli dkbpek dke`

d{ pjb {ghsblp,

Pjb drpjg~{ khdea pjdp jeijb~ uebh`{ dl` agècekdpegl{ el

{bhbkpesepu d~b ~bhdpb` pg pjb sd~edpegl gc pjb èvghd~ agablp

c~ga pjb i~grl` {pdpb pg pjb p~dl{epegl {pdpb *Pdnhb 3%,

Pjb{b ~b{rhp{ d~b el di~bbablp yepj pjb trdhepdpesb pjbg~u

v~gvg{b` nu Hgrvu(25 el yjekj pjb cghhgyeli vgelp{ yb~b

b{pdnhe{jb`=

*e% Pjb dkkbhb~dpegl gc ~bdkpegl{ nu aek~gydsb bzvg{r~b

~b{rhp{ c~ga adpb~edh!ydsb elpb~dkpegl{ hbd eli pg pjb~adh

bccbkp{ *yjekj adu nb bd{ehu b{peadpb` nu pbavb~dpr~babd{r~bablp{% dl` {vbkecek *e,b,( lgp vr~bhu pjb~adh% bccbkp{,

Khbd~hu( d kganeldpegl gc pjb{b pyg kglp~enrpegl{ kgrh` nb

~b{vgl{enhb cg~ pjb gn{b~sb` bccbkp{,

*ee% Ec pjb vghd~epu gc d {u{pba e{ bljdlkb` c~ga pjb i~grl`

{pdpb pg pjb p~dl{epegl {pdpb( {rkj d kjdlib kgrh` ~b{rhp el dl

dkkbhb~dpegl `rb pg dl elk~bd{b el adpb~edh!ydsb elpb~dkpegl{

`r~eli pjb kgr~{b gc pjb ~bdkpegl, Pjb ag{p c~btrblphu

blkgrlpb~b` kd{b{ kglkb~l rleaghbkrhd~ g~ neaghbkrhd~ ~bdk!

pegl{ nbpybbl lbrp~dh aghbkrhb{ *d{ èvghb{ d~b `bsbhgvb` el

pjb P[% dl` dleglek ~bdkpegl{ gc peijp egl vde~{e,b,( elsghseli

kjd~ib!hgkdhe}b` dlegl{ *hbd eli pg eglek è{{gkedpegl el pjb

P[%, Pjb{b {u{pba{ kgrh` nb ag~b eavg~pdlp el kd{b{ yepj d[kjbab 49



13/15

v~g`rkp!heob P[( d {eprdpegl el di~bbablp yepj pjb Jdaagl`

vg{prhdpb,

*eee% Nu cd~ pjb ag{p r{bcrh {kbld~eg e{ ~bhdpb` pg {ghsblp!c~bb

kglèpegl{ *i~bbl kjbae{p~u v~gkb`r~b{% d{ aek~gydsb bccbkp{

d~b lgp ad{ob` g~ heaepb` nu {ghsblp bccbkp{dhpjgrij lgl!

vghd~ {ghsblp{ kdl( gc kgr~{b( dhydu{ nb r{b`, Adlu puvb{ gc

kd~bcrhhu kglp~ghhb bzvb~eablp{ lbb pg nb vb~cg~ab (

jgybsb~( pg bsdhrdpb pjb ~bdhepu dl` heaepdpegl{ gc pje{

dvv~gdkj el g~`b~ pg adob sdhe` kgavd~e{gl{,

*es% Pjb adilepr`b gc d {vbkecek aek~gydsb bccbkp kgrh` nb

elèkdpesb gc d vghd~ abkjdle{a g~ pg e`blpecu pjb ~dpb!

`bpb~aeleli {pbv el d v~gkb`r~b elsghseli {bsb~dh {pbv{,

Kglkhr{egl

El kglkhr{egl( aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl kdl nb r{b` pg eav~gsbv~gkb{{b{ dl` agècu {bhbkpesepeb{ el ~bhdpegl pg kglsblpegldh

jbdpeli, D kgavhbpb {r~sbu gc pjb dvvhekdpegl{ dl` d`sdlpdib{

gc r{eli aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl el g~idlek {ulpjb{e{ jd{ nbbl

vrnhe{jb` el d ~bkblp nggo,; Ep e{ vg{{enhb pg pdob d`sdlpdib gc

ngpj pjb~adh dl` lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ pg gnpdel pjb `b{e~b`

