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Antonio Llombart Bosch Prof Emerito, Univ Valencia Presidente del Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia - IVO Valencia, España

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Page 1: Antonio Llombart Bosch Prof Emerito, Univ Valencia Presidente …files.sld.cu/scap/files/2019/11/PATOLOGIA-DE-PRECISION... · 2019-11-20 · A.Evans et al., Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2018;

Antonio Llombart BoschProf Emerito, Univ Valencia

Presidente del Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia - IVOValencia, España

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-14,3 millones de nuevos casos de cáncer-8,9 millones de muertes -32,6 millones de personas viven con cáncer (supervivientes a los 5 años).

Incidencia estandarizada de cáncer por edades -25% mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres:

205 (hombres) y 165 (mujeres)

Estimated number of new cases in 2018, worldwide, all cancers, both sexes, all ages

Lung2 093 876 (11.6%)

Breast2 088 849 (11.6%)

Colorectum1 849 518 (10.2%)

Prostate1 276 106 (7.1%)

Stomach1 033 701 (5.7%)

Liver841 080 (4.7%)

Oesophagus572 034 (3.2%)

Other cancers8 323 793 (46%)

Total : 18 078 957

Data source: Globocan 2018

Graph product ion: Global Cancer

Observatory (ht tp:/ / gco.iarc.fr)

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AUMENTO DE LA INCIDENCIA DE CANCER EN FUNCION DE LA EDAD

RANKING MUNDIAL :22/98 PAISES

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Basada en Síntomas

CohortesEstadística

PASADO PRESENTE

AlgoritmosIndividual

FUTURO?

Medicina intuitiva

Basada en la evidencia

Medicina de Precisión

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Análisis de sistemas complejos

Medicina de Precisión en Cáncer

Algoritmosinformáticos

Relación Médico - Paciente

Acceso al tumor en tiempo real

Análisis Moleculares Masivos

Big Data y machine learning

InvestigadoresEstructura de investigación adaptada a los nuevos retos

PatologiaPatologia

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1977-80sOncología

Clínica

2000-2020OncologíaMolecular

90s-2000OncologiaPatológica

CirugíaRadioterapia

Tratamiento Paliativo

Quimioterapia-Hodgkin-Testículo-Mama-Tto soporte

Tratamiento individualizado- Basado en alt. moleculares

PQTQT adyuvante

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Prevención primaria y secundaria

Desarrollo tecnológico

Conocimiento y comprensión de la biología del cancer

Genes implicados en inducción y desarrollo

Descubrimiento de múltiples nuevas dianas

Desarrollo de nuevos Fármacos.

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• LABORATORIO

– Inmunohistoquimia, FISH

– Biología molecular, genética,

microarray, NGS, etc.

IMAGEN

TAC, RM, PET

Radiología intervencionista

• CIRUGIA

• Cirugía robótica

• Cirugía laparoscópica

• Soporte

• RADIOTERAPIA

• IMRT, BT alta tasa

• Radiocirugia

• RT intraoperatoria

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SPEC - TC PET –TC DIGITAL

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1967 a 2020

A.de GolgiRibosomas

cromatina

ADN

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©allbLA INVESTIGACION : FUNDAMENTO DEL DIAGNOSTICO

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Célula normal Célula tumoral

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La primera mutación en un cáncer humano fueidentificada en 1982 (oncogén H-RAS)

Desde 1982 a 2008, se identificaron, más de 400genes mutados en distintos tumores (Myc, Rb,p53, PTEN…)

Desde que se completó la secuencia delgenoma humano en 2001, se ha producido unavance espectacular en las tecnicas desecuenciación que estan permitiendosecuenciar genomas en poco mas de 48 horasy a un coste asequible.

Sin embargo ,los resultados de estos estudiosrevelan que los tumores son mucho máscomplejos de lo que habíamos imaginadoanteriormente.

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Mutación en los gametos

Mutaciones somáticas

Se producen en el tejido no germinal

No son heredables

Mutaciones somáticas(ej., mama)

Mutaciones germinales

Afectan a todas las células de la descencencia

Presentes en los gametos

Son heredables

Causan los síndromes de cáncer familiar

No heredables

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Esporádico70 - 80 %

Familiar

5 - 10 %

Hereditario 5-10 %Hereditario 5-10 %

???

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SI EL CÁNCER ES……….

