Antonio García Cubas, Los Insurgentes: Juego Histórico para Niños (1891) [The Insurgents: A Historic Game for Children, 1891]

Atlantic Revolutions & Enlightenment

1776: US Independence: Anti-colonial War and Ideology, americana

1791-1804: Haitian Revolution. New Social Order, down with slavery and racial inequality

1789: French Revolution. New Social Order, Down with Monarchy

Collapse of Monarchy

1700-1713: Monarchy collapsed in the Spanish War of Succession, but

little effect in the colonies, which didn’t seek independence

1808-14, Monarchy collapsed, briefly, but by 1815-6 colonial elites were waging war against the King

Phillip V (Bourbon) R. 1700-1746 (war in 1700-1713)

The family of Charles IV, (R. 1789-1808) by 1800, by Goya

Colonial elites vs. Peninsular Spanish authorities Intendencies vs Cabildos

Bourbon Reforms as 2nd Spanish Conquest: Removal of colonial elites from power, substituted by Peninsular Spaniards

Experience of War: From Civil Wars to

Independence Wars

1810-1814. Civil wars: Various outcomes: colony, autonomy within kingdom, and

independence. Both loyalists and patriots were americanos

1814-1824: Independence or Death: Americanos vs. Spaniards

Libertad o Muerte Freedom or Death

Cabildo Meeting, May 22, 1810, Buenos Aires

Battle of Carabobo, Venezuela, 1814

Popular Rebellion: Mexico

Higinio Julian Mercado of San Juan Ymallo (now San Luis de Lozada), Nayarit in Mexico, 1820. Captured rebel who identified in this way before being interrogated:

�  “Today, by the grace of the Nation and the Constitution, I am a Spaniard, formerly an Indian of the town of San Luis.”

�  “Hoy por la gracia de la Nación y la Constitución, español, antes indio del pueblo de San Luis.”

Popular Rebellion, Mexico: Dismantling the Caste System

Popular Rebellion: Buenos Aires

Viceroy of Buenos Aires Santiago Liniers, to Real Audiencia, Buenos Aires, November 12, 1807. Secret communication on the delayed execution of the slave Sebastián: “Blacks would not have reasons to think that the rigor of Justice is only exacted upon their class, which would diminish their bravery and military enthusiasm needed to face a new and expected attack.”

1806-1807 British Invasions to Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Defeated by local troops (militias) rather than by a Spanish professional army.