~b{rhp{, Gsb~jbdpeli gc vghd~ {ghsblp{ dl` jgp {vgp{ el {ghsblp!

c~bb kglèpegl{ kdl nb r{b` pg dkkbhb~dpb ~bdkpegl{ dl` dh{g pg

dsge` `bkgavg{epegl gc pjb~adhhu rl{pdnhb kgavgrl {, Pjb

elk~bd{b` agnehepu el {ghe`{ jd{ nbbl r{b` pg gnpdel hb{{ jd~{j

~bdkpegl kgl epegl{ rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d edpegl, Dh{g( pjb

{bhbkpesb jbdpeli el`rkb nu aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl kdl nb

bzvhgepb` pg jbdp vghd~ {rn{pdlkb{ el pjb v~b{blkb gc dvghd~

glb{ dl ( el pje{ ydu( pg ag ecu pjb {bhbkpesepu gc d iesbl~bdkpegl g~ pg dsge` `bkgavg{epegl gc pjb~adhhu rl{pdnhb

kgavgrl`{,

Celdhhu( pjb trb{pegl d~e{b{= e{ pjb~b dlu bccbkp c~ga pjb

bhbkp~gadilbpek cebh`7 Aek~gydsb ~dèdpegl e{ d sb~u vghd~e}eli

cebh` dl` adu {pdnehe}b vghd~ p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ dl` elpb~!

abèdpb{,466 El pje{ ydu ~bdkpegl{ kdl nb dkkbhb~dpb` ec {rkj

elpb~abèdpb{ d~b elsghsb` g~( dhpb~ldpesbhu( el kgavbpepesb

~bdkpegl{ pjb ~grpb pjdp elsghsb{ vghd~ elpb~abèdpb{ g~

p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ kgrh` nb cdsgr~b`, Ep e{ ye`bhu dkkbvpb` pg`du

pjdp pjb {ghsblp jd{ d {p~gli elchrblkb gl pjb oelbpek{ dl`

{bhbkpesepu gc d ~bdkpegl464 d vghd~ {ghsblp yehh {pdnehe}b d

vghd~ p~dl{epegl {pdpb g~ elpb~abèdpb dl` pjr{ cdsgr~ pje{

[kjbab 4:

Pdnhb 3 @evghb agablp{ gc ~bdiblp{ dl` p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ kd~~eb` grpnu JC'3!;4I*`% hbsbh

I~grl` {pdpb P~dl{epegl {pdpb

^bdkpegl d BVd Kukhgjbzdlb E{k Edk

a *@bnub% >,> >,0 6,0 4,5^bdkpegl n BVd Vu~glb EE{k EEdk

a *@bnub% >,> ;,; 0,: 2,>^bdkpegl k @AD@n Pjegvjblb EEE{4k(` EEEd4k(`

a *@bnub% >,: 4,: 2,:; 2,0EEE{>k(` EEEd>k(`

2,42 :,6>d BV= bpjuh v~gveghdpb, n @AD@= èabpjuhdkbpuhblbèkd~ngzuhdpb,k {( {ul? d( dlpe dvv~gdkjb{, ` > dl` 4( g~eblpdpegl el pjb {dab {e`b g~pjb kglp~d~u( ~b{vbkpesbhu( gc pjb abpjgzu dl` kd~ngluh i~grv{,



14/15

~grpb, Pjb~b e{ dh{g dl elpb~b{peli è{kr{{egl dngrp pjb bccbkp gc

adilbpek cebh`{ el ~bhdpegl pg pjb g~eiel gc hecb( vd~pekrhd~hu

~bid~èli pjb g~eiel gc bldlpeg{bhbkpesepu el ldpr~b46>(46; dl`(

kgl{btrblphu( jgy ke~krhd~hu vghd~e}b` adilbpek cebh`{ kdl

el`rkb {pb~bg{bhbkpesepu el d kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl,460463 Jgybsb~(

adlu vbgvhb {pehh kgl{e`b~ pjdp pjb v~b{blkb gc jeijhu

vghd~e}eli ~dèdpegl( {rkj d{ aek~gydsb{( jd{ lg elchrblkb dp

dhh gl d kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl, Cg~ bzdavhb( ep jd{ nbbl vg{prhdpb`pjdp yjehb pjb bze{pblkb gc d {vbkecek aek~gydsb bccbkp kdllgp