UNA ENFERMEDAD DEL GENOMA

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• Mutación conductora (driver): Confiere a una célula una ventaja fundamental para su transformación neoplásica

• Mutación accionable: Aquella que además tiene un abordaje de tratamiento (mutaciones diana)

• Mutación pasajera: No confiere ninguna ventaja añadida sea la célula normal o maligna. Característicamente en las células tumorales estas mutaciones están muy presentes

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Nature 505 1914

49 “cancer driver genes” solapados entre germinales y somaticos

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CROSSTALKS BETWEEN EPIGENETICS AND METABOLISM IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT.

CC Wong, Y Qian, J Yu Oncogene (2017) 36, 3359–3374

EPIGENETICA Y METABOLOMICA

Juegan papel critico en la tumorogenesissosteniendo de modo coordinado la

proliferacion, metastasis y la pluripotencialidad de la celula cancerosa.

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©allb

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Cada cancer se comporta de modo individual

Existen numerosos genes y vias de señalizacion distintas alteradas en cada cancer

Se precisa de tecnicas computacionales para compreder la complejidad individual

L.Phen , APO-DECIDE EU PROYECT 2014

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• La morfología provee la información mas

adecuada para el mejor manejo del

paciente oncológico

• La morfología no va a ser sustituida por

técnicas moleculares, por el contrario es su

vía de entrada.

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Paul Cézanne 1839-1906

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©allb

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Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2018;142:1383–1387A.Evans et al.,

Philips IntelliSite Pathology Solution

-WSI is similar to conventional light microscopy. -WSI systems is made up of 2 subsystems:

- image acquisition component (i.e. thescanner)

- workstation ( image viewing software, computer and display).

WSI: WHOLE SLIDE IMAGE

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1988 – 2001 Proyecto Genoma HumanoCoste: 3.000.000.000 $ (4 Genomas)

PLATFORMS : ILLUMINA / ION TORRENT

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Genomics at single cell resolution: allows the detection of rare mutationsand subclonal populations, enablingreconstruction of the evolutionaryhistory of a tumor, while also providinginsights into its true diversity

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DESCIFRANDO EL GENOMA DE LOS TUMORES

MEDIANTE NGS

La secuenciación masiva de los genomas de los tumores

humanos ha puesto de manifiesto que los tumores sólidos

avanzados (metastásicos) contienen cientos de mutaciones

que afectan a múltiples funciones celulares

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Cancers 2015, 7, 2023–2036

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AÑO 2000

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AÑO 2011

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SCIENCE 649 2255, 2015,

LA CARGA MUTACIONAL FACTOR DECISIVO EN LA EVOLUCION NEOPLASICA

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Science 2013

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Nature 5 4 5 , 446 , 2 0 1 7Abbosh et al.,

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Errores de la segregacion cromosomica producenmicronucleos cuya fragmentacion en el citoplasma permite la diseminacion de DNA

genomico tumoral en la sangre circulante

2 5 ja n u a ry 2 0 1 8 | VO L 5 5 3 | NA T UR E | 4 6 7

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Genetic alterations that characterize paediatric cancers reveal keydifferences from adult cancers, and point to ways of optimizing therapeuticapproaches to combating cancer in children

P Bandopadhayay , M Meyerson - N at u r e 5 5 5, 3 1 6, 2 0 1 8

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ultramutators

hypermutators

pediatric high

Germline variants:-Small mutation plusstructural/copy-number variant

Structural variants:-Hyperdiploidy and Chromothripsis-Linked to TP53 mutation andmutational signatures children adults

Nature 555. 321. 2018

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Nature 2017

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Nature, 555, 469 ,2018

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NATURE, 556 51 2018

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LA “ONCOLOGIA DE PRECISION” DEFIENDE QUE LOS MARCADORES MOLECULARESPRESENTES EN UN TUMOR Y DETECTADOS MEDIANTE NGS PUEDEN PREDECIR LARESPUESTA A TERAPIAS DIRIGIDAS INDEPENDIENTE DEL TIPO HISTOLOGICO DENEOPLASIA

SIN EMBARGO SE DEBE TENER EN CONSIDERACION:

-LA COMPLEJIDAD BIOLOGICA DE CADA PACIENTE-LA UBIQUA VARIABILIDAD DF LA PROPIA TECNOLOGIA-LA HETEROGENEIDAD INTRATUMORAL E INTERTUMORAL-NUEVAS MUTACIONES EN EL TRANSCURSO DE LA EVOLUCION TUMORAL

¿ DEBE BASARSE LA DECISION CLINICA DE UNA TERAPIA ONCOLOGICA EN UNA SEQUENCIA DE DATOS GENICOS?