nb kgavhbpbhu ~rhb` grp( pjb bccbkp dvvbd~{ pg nb d ~d~epu dl` gc

ad~ieldh {ulpjbpek eavg~pdlkb,469

Pjb bccbkp gc aek~gydsb e~~dèdpegl gl d kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl e{

sb~u kgavhbz el ldpr~b dl` elsghsb{ pjb~adh *b,i, jgp {vgp{(

{rvb~jbdpeli% dl` lgl!pjb~adh *b,i, aghbkrhd~ agnehepu( cebh`

{pdnehe}dpegl% bccbkp{, Pg`du adlu gc pjb{b vd~dabpb~{ jdsb

nbbl abd{r~b` dl` d~b ybhh olgyl( nrp pjb bccbkp gc pjb

adilbpek cebh jd{ lgp nbbl bhrke`dpb` kglkhr{esbhu, Ag~b

bzvb~eablpdpegl( kgavrpdpegldh kdhkrhdpegl{ dl` pjb `bsbhgv!

ablp gc pjbg~eb{( {eaehd~ pg pjg{b `b{k~enb` cg~ rhp~d{grl` g~

{ghsblp{( d~b {pehh ~btre~b`,

Dkolgyhbìbablp{

Celdlkedh {rvvg~p c~ga pjb @IEKUP gc [vdel pj~grij v~gmbkp

KPT>660!64499'NTR dl` c~ga pjb Kgl{bmb~d `b Keblked u

Pbklghgid MKKA pj~grij v~gmbkp VDE!6>!645 e{ i~dpbcrhhu

dkolgyhbìb`,

Dlpgleg `b hd Jg}(- D libh @d}!G~pe} dl` Dl`~b{ Ag~blg@bvd~pdablpg `b Traekd G~idlekd( Cdkrhpd` `b Traekd( Rlesb~{e`d``b Kd{pehhd!Hd Adlkjd( B!4;694 Ker`d` ^bdh( [vdel,B!adeh= Dlpgleg,Jg}Frkha,b{? Cdz= /;0 5>3>52;66?Pbh= /;0 5>3>52044

^bcb~blkb{

4 @, A, V, Aelig{ dl` D, I, Yjeppdob~( Aek~gydsb @ebhbkp~ekJbdpeli Bccbkp{ el Kjbaekdh [ulpjb{e{( el Kjbae{p~u rl`b~ Bzp~babg~ lgl Khd{{ekdh Kglèpegl{( b`, ^, sdl Bhèo dl` K, @, Jrnnd~`(Mgjl Yehbu # [gl{( Lby Ug~o( 4559( vv, 095202,

> K, Idn~ebh( [, Idn~ebh( B, J, I~dlp( N, [, M, Jdh{pbd` dl` @, A,V, Aelig{( Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( 455:( >9( >4;,

; Aek~gydsb{ el G~idlek [ulpjb{e{( b`, D, Hgrvu( Yehbu!SKJ(Ybeljbea( >66>,

0 N, H, Jdub{( Aek~gydsb [ulpjb{e{= Kjbae{p~u dp pjb [vbb` gc Heijp(KBA Vrnhe{jeli( Adppjby{( LK( >66>,

2 ^, [, Sd~ad( Aek~gydsb PbkjlghgiuKjbaekdh [ulpjb{e{Dvvhekdpegl{( el Oe~o!Gpjab~ Blkukhgvbèd gc KjbaekdhPbkjlghgiu( M, Yehbu # [gl{( Elk,( >66;,

3 Kr~~blp Kglpblp{ Kgllbkp( Pjgav{gl E[E( >66;,

9 D, O, Ng{b( A, M, Adljd{( N, O, Ndleo dl` B, Y, ^gnn( ^b{,Kjba, Elpb~ab`,( 4550( >6( 4,

: K, ^, [p~dr{{ dl ^, Y, P~delg~( Dr{p, M, Kjba,( 4552( 0:( 4332,5 [, Kd`èko( Pbp~djb`~gl( 4552( ;:( 4606;,

46 [, D, Idhbad( Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( 4559( >3( >;;,44 V, He`{p~g a( M, Peb~lbu( N, Ydpjbu dl` M, Yb{padl( Pbp~djb`~gl(

>664( 29( 5>>2,4> A, Lrkjpb~( R, Arhhb~( N, Gl`~r{kjod( D, Peb` dl`

Y, Hdrpbl{kjhdib~( Kjba, Bli, Pbkjlgh,( >66;( >3( 4>69,4; K, G, Odvvb( Dliby, Kjba, Elp, B`,( >660( 0;( 3>26,40 Aek~gydsb!D{{e{pb` G~idlek [ulpjb{e{( b`, V, He`{pg a dl` M, V,

Peb~lbu( Nhdkoybhh [keblpecek( Gzcg~`( >660,

42 D, Hgrvu( I, N~da dl` M, [dl{grhbp( Lby M, Kjba,( 455>( 43( >;;,43 ^, [, Sd~ad( Pbp~djb`~gl( >66>( 2:( 4>;2,49 D, @d}!G~pe}( C, Hdlid( D, `b hd Jg} dl` D, Ag~blg( Br~, M, G~i,

Kjba,( >666( 0( ;325,

4: L, Bhdl`b~( M, ^, Mglb{( [, U, Hr dl` [, [pglb!Bhdl`b~( Kjba, [gk,^bs,( >666( >5( >;5,

45 C, Hdlid( V, `b hd K~r}( B, B{vh`g~d( M, M, Id~kd( M, M, Id~kd(A, K, Vb~b} dl` D, `b hd Jg}( Kd~ngl( >666( ;:( 4304,

>6 C, Hdlid( V, `b hd K~r}( B, B{vh`g~d dl` D, `b hd Jg}(Dvvhekdpegl{ gc Aek~gydsb E~~dèdpegl pg Crhhb~blb Kjbae{p~u(el Crhhb~blb{( Pjb Bhbkp~gkjbaekdh [gkebpu( Lby Ug~o( >666( sgh, 5(vv, 43:49:,

>4 H, ]gli( [, ]jgr( L, [i~ekked( A, K, Jdyhbu dl` H, K, Obavbh( M,

Aek~gydsb Vgyb~ Bhbkp~gadil, Blb~iu( >66;( ;:( 05,>> U, Zr dl` T,!Z, Irg( Jbpb~gkukhb{( >660( 3;( 56;,>; L, L, ^gadlgsd( V, S, Or`dl( D, I, I~dse{ dl` U, I, Nrl bh(

Kjba, Jbpb~gkukh, Kgav`,( >666( ;3( 44;6,>0 D, ^, Odp~ep}ou dl` [, O, [elij( DÔESGK( >66;( zeee( 3::3,>2 [, O, @d{( [ulhbpp( >660( 542,>3 D, Kg~{d~g( R, Kjedkkjeg( S, Ve{pd~d dl` I, ^gabg( Kr~~, G~i,

Kjba,( >660( :( 244,>9 A, Hd~jb`( K, Agnb~i dl` D, Jdhhnb~i( Dkk, Kjba, ^b{,( >66>( ;2(

949,>: J, Yehh( V, [kjgh} dl` N, Gl`~r{kjod( Kjba,!Eli,!Pbkj,( >66>( 90(

4629,>5 K, G, Odvvb( Kgan, Kjba,( >66>( 3( ;40,;6 A, Hdj~b dl` D, Jdhhnb~i( @~ri @e{kgsb~u Pg`du( >664( 3( 063,;4 D, Hby( V, G, O~rp}eo( A, B, Jd~p dl` D, ^, Kjdanb~hel( M, Kgan,

Kjba,( >66>( 0( 52,;> K, G, Odvvb( Kr~~, Gvel, Kjba, Negh,( >66>( 3( ;40,

;; N, Ydpjbu( M, Peb~lbu( V, He {p~ga dl` M, Yb{padl( @~ri@e{kgsb~u Pg`du( >66>( 9( ;9;,

;0 J, B, Nhdkoybhh( G~i, Negagh, Kjba,( >66;( 4( 4>24,;2 ^, [, Sd~ad( Khbdl V~g`rkp{ dl` V~gkb{{b{( 4555( 4;>,;3 ^, [, Sd~ad( el D`sdlkb{ el I~bbl Kjbae{p~u= Kjbaekdh [ulpjb{b{