¿NO ES OBSTACULO PARA UN DISEÑO RACIONAL DE UN ENSAYO CLINICO ?

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METODOS PARA CARACTERIZAR PACIENTES Y TUMORES DE MODO INDIVIDUALIZADO

Recursos computacionales y herramientas capaces de almacenar,procesar y analizar “NGS data” mediante potentes métodoscapaces de caracterizar pacientes y tumores individualmentepudiéndolos tratar y comparar en grupos o de modoindividualizado

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Los ensayos clinicos deben ser diseñados en base a toda lainformacion individualizada del paciente con criteriosmoleculares e histologicos incluyendo una estratificacionimplementada con algoritmos computacionales.

COMPREHENSIVE COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS

• -ICGCmed (http://icgcmed.org/) CancerLinQ. (I-SPY 2, BATTLE-2) • -NCI-MATCH, IMPACT 2 :targeted NGS gene panels in advanced solid tumours

-ALCHEMIST and Lung-MAP: alterations in a specific tumour type • -CREATE 37: specific molecular alteration across tumour types• -National Cancer Institute ‘Exceptional Responders’ study, NCT02243592• -ASCO/TAPUR: advanced cancer WITH potentially actionable genomic variants

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GENIE 6.1-public 2019-07-13

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THE AACR PROJECT GENOMICS, EVIDENCE, NEOPLASIA, INFORMATION, EXCHANGE (GENIE) : A MULTI- PHASE, MULTI-YEAR, INTERNATIONAL DATA-SHARING PROJECT THAT AIMS TO

CATALYZE PRECISION CANCER MEDICINE.

Contributing Centers: Each Center will provide a particular Genomic Profile

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MOLECULAR TUMOUR BOARD

Medical Oncologists

Histopathologists

Radiologists

Radiotherapeutics

Molecular biologist

Residents from Oncology

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Precision Pathology as Part of Precision Medicine: Are We Optimizing Patients’ Interests

in Prioritizing Use of Limited Tissue Samples?

Shannon J. McCall, MD and Sarah M. Dry, MD

American Society of Clinical Oncology: ascopubs.org ,august2019

WHERE ARE WE AS PATHOLOGISTS ????

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• Pathologists are the caretakers of all tissueremoved during clinical care

• By law, we are the custodians of diagnostictissues, and as such we must comply withlegal regulations covering the preservation

and use of the tissue

American Society of Clinical Oncology: ascopubs.org ,august2019

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.

More biologic information can be extracted from tissue, butthere is less tissue available for testing: the majority of tissue-based assays are performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues:-DNA sequencing-RNA and fusion protein by in situ hybridization-immunohistochemistry to detect protein expression.

There is less diagnostic tissue available because:-smaller biopsies-less invasive sampling:core biopsies, fine-needle aspiration-earlier identification of small tumors-successful neoadjuvant treatments

American Society of Clinical Oncology: ascopubs.org ,august2019

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• Many cases have only limited amounts of tissue available afterstandard-of-care testing.

• Submitting material for clinical trials will exhaust the remainingbiopsy sample.

• Fulfilling the request: will violate regulations to retain theblocks for 2 to 10 years (USA:CAP, CLIA recommendations )

• Refusing the request: the patient will not qualify for the study,which will deny therapy with the potential to extend theirsurvival and/or improve their quality of life.

American Society of Clinical Oncology: ascopubs.org ,august2019

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• Pathology departments should review andupdate their protocols for processing smallbiopsy and cytology samples to maximize theirpotential downstream utility.

BUT HOW TO DO THAT???

American Society of Clinical Oncology: ascopubs.org ,august2019

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• Separation of multiple biopsy cores intoindividual paraffin blocks.

• Saving tissue (frozen biobanking) for researchand retention of representative diagnosticmaterial.

• Prevents wasting tissue in microtome processing

• Follow established protocols, particular for eachtumor type: breast, lung, colon, melanoma…

American Society of Clinical Oncology: ascopubs.org ,august2019

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Cancer biology as revealed by the research autopsy C. A. Iacobuzio- Donahue et al.Nature Reviews Cancer 9, sept.2019

Autopsy is an underusedapproach to investigate thefundamental questions in cancerbiology and holds tremendouspotential for precision medicine strategies

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C-KIT DOG1HE

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Extracellular domain

Cell membrane

Juxtamembrane domain

Tyrosine kinase domain

TK1 domain

TK2 domain

Kinase insert

Regulation of dimerization

Ligand-binding domain

KIT ex 9 / PDGFRa ex 10

KIT ex 11 / PDGFRa ex 12

KIT ex 13 / PDGFRa ex 14

KIT ex 17 / PDGFRa ex 18

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• 2-phenylamin-pirimidine phosphate

inhibitor of tyrosine kinase in ABL, BCR-

Abl, PDGF and c-KIT.

• With a structure similar to the ATP

binding site.

•Oral administration.

• 400 mg per day.

• 1 year in the case of response or

stabilization of the disease.

C29H31N7O•CH4SO3

• CH3SO3H

C29H31N7O•CH4SO3

• CH3SO3H

Membrane

CytoplasmPP

PP

PP

PP

PP PP

PP

PP

PPPP

PPPP

PP

PP

PPPP

PPPP

PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP

Apoptosis

Proliferation, Inhibition of

apoptosis

ATP

STI571

Apoptosis

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Before Imatinib 4 weeks after starting with Imatinib

Sep 7, 2000 Sep 21, 2000

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Primary KIT, PDGFRA or NF1: initiating an oncogenic driver followed by accumulation of chromosomal aberrations, withputative tumor suppressor genes, and cell cycle dysregulating events. Metastatic GISTs develop treatment resistancethrough evolving TKI-resistant subclones, additional secondary KIT or PDGFRA mutations.

IM Schaefer et al., Adv Anat Pathol 24,259,2017

-MAX -Myc ass.factor X-DMD -gene of dystrophin-Loss of p16,p53,Rb1genes

RIPRETINIB TURNS OFF RESISTANCE TO GIST MUTANTS (Cancer Cell 35,738,2019)

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Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, Vol. 21, No. 4, July 2019

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TRK receptor tyrosine kinases,activating neurotrophins and themajor signal transduction pathways:

(A) the genomic structures of NTRK1,NTRK2, and NTRK3, with the size ofeach gene

(B) the ETV6 and NTRK3 gene fusionand the resultant constitutively activefusion protein

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Secretory carcinoma of the breast:ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion and activation of neurotrophin 3 inducing malignant tranformation

Bayer 2019 https://global.trkcancer.com/global/imprint/

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Hong DS, et al. Abstract CT008. Presented at: American Association for Cancer ResearchAnnual Meeting; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans.

Detection of Tumor NTRK Gene Fusions to Identify Patients Who May

Benefit from Tyrosine Kinase (TRK) Inhibitor TherapySusan J. Hsiao,* Ahmet Zehir,y Anthony N. Sireci,z and Dara L. Aisnerx TH

Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, Vol. 21, No. 4, July 2019

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RE + : Dos subtipos

Luminal A

Luminal B - C

RE - : Dos subtipos

Her2 +

Basal-like – Normal-like

Diferente biología y

comportamiento

Perou C et al: 2000

ASCO 2015

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Oncotype Dx1,2 Mammaprint5PAM504Endopredict3

16+5 genes 70 genes50 genes8 genes

Utiles en Ca Mama Luminal (RE[+], HER2[-]) estadios I - II

Valor Pronostico: Riesgo de recaida Valor Predictivo: Beneficio de la Quimioterapia

Bajo Riesgo Molecular: 99% SLED a 5 años

Alto Riesgo Clínico pero Bajo Molecular: No hay

beneficio de la QT

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QT

QT

TERAPIAHORMONAL

TERAPIA ANTI-HER2

QUIMIOTERAPIA

ENFERMEDAD LUMINAL

ENFERMEDAD HER2

CM TRIPLE NEGATIVO

T ANTI-HER2ENFERMEDAD LUM / HER2

TH QT

ESTADIO I

ESTADIO II

ESTADIO IV

ESTADIO III

CURATIVO

PALIATIVO

CURATIVO

PALIATIVO

PRONÓSTICO - TNM PREDICCIÓN - Fenotipos

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-Defects in DNA damage repair-TP53 mutations-Activation of PI3K pathway-EGFR amplification/mutations-Activation of RAF-MEK signaling- Rb loss

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Tasas Mortalidad por Cáncer de mama ajustada por 100,000 habitantesFuente: Instituto Salud Carlos III

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Skoulidis F1, Heymach JV Nat Rev Cancer. 2019 Sep;19(9):495-509

TUMOR PRIMARIO METASTASIS

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N AT U R E | VO L 5 5 3 | 2 5 January 2 0 18

Alterations in targetable oncogenicpathways in LUAD and LUSC

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0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Total

Hombres

Mujeres

PRIMERA CAUSA DE MUERTE POR CANCER EN ESPAÑA

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©allb

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Consensus molecular subtypes and the evolution of precision medicine in colorectal cancer Rodrigo Dienstmann et al.NATURE REVIEWS CANCER 17 2017 79

MSI: INESTABILIDAD DE MICROSATELITES CIN: INESTABILIDAD CROMOSOMICA

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NATURE REVIEWS CANCER 17,2017,87

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1900

1949

1977

1985

2000

2010

2017

<5%

25%

40%

43%

45%

53%

59%

Cada año se curan mas pacientes

Dos de cada tres pacientes con

cáncer viven más de cinco años tras

el diagnóstico de un cáncer

– Prevalencia: 1.500.000

2019 63%

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CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicianspages n/a-n/a, 17 JAN 2013 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21166http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21166/full#fig6

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• 2014

– 8 nuevos fármacos aprobados

– 4 indicaciones nuevas de fármacos aprobados

• 2015

– 8 nuevos fármacos aprobados

– 12 indicaciones nuevas de fármacos aprobados

• 2016

– 20 nuevos fármacos aprobados en 12 tumores

–13 nuevas indicaciones

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• La clasificación molecular está

convirtiendo a muchos tipos de

cánceres en enfermedades raras

- Subtipos moleculares (1%-5%)

Beneficiar mucho…….. a pocos pacientes

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Hanahan 2011

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• Elevado numero de respuestas

– 20% de resistencias primarias y 20-40 % largos supervivientes

• Mas eficaces con:

– mayor sobreexpresión de PDL-1

– mayor carga mutacional

• La combinación de fármacos mas activa pero mas toxica

– con QT ó RT

– Con IT: anti PDL1 + anti CTLA4

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PD-1 inhibitorsPD-L1 inhibitorsCAR-T-cells

Meng X, et al. Cancer Treat Rev. 2015;41:868-76. Guan J, et al. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017;141:851-861.Gong J, et al. J Immunother Cancer. 2018;6:8-18

James P Allison Tasuku Honjo

PREMIOS NOBEL MEDICINA 2018

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Inflamed tumors(TIL+, PD-L1+)

Tolerant tumors(TIL+, PD-L1-)

PD1/PDL1monotherapy

PD-1/PD-L1 combination therapy

Anti-VEGFCytokines IDO inhibitors inhibitors

Noninflamed tumors(TIL-, PD-L1-)

PD-1/PD-L1 combination therapy

VaccinesEngineered T cells

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Atezolizumab

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J G. Reiter et al., An analysis of genetic heterogeneity in untreated cancersNature Reviews Cancer volume 19, pages639–650 (2019)

81% NEOPLASIAS SON TUMORES SOLIDOS 57% SON RESECABLES MEDIANTE CIRUGIA

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CIRUGIA ROBOTICA DE PRECISION: EQUIPO DA VINCI Xi

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High-precision radiotherapy for local tumour control withmolecular targeted drugs and immunotherapies forsystemic control provides a powerful opportunity toimprove cancer outcomes

www.thelancet.com/oncology Vol 19 May 2018

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-2014: the average cost of a new orally administered cancermedicine exceeded $135,000 a year — up to six times the cost ofsimilar drugs approved in the early 2000.

-2017 : a one-time cost of $475,000 per patient for a personalizedcell-based therapy for childhood leukaemia.

8 M A R C H 2 0 1 8 | VO L 5 5 5 | N AT U R E | S 2 9

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-In recent years a growing body of data have been produced regarding the

molecular biology landscape of tumors

-However, this large amount of new data has only been translated into alimited number of practical innovations with clinical value for precisiononcology

-The next step must be based on an integrative approach of molecularprofiles, being read in the light of their histological features

-Within this new scenario, pathology will continue to play a major role incancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.

OECI MEETING BARI 2019

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-Our clinical colleagues want increasingly detailed, reliable

and relevant information from pathology specimen analyses

that can be translated into optimal treatments

-As pathologists we must re-educate and re-invent ourselves if

we are to maintain the central role we now play as the

ultimate arbiters of disease treatment

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“Every anatomical change is a material one as well, but is

every material change, therefore, also anatomical? Can it not

be molecular? Can a deep reaching molecular alteration of

the inner composition of matter not take place with the

preservation of its inner form and outer appearance... One

can have the greatest respect for morphological and

histological studies… but must one proclaim them, therefore,

the only ones to be pursued, the ones of exclusive

significance?”

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500 AÑOS DE LA FUNDACION DE LA CIUDAD DE LA HABANA