R{eli Aek~gydsb E~~dèdpegl( D{p~d ]blbkd ^b{bd~kj Cgrl`dpegl(Odsepjd V~elpb~{( Ndlidhg~b( Elèd( >66>,

;9 D, O, Ng{b( A, [, Adljd{( [, L, Idlirhu( D, J, [jd~ad dl`N, O, Ndleo( [ulpjb{e{( >66>( 429:,

;: A, Lr kjpb~( N, Gl`~r{kjod( Y, Ngl~dpj dl` D, Ira( I~bblKjba,( >660( 3( 4>:,

;5 L, C, O, Ode{b~( R, N~banb~i( A, Hd~jb ( K, Agnb~i dl`D, Jdhhnb~i( Dliby, Kjba,( Elp, B`,( >666( ;5( ;252,

06 @, ^, Ndijr~{p dl` @, A, V, Aelig{( M, Kjba [gk,( Kjba,Kgaarl,( 455>( 390,

04 V, Ohd l( M, Hepb~d o dl` [, ^bhekj( M, Vjgpgkjba, Vjgpgnegh,( D(

>664( 40;( 05,0> Z, ]jdli( @, G, Jduyd~` dl` @, A, V, Aelig{( Kjba, Kgaarl,(

4555( 592,0; Z, ]jdli( @, G, Jduyd~` dl` @, A, V, Aelig{( Kdpdh, Hbpp,(

>66;( ::( ;;,00 V, Iglkdhg( M,!U, Jejl( ^, Seblbp( V, Leod dl` M, Sbn~bh(

M, Ldpr~b( >664( 4;( 45,02 O, @, ^dlb~( K, ^, [p~dr{{ dl` ^, Y, P~delg~( M, G~i, Kjba,(

4552( 36( >023,03 V, Leh{{gl( A, Hd~jb` dl` D, Jdhhnb~i( M, Da, Kjba, [gk,( >664(

4>;( :>49,09 U, K, P{de( N, D, Kghb{( ^, I, Kgavpgl dl` C, Ad~obl( M, Da,

Kjba, [gk,( >66>( 4>0( 59:0,0: @, Ngi dh( A, Hrod{ebyek}( M, Vebhekjgy{oe( D, Aekedo dl`

[}, Nb`ld~}( Pbp~djb`~gl( >66;( 25( 305,05 A, Hrod{ebyek}( @, Ngi dh dl` M, Vebhekjgy{oed( D`s, [ulpj,

Kdpdh,( >66;( ;02( 4>35,26 K, Nhdlkg dl` [, A, Drb~ndkj( M, Da, Kjba, [gk,( >66>( 4>0(

3>26,24 A, @, Pr~lb~( ^, H, Hdr~blkb( Y, K, Kgllb~ dl O, [, Ulisb{{gl(

DEKjB M,( >666( 03( 92:,2> H, [buc~eb`( C, Id~el( I, Ade~eb( M,!A, Pjebndrp dl` I, ^gr{{u(

M, Kdpdh,( 4550( 40:( >:4,2 ; D , U , O heag s( N , [ , N dh}j el ea db s( H , H , Ado d~{j el (

S, E, ]deogs{oee dl` S, L, Vd~agl( Oelbp, Odpdh,( 455:( >4( 244,20 Y, H, Vb~~u( M, @, Odp}( @, ^bb{( A, P, Vdccbp dl` D, O, @dpub(

M, Kdpdh,( 4559( 494( 0;4,22 D, [pbelnb~( D, [pd`hbp( [, C, Adub~( O, Cdnb~ dl` K, G, Odvvb(

Pbp~djb`~gl Hbpp,( >664( 0>( 3>:;,23 N, Id~~eirb{( ^, Hdr~blp( K, Hdvg~pb( D, Hdvg~pb~eb dl` M, @rndk(

Hebnei{ Dll, Kjba,( 4553( 90;,29 [, S, Hbu( D, I, Hbdkj dl` ^, E, [pg~b~( M, Kjba, [gk,( Vb~oel

P~dl{, 4( >664( ;2:,



15/15

2: L, B, Hbd`nbdpb~ dl` J, A, Pg~~bler{( M, G~i, Kjba,( >66>( 39(;402,

25 H, Vb~~brz dl` D, Hgrvu( Pbp~djb`~gl( >664( 29( 5455,36 M, Mdkgn( H, J, H, Kjed dl` C, U, K, Ngbu( M, Adpb~, [ke,( 4552( ;6(

2;>4,34 M, Nb~hdl( V, Ieng~bdr( [, Hbcbrs~b dl` K, Ad~kjdl`( Pbp~djb`~gl

Hbpp,( 4554( ;>( >;3;,3> P, M, Ad{gl dl` M, V, Hg~eab~( el [glgkjbae{p~u, Pjbg~u(

Dvvhekdpegl{ dl` R{b{ gc Rhp~d{grl` el Kjbae{p~u( Bhhe{ Jg~ygg`(Kjekjb{pb~( 45::,

3; O, @, ^dlb~( K, ^, [p~dr{{( C, Su{ogk dl` H, Agonbh( M, G~i,Kjba,( 455;( 2:( 526,

30 ^, L, Ib`ub( Y, ^dlo dl` O, K, Yb{pdydu( Kdl, M, Kjba,( 4554(35( 963,

32 [, @, Vghhelipgl( I, Ngl`( ^, N, Agub{( @, D, Yjdl( M, V, Kdl heldl` M, ^, Mblleli{( M, G~i, Kjba,( 4554( 23( 4;4;,

33 O, @, ^dlb~ dl` K, ^, [p~dr{{( M, G~i, Kjba,( 455>( 29( 3>;4,39 @, Kgl{pdnhb( O, ^dlb~( V, [gahg dl` K, [p~dr{{( M, Aek~gydsb

Vgyb~ Bhbkp~gadil, Blb~iu( 455>( >9( 452,3: Y, K, [rl( V, A, Iru( M, J, Mdjlibl( B, C, ^g{{gadl g dl` B, I,

B, Mdjlibl( M, G~i, Kjba,( 45::( 2;( 0040,35 B, I, B, Mdjlibl( ^, ^, Hblp}( V, [, Vb{jbko dl` V, J, [dkobpp(

M, G~i, Kjba,( 4556( 22( ;063,96 A, Jd mbo( Kghhbkp, K}bkj, Kjba, Kgaarl,( 4559( 3>( ;09,94 O, I, Adug( B, J, Lbd~jggc dl` M, M, Oe``hb( G~i, Hbpp,( >66>( 0(

4239,

9> ^, I~eii( Y, Ad~pel( M, Ag~~e{ dl` S, [~e jd~dl( Pbp~djb`~glHbpp,( >66;( 00( 0:55,9; [, Id~ndked( N, @b{de( G, Hdsd{pb~ dl` K, G, Odvvb( M, G~i,

Kjba,( >66;( 3:( 54;3,90 D, [pd`hb~ dl` K, G, Odvvb( M, Kjba, [gk,( Vb~oel P~dl{, >( >666(

4;3;,92 ^, Hdr~blp( D, Hdvg~pb~eb( M, @rndk( M, Nb~hdl( [, Hbcbrs~b dl`

A, Dr`jru( M, G~i, Kjba,( 455>( 29( 9655,93 @, D, K, [prb~id dl` V, Idehhd~`( M, Aek~gydsb Vgyb~

Bhbkp~gadil, Blb~iu( 4553( ;4( :9,99 @, D, K, [prb~id dl` V, Idehhd~`( M, Aek~gydsb Vgyb~

Bhbkp~gadil, Blb~iu( 4553( ;4( 464,9: D, Aeohdsk( KjbaVju{Kjba( >664( 22>,95 K, [jendpd( P, Od{jead dl` O, Gjrkje( Mvl, M, Dvvh, Vju{,( 4553(

;2( ;43,:6 M, I, V, Nellb~( L, D, Jd{{elb dl` P, B, K~g{{( M, Adpb~, [ke,(

4552( ;6( 2;:5,

:4 ^, Y~gb dl` D, P, ^gyhbu( M, Adpb~, [ke,( 4553( ;4( >645,:> A, Vdilgpd( K, H, C, Vgghbu( N, Ir~hdl` dl` A, Kjge( M, Vju{,

G~i, Kjba,( 455;( 3( 069,

:; ], N, ]jdli( H, Z, ]jgr( A, ]jdli( J, Yr dl` ], M, Kjbl([ulpj, Kgaarl,( >664( ;4( >0;2,

:0 [, M, Jd{ybhh dl` L, Jgyd~pj( Dldh, Kjea, Dkpd( 4555( ;:9( 44;,:2 V, @, E, Chbpkjb~( @, @, I~ekb dl` [, M, Jd{ybhh( Vju{, Kjba,

Kjba, Vju{,( >664( ;( 4639,:3 ^, Adg}( J, Kgjbl dl` M, [dies( Hdliare~( 455:( 40( 25::,:9 P, ^gu dl` A, L, Irvpd( Pbp~djb`~gl( >66;( 25( 20;4,:: V, Ohdl dl` S, K~osd( Aek~gydsb Vjgpgkjbae{p~u( el

Aek~gydsb{ el G~idlek [ulpjb{e{( b`, D, Hgrvu( Yehbu!SKJ(

Ybeljbea( >66>( vv, 03;0:3,:5 A, ^, Yd{ebhby{oe( K, J, Ngko( A, O, Ngyadl dl` M, ^, Lg~~e{(Ldpr~b( 45:;( ;6;( 2>6,

56 A, Arode( U, Crmeyd~d dl` U, Pdleagpg( ], Vju{, Kjba,( 455;(4:6( >>;,

54 @, [prb~id dl` V, Idehhd~ ( Pbp~djb`~gl( 4553( 2>( 2262,5> C, Hdlid( V, `b hd K~r}( D, `b hd Jg}( D, @d}!G~pe} dl`

B, @b}!Nd~~d( Kglpbav, G~i, [ulpj,( 4559( 0( ;9;,5; D, `b hd Jg}( D, @d}!G~pe} dl` D, Ag~blg( Kr~~, G~i, Kjba,(

>660( :( 56;,50 D, O, Ng{b( N, O, Ndleo dl` A, [, Adljd{( Pbp~djb`~gl Hbpp,(

4552( ;3( >4;,52 D, O, Ng{b( A, Mdud~dabl( D, Godyd( [, [, Nd~e( B, Y, ^gnn dl`

A, [, Adljd{( Pbp~djb`~gl Hbpp,( 4553( ;9( 35:5,53 D, D~~ebpd( N, Hbkbd dl` C, V, Kg{{g( M, G~i, Kjba,( 455:( 3;(

2:35,59 C, Hdlid( V, `b hd K~r}( D, `b hd Jg}( B, B{vh`g~d( C, V, Kg{{g

dl` N, Hbkbd( M, G~i, Kjba,( >666( 32( >055,5: D, @d}!G~pe}( D, `b hd Jg}( A, D, Jb~~b~g( V, V~ebpg( D, [d lkjb}!

Aeidhhg l( C, V, Kg{{g( D, D~~ebpd( [, Sesdlkg dl` K, Cgkb{!Cgkb{( Agh, @esb~{epu( >66;( 9( 492,

55 [, Dohjg~e( N, Aeldbs( [, [pglb!Bhdl`b~ dl L, Bhdl`b~( M, Vju{,Kjba, D( >66>( 463( :243,

466 D, Hgrvu( C, Adr~bh dl` D, [dndpeb!Igigsd( Pbp~djb`~gl( >660(36( 43:;,

464 K, ^bekjd~`p( el [ghsblp{ dl` [ghsblp Bccbkp{ el G~idlekKjbae{p~u( SKJ( Ybeljbea( 45::,

4 6> A, D sdhg{( ^, Ndnedlg( V, Kelpd{( M, H, Meablb} dl`M, K, Vdhdkeg{( Kjba, Kgaarl,( >666( ::9,

46; H, @, Nd~~gl( [keblkb( 4550( >33( 4054,460 N, N~gkohbjr~{p( Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >66>( ;4( ;64,4 62 A, D sdhg{( ^, Ndnedlg( V, Kelpd{( M, H, Meablb} dl`

M, K, Vdhdkeg{( Kjba, ^bs,( 455:( 5:( >;54,

463 I, H, M, D, ^eoobl dl` B, ^drvdkj( Ldpr~b( >666( 062( 5;>,469 V, He`{p~g a( Vb~{gldhhu [vbdoeli( >66;( *>%( 44,46: M, [, [kjdlkjb( Agh, @esb~{epu( >66;( 9( >54,

Documents

Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal microwave